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	Dan Russell's Research on Piano Hammers
		This page is an attempt to make accessible my research on the nonlinear behavior of piano hammers, and the effects of this nonlinearity on the hammer-string interaction.
		Due to a generous donation from Gibson Musical Instruments, the Kettering University Acoustics Laboratory is nicely stocked with scientific instruments needed to perform a wide variety of acoustical tests.
		Model of a grand piano action - the type which might be found in piano show room to illustrate how the piano action works.
	www.gmi.edu /~drussell/hammers.html (376 words)

	Optional Labs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Flute acoustics; air excitation and the role of the emboucher; air oscillations and control of resonances; flute materials and controls; sound radiation characteristics
		Oscillations in a pipe; pressure-controlled valves; bell and mouthpiece; valves and slides; sound radiation characteristics of brass: french horn, trombone, tuba, and fluegelhorn
		Piano acoustics; construction of the piano string assembly; hammer-string interaction and damping; tuning function of the pin block; design of the bridge and transfer of vibrations to the sound board; sound board design and sound radiation characteristics
	www.dartmouth.edu /~engs9/optlabs.html (199 words)

	Piano acoustics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Piano acoustics is an exploration of how physical science, particularly acoustics, can help to explain a number of important properties of the piano.
		Piano design strives to fit the longest possible strings within a given case size; moreover, all else being equal, the sensible piano buyer tries to obtain the largest instrument compatible with budget and space.
		Every piano string, when struck, vibrates both at its own natural pitch (called the fundamental frequency), and many overtones, each--as a rough approximation--at a pitch which is a multiple of the fundamental.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Piano_acoustics (603 words)

	Piano acoustics -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Piano acoustics is an exploration of how physical science, particularly (The study of the physical properties of sound) acoustics, can help to explain a number of important properties of the (A stringed instrument that is played by depressing keys that cause hammers to strike tuned strings and produce sounds) piano.
		Every piano string, when struck, vibrates both at its own natural pitch (called the (The lowest tone of a harmonic series) fundamental frequency), and many ((usually plural) an ulterior implicit meaning or quality) overtones, each--as a rough approximation--at a pitch which is a multiple of the fundamental.
		The flagship model of (United States piano maker (born in Germany) who founded a famous piano manufacturing firm in New York (1797-1871)) Steinway, the Model D, is 8 feet, 11 3/4 inches long (274 cm.); and the longest Fazioli piano is 10 feet, 2 inches (308 cm.).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/P/Pi/Piano_acoustics.htm (623 words)

	Piano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word piano is a short form of the word "pianoforte", which is in turn derived from the original Italian name for the instrument, gravicembalo col piano e forte.
		As a keyboard stringed instrument, the piano is similar to the clavichord and harpsichord.
		The Broadwood firm, which sent pianos to both Haydn and Beethoven, was the first to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves: five octaves and a fifth during the 1790s, six by 1810 (in time for Beethoven to use the extra notes in his later works), and seven by 1820.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Piano (4369 words)

	Encyclopedia: Piano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A tangent mechanism, when referred to in a tangent piano, strikes the string and remains in contact with that string to set the pitch at which it vibrates, unlike the hammer of the modern pianoforte which is padded and is designed to rebound off of the string it strikes.
		The piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence, Italy.
		Jump to: navigation, search A prepared piano is a piano that has had its sound altered by placing objects (preparations) between or on the strings or on the hammers or dampers.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Piano (8376 words)

	ipedia.com: Piano Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pianos that are prized and appreciated by their owners are tuned regularly, roughly once every four to six months for domestic pianos, and always just before a performance in concert halls.
		Pianos that are more than slightly out of tune tend to be unpleasant to play and listen to, to an extent that varies with the ear of the listener.
		Piano is also a dynamic direction in music, often appearing in sheet music as p, and indicating that the performer should play softly.
	www.ipedia.com /piano.html (4193 words)

	Piano acoustics Article, Pianoacoustics Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		However, if one were to use this principle to design a piano, it would beimpossible to fit the bass strings into a case of any reasonable size; moreover, in such a hypothetical huge "Pythagorean piano",the lowest strings would travel so far in vibrating that they would strike one another.
		Piano design strives to fit the longest possible strings within a given casesize; moreover, all else being equal, the sensible piano buyer tries to obtain the largest instrument compatible with budget andspace.
		Every piano string, when struck, vibrates both at its own natural pitch (called the fundamental frequency), and many overtones,each--as a rough approximation--at a pitch which is a multiple of the fundamental.
	www.anoca.org /strings/string/piano_acoustics.html (516 words)

	[CAUT] Voicing and hall acoustics (A Joke) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		At one time I was fairly proficient at the piano, as well as the harpsichord and organ; also have about 40 years experience as a recoding engineer (which is nice as well); have recorded everything from solo instruments (keyboard, flute, violin, voice) up to full orchestra with continuo, soloists and double chorus.
		The acoustics have varied from small living rooms to 3500 seat concert halls.
		One afternoon I was aked to record the debut (I guess) solo piano concert of a friend of a friend.
	www.ptg.org /pipermail/caut/2005-January/013574.html (259 words)

	Dan Russell's Research on Piano Hammers
		This page is an attempt to make accessible my research on the nonlinear behavior of piano hammers, and the effects of this nonlinearity on the hammer-string interaction.
		Due to a generous donation from Gibson Musical Instruments, the Kettering University Acoustics Laboratory is nicely stocked with scientific instruments needed to perform a wide variety of acoustical tests.
		Model of a grand piano action - the type which might be found in piano show room to illustrate how the piano action works.
	www.ece.kettering.edu /~drussell/hammers.html (376 words)

	[CAUT] Re: Voicing and Hall Acoustics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		I'll also say that same gal who refused to play that D some 20 years ago came back the next year and played the same piano in a completely different setting, and she liked it.
		She didn't know it was the same piano, and that nothing had been done to it.
		She is very nice, and she appreciates anything anyone does for her or the piano.
	www.ptg.org /pipermail/caut/2005-January/013613.html (319 words)

	The Acoustics of Bells
		In the case of the vibrating string of the piano or violin, the sounding board and resonating chamber are responsible for this shaping, effected by the intensification of certain partials.
		This radial movement gives rise to another, known as tangential motion, which is a compression-expansion oscillation of the particles of the bell wall; it is complementary to the radial motion and the logical result of its deformations.
		However, since the acoustical radiation-that is, the sound-is almost entirely caused by the radial vibration, the tangential motion is not relevant to this discussion.
	www.msu.edu /~carillon/batmbook/chapter5.htm (7709 words)

	300 Years of Piano Building (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The piano of Marie-Antoinette at Versailles Le piano à Versailles sous Marie Antoinette.
		Colloquium on piano acoustics in Ludwigsburg and Frankfurt.
		The piano that belonged to Beethoven and Liszt Das Klavier Beethovens und Liszts.
	www.mozartpiano.com /biblio.html (13032 words)

	Publications by Alexander Galembo
		Galembo, A., Cuddy, L.L. "Large grand vs. small upright pianos: factors of timbral difference," (click here for the lay language shorted version) Invited report to the 134 Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, San Diego, Dec. 1997, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102(5), Pt.
		Galembo, A. "Cupola measurement in vertical pianos (in Russian)," CBSTI of LIM RSFSR (Moscow), Ser.
		Galembo, A. "Acoustical investigation of hammer felt for piano (in Russian)," in Theses of the 7th USSR Acoustical Conference (Leningrad), 3.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/8779/publications.html (2452 words)

	[CAUT] Re: Voicing and Hall Acoustics
		If they are not bleeding from the ears at the bench, the piano is not loud enough.
		Time was up to the wire, and she either had to play that piano, >or > > they would have to call off the concert.
		There was no use trying to >explain > > to this gal that the sound was actually being projected from the stage, >but > > nothing was coming back, and it was obvious she was trying to make an > > impression in more ways than one.
	www.ptg.org /pipermail/caut/2005-January/013604.html (341 words)

	Piano Forums at Piano World: Five Lectures on the Acoustics of the Piano
		Mr Conklin states: “In general, the thicker the soundboard, the louder the piano but the less the duration of its tone.” The opposite is true: All other factors being equal a thinner soundboard will give a louder initial tone but a shorter sustain time.
		It is unwise, I think, to make generalizations applying to all pianos based on what is observed and measured on one size and type of piano.
		The manufacturers would be wise to listen up and try some of the principles being discussed on various piano forums and being shown at conventions and seminars by these rebuilders.
	www.pianoworld.com /ubb/ubb/ultimatebb.php?/topic/1/11475.html (1812 words)

	Piano Acoustics, Audio, Piano Sound System
		The fastest way to get your Helpinstill piano system is to call us anytime at 713/432-1089 and place your order.
		In the event your situation is unusual, and requires the extra noise reduction of the Model 180, we can easily trade out your sensor strips for the Humbucking type, and you pay only the difference in cost.
		In either case, you'll be assured of greatpiano sound, since Helpinstill brings over thirty years of expertise in the field of piano acoustics and audio engineering to your assistance.
	www.helpinstill.com /order.html (379 words)

	Gershman Acoustics Reviews
		Nevertheless, as musical and involving as these perennials from Gershman Acoustics and Vandersteen have always been, there's something to be said for the dedication of audio designers who are unwilling to rest on their laurels.
		The idea that loudspeakers as consistently satisfying as the Gershman GAP 520-X and the Vandersteen 5 could be improved in such a meaningful way is testament to the enduring love of music that fires the best folks in two-channel audio.
		The piano is usually an extraordinary test of audio gear.
	www.gershmanacoustics.com /reviews.html (2851 words)

	Acoustic Guitars - Frank Hudson
		The next acoustic I bought was a 1970's Japanese made Maya Martin 000 copy from the Podium in Dinkytown USA.
		I was trying to play with a piano player with very little if any PA assistance at the time, and this thing had the best "cutting" treble of anything I could afford at the time.
		Well after twenty years of playing acoustic guitar where I bought these and other instruments, but except for the Maya I really didn't have anything that sounded all that good, and the Maya's sound was little on the small side.
	www.users.qwest.net /~fhudson/acoustics.htm (1015 words)

	Piano Tech Links
		Piano Serial Numbers 1: The "Blue Book of Pianos" -- serial numbers and manufacturing dates.
		The five lectures describe the underlying physics upon which all detailed modeling of piano tones must be based.
		Piano Technology Practice Exams: Online multiple choice tests in piano technology.
	rollingball.com /pianolinks.htm (242 words)

	Old Hymns for a New Age: Acoustics and Equipment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The sanctuary is primarily built out of redwood and other hardwoods.
		Even though we had to take into consideration occasional creaking of timbers and motorcycles passing on the nearby road, the acoustics were worth it.
		We had to learn along the way about how sensitive this equipment is...the road noise and the shuffling of papers were often enough to ruin a take.
	music4moment.com /Stan/oldhymns/equipped.html (130 words)

	a Visiting Scholar From China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		From 1987 to 1990 I studied Piano Acoustics and Vibration Theory = and got my Master Degree.
		At the same time of teaching,I have been doing researching work = and published more than ten papers about musical acoustics and piano = technology.
		I also act as the chief piano technician of SCM.
	www.ptg.org /pipermail/caut/1998-December/001090.html (243 words)

	[CAUT] Re: Voicing and Hall Acoustics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		I'm not surprised she played it later in another venue and liked the piano.
		I'll also say that same gal who refused to play that D some > 20 years ago came back the next year and played the same piano in a > completely different setting, and she liked it.
		She didn't know it was the > same piano, and that nothing had been done to it.
	www.ptg.org /pipermail/caut/2005-January/013615.html (398 words)

	ASME Student Highlight: Samantha Rawlings, 2006 ASME Scholarship Winner - Mechanical Advantage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This University of Hartford senior is an acoustics major, combining her skill, talent, and passion for both engineering and music.
		She and her team brought 80 students from local schools to participate in demonstrations in materials, acoustics, and wind tunnel labs.
		As a pianist and an engineer, she is interested in exploring acoustics and harmonics, learning more about how sound works, and how pianos can be improved to sound even better.
	www.asme.org /NewsPublicPolicy/Newsletters/MechanicalAdvantage/Student_Highlight_Samantha.cfm (441 words)

	Lounge Lizard: Electric Piano - Applied Acoustics Systems
		A lot of great players used effect boxes to extend the spectrum of the electric piano, or to create their own signature sound.
		The 29 Custom Electric Pianos were precisely assembled in that state of mind.
		The 9 Pianorgans sounds combine the playing feel and dynamics of electric pianos with the distinctive attack and sustained tones of organs.
	www.applied-acoustics.com /loungelizard-2.php (856 words)

	Events of the AES: AES 112th Convention: Session F: MUSICAL ACOUSTICS
		A method to identify notes and chords of piano is presented.
		A simplified piano model based on physical properties has been developed for generating spectral patterns used for identification of notes and chords.
		The patterns generated are used to measure correlation with the chord to be identified.
	www.aes.org /events/112/papers/f.cfm (1100 words)

	Locate Piano Technicians by State
		To locate listings for piano technicians in your area
		Find a piano tuner from the most comprehensive directory of piano technicians in the USA
		Advertise With Us © Copyright 2005-2006 All Rights Reserved.
	www.pianoacoustics.com /states.htm (41 words)

	Keyboard Magazine - Applied Acoustics Systems Announces Release of The Lounge Lizard EP-3 Electric Piano
		Keyboard magazine is the definitive source for not just tabs, stands, notes and chords but electronic and piano keyboards, midi, korg, roland, casio and yamaha keyboards and free online lessons.
		Applied Acoustics Systems announces the official release of Lounge Lizard EP-3 for Mac OS X and Windows -- an upgrade of their award-winning electric piano.
		With this new version, AAS raises the bar in the re-creation of the classic electric pianos by including an extensive new preset library, a new multi-effect module, refined modeling of the tone and tine bars, new and improved pickup modeling, and support for micro-tuning.
	www.keyboardmag.com /story.asp?storyCode=12201 (330 words)

	Harmony Central®: Tassman 3 and Lounge Lizard EP-2 Now Available as AudioUnits
		Applied Acoustics Systems has released Audio Units versions of the Tassman 3 Sound Synthesis Studio and Lounge Lizard EP-2 Electric Piano.
		Based on AAS' physical modeling technology, the Tassman is an entirely modular sound design solution, offering a near infinite range of creative possibilities for realistic emulation of acoustic instruments, analog and FM synthesizers, and unique hybrid constructions simply not possible by any other means of synthesis.
		Lounge Lizard EP-2 is a recreation of the classic electric piano sound.
	www.harmony-central.com /Newp/2003/Tassman-3-EP-2-AU.html (445 words)

	Harmony Central®: Applied Acoustics Releases Lounge Lizard EP-2
		Applied Acoustics Systems has released their Lounge Lizard EP-2 Electric Piano for Mac OS X and Windows PC, a new recreation of the classic electric piano sound.
		Applied Acoustics Introduces AAS Modeling Collection (Sep 23, 2005)
		Applied Acoustics Systems Releases Technology Update With Universal Binary And RTAS Plug-In Support (Jan 04, 2007)
	www.harmony-central.com /Newp/2003/EP-2-OS-X-RTAS-Released.html (407 words)

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