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Topic: Picometer

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	bi - Picometer Ellipsometer
		In contrast to conventional ellipsometers based on the nulling technique, the Picometer Ellipsometer uses phase modulation to achieve a higher sensitivity and lower noise under almost any measurement condition.
		The Picometer Ellipsometer is more than just an ellipsometer: it is a base system that can be configured for a variety of optical measurements.
		When operated at normal incidence the Picometer Ellipsometer becomes a fast and highly sensitive instrument for studying reflectance anisotropy.
	www.beaglehole.com /picoelli/pico_main.html (446 words)

	Origins: Library
		Demonstrate the capability to measure the relative orientations of 3 collinear interferometer baselines to 100 picometers in 3-D
		Orientation of each baseline is determined from 3-D position of a pair of corner cubes at each end of the baseline
		Demonstrate that a set of 1-D laser gauges can be configured into an "optical truss" to make 3-dimensional 100 picometer level measurements
	origins.jpl.nasa.gov /library/techroadmap/roadmap30.html (87 words)

	Interference delivers atomic detail TRN 120600
		This is not a fine enough measure, however, to determine all the subtle changes in atomic structure that, for instance, allow a material to be a superconductor.
		There are 100 picometers in an angstrom and one billion picometer's in a millimeter.
		The ability to determine atom placement within a picometer is potentially useful for designing many high-tech materials with greater precision.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/120600/Interference_delivers_atomic_details_120600.html (558 words)

	'Long' distances measured with picometer accuracy
		By measuring the frequency of the light, which is tuned to match specific properties of the cavity, a scientist can determine changes in the lower mirror's position with picometer accuracy.
		A new laser-based method for measuring millimeter distances more accurately than ever before--with an uncertainty of 10 picometers (trillionths of a meter)--has been developed and demonstrated by a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
		While this approach has been used previously for the measurement of short distances (of the order of 1 micrometer), the new work extends it 25,000-fold by demonstrating a range of 25 millimeters.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-12/nios-dm120105.php (438 words)

	[5.20] Picometer Precision Measurements of Fringe Phase and Wavelengths in MAM
		The Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), a micro-arcsecond astrometry mission, is the only mission, either operational or in planning, that will be capable of measuring the mass of extra-solar planets, mass being the fundamental property that determines whether the planet is capable of holding an Earth-like atmosphere.
		The MAM testbed uses a pathlength modulation scheme for fringe detection, using ten samples per stroke, with stroke-length close to the wavelength of a spectral channel.
		Longer strokes (tens of microns) enable both fringe and modulation envelope to be detected, yielding accurate wavelength measurements at the picometer level for the first time.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v36n5/aas205/202.htm (229 words)

	Max-Planck-Gesellschaft - Max-Planck Forschungsberichte (laufend)
		The structure of multiply hydrogen-bonded systems is determined with picometer accuracy by a combined solid-state NMR and quantum-chemical approach.
		On the experimental side, advanced H-1-N-15 dipolar recoupling NMR techniques are capable of providing proton-nitrogen distances of up to about 250 pm with on accuracy level of 1 pm for short distances (i.e., around 100 pm) and +/- 5 pm for longer ones (i.e., 180 to 250 pm).
		In this way, nitrogen-proton distances were determined with picometer accuracy, so that vibrational overaging effects on dipole-dipole couplings need to be considered.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/forschungsberichte/CHE/200511_106.shtml (273 words)

	Introduction
		Anything smaller than a nanometer is a loose atom or molecule, so nanotechnology makes the smallest objects that it is possible to make.
		A picometer is a unit smaller than a nanometer.
		It measures 1 trillionth of a meter, so don't think that a nanometer is the smallest unit of measurement.
	library.thinkquest.org /04apr/00480/basic.html (289 words)

	Laser encoder features picometer resolution - 6/6/2006 - Control Engineering
		The system and associated components reportedly provide sub-nanometer nonlinearity and resolution capability of 38 picometers, and are said to give precision motion system manufacturers and semiconductor equipment OEMs a fiberoptic answer to ever-tightening requirements for wafer inspection, lithography, and other yield enhancement tools.
		Laser unit is connected to a detector head by a 3-m fiberoptic cable.
		Digital output signals provide resolutions of up to 10 nm; analog signals can be used in conjunction with Renishaw's RGE interpolators or a new RP120 parallel interface to provide resolutions of 0.39 nm and 40 picometers, respectively.
	www.controleng.com /article/CA6340031.html (526 words)

	Abstract
		Since nanotechnology and ultra-precision engineering have progressed rapidly, a measuring method for length or displacement with resolution of picometer must be required in the near future.
		However, it is impossible to determine an arbitrary length or displacement using this method.
		We propose a new length/displacement measurement method using the PMHI and a tunable laser diode (TLD) as a light source, to determine an arbitrary length with resolution of picometer.
	www.aspe.net /aspe_member/php/abstracts/absdisplay.php?Abstract_ID=1959 (423 words)

	Precision (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Position noise, the lower limit on controllable motions, can be thought of as the true positioning resolution of a nanopositioning system.
		Position noise is the sum of all unwanted (but unavoidable) noise in the complete system - the electronic control system as well as the position sensors inside the stage.
		While the overall concept is simple, actual experimental determination of picometer level position noise requires an indirect approach.
	www.madcitylabs.com /precision.htm (388 words)

	Picometer bei Ihii (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Atomradien werden in Picometer (1 pm = 10-12m) oder (veraltet) in Ångström (10-10m) ange...
		The gap between the electrodes can be controlled with picometer (one thousandth of a nanometer) accuracy due to t...
		:lol 7) byte_head (24.06.2006, 19:29 Uhr) Editieren Antworten @snapp: Wenn ich mich nicht irre Picometer, aber kann auch davor sein.
	www.ihii.de /Picometer (424 words)

	[No title]
		This activity is aimed at improving the accuracy of such interferometers from the 1 - 30 nanometer level to the picometer level for use in the proposed OSI and SONATA missions as metrology gauges.
		Abstract: Space-based astrometric interferometer concepts typically have a requirement for the measurement of the internal dimensions of the instrument to accuracies in the picometer range.
		While this level of resolution has already been achieved for certain special types of laser gauges, techniques for picometer-level accuracy need to be developed to enable all the various kinds of laser gauges needed for space-based interferometers.
	www.spie.org /web/abstracts/1900/1947.html (3803 words)

	Writertopia: Toolbox - Progress Meters
		The meters are extremely easy to use: simply call a web address and the appropriate picture is delivered.
		For a no-frills, small image, use the picometer.
		Change the mood of the writer in the image by setting "mood" to a number from 0 to 7:
	www.writertopia.com /toolbox/meters (375 words)

	SPIE Bookstore
		The Kite testbed at JPL is being developed to demonstrate relative metrology on a four-cornered metrology truss with six gauges to 10's of picometers.
		Because of the large, 5 million kilometer distances, between the spacecraft and the need to perform picometer level interferometry and the fact that the optical system is dynamic precludes the use of standard optical codes in the design and analysis of this optical system.
		A description of the mathematical approach used to model the optics, in the spacecraft in orbit, is presented and the ability of this model to analyze requirements is discussed.
	bookstore.spie.org /index.cfm?fuseaction=DetailVolume&productid=466443&showabstracts=1 (12665 words)

	The Most Accurate Defect Measurement
		The width of a clean fault line between two pure crystals can be measured to an accuracy of 1 picometer, 1/100 the width of an atom, using a coherent electron beam.
		Computer simulations of many interference patterns (above) are matched to the data to give the high accuracy.
		Picometer Accuracy in Measuring Lattice Displacements Across Planar Faults by Interferometry in Coherent Electron Diffraction
	focus.aps.org /story/v6/st26 (659 words)

	4.3.1
		Diamondoid parts may contain features, or be positioned, in picometer (1 pm = 10
		The nanomanipulator robot arm described in Section 9.3.1.4 may be moved in picometer increments, and the RMS thermal longitudinal displacements at the tip of a 20-nm long, 10-nm wide diamondoid lever is ~1 pm.
		Displacement sensitivity of 10 pm is routinely achieved in STMs.
	www.nanomedicine.com /NMI/4.3.1.htm (339 words)

	Amazon.com: picometer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		that the cutoff wavelength (in picometers) in the continuous x-ray spectrum...
		The term picometer, abbreviated pm, is more commonly...
		technology at the scale of picometers or trillionths of a meter)...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=picometer&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (928 words)

	MRSEC main page
		Ellipsometer (picometer) in a single region, either monochromatically at 6328 A (He-Ne laser) (10-15 micron spot size) or spectroscopically from 200 - 1050 nm, at variable angle.
		Image-enhanced ellipsometer - on dual arms with the picometer and imaging system used at the same time.
		Configurations 1 and 2 can be mounted on dual arms for two simultaneous and independent set-ups or for operation as system 3.
	www.cise.columbia.edu /mrsec/instrument_mrsec.htm (807 words)

	Argon
		Radii-A line segment that joins the center of a sphere (atom) with any point on its surface.
		Picometer- a metric unit of length equal to one trillionth of a meter
		Atom-A unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons.
	www.mvschools.org /ms/projects/html/red/argon.htm (370 words)

	Physicists measure 'long' distances with picometer accuracy
		A new laser-based method for measuring millimeter distances more accurately than ever before--with an uncertainty of 10 picometers (trillionths of a meter)--has been developed and demonstrated by a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
		Laser light is typically used to measure distances by counting the number of wavelengths (the distance between successive peaks of the wave pattern) of light between two points.
		Jul 24, 2007 - Researchers produce firsts with bursts of light
	www.physorg.com /news8668.html (572 words)

	Nanodot: Nanotechnology News and Discussion » Blog Archive » Diffracted x-ray tracks DNA with picometer ...
		Scientists don't have to settle for averaged results when studying tiny things with x rays.
		In x-ray diffraction, for example, a crystallized sample with billions of molecules scatters the x rays into a characteristic pattern of spots on a detector which is then decoded to yield lattice structure information.
		Now the process has been extended to single DNA molecules, whose Brownian motion can be tracked, for the first time, with a precision of picometers, or 10^-15 m (see figure at http://www.aip.org/mgr/png).
	www.foresight.org /nanodot/?p=865 (254 words)

	Laser encoder introduces picometer resolution: News from Renishaw
		Fiberoptic laser encoder system sets a new standard for precision with a resolution capability of 40 picometers, sub-nanometer non-linearity, and part-per-billion laser-frequency stability.
		The system brings the advantages of a fiber-optic-launched laser encoder to precision motion system manufacturers and semiconductor equipment OEMs producing wafer inspection, lithography and other yield enhancement tools that must handle smaller feature sizes in a reduced machine footprint.
		Digital output signals provide resolutions of up to 10nm, while analogue signals can be used in conjunction with Renishaw's RGE interpolators or the new RPI20 parallel interface to provide resolutions of 0.39 nanometers and 40 picometers respectively.
	www.manufacturingtalk.com /news/rea/rea203.html (404 words)

	Fiber Optic Laser Encoder offers 38 picometer resolution Product News Network - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Key to this transformation is the use of fiber-optics to deliver the laser light directly to the measurement axes, eliminating the requirement for multiple remote beam splitters, benders and adjustable mounts.
		The RLE20 interferometer system and associated components provide sub-nanometer non-linearity and resolution capability of 38 picometers, making fiber-optic launch a solution for precision motion system manufacturers and semiconductor equipment OEMs to ever-tightening requirements for wafer inspection, lithography and other yield enhancement tools.
		Used with a double pass interferometer (with optical resolution of 158 nm) the RPI20 can produce output resolutions down to 38 picometers at velocities up to 1m/sec, overcoming velocity restrictions and bandwidth limitations with conventional methods.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PIL/is_2005_Oct_26/ai_n15736295 (690 words)

	Measuring Materials' Defects
		At Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), the tiniest defects in materials can now be measured with the highest accuracy ever achieved — akin to finding a speck of dust in an area the size of the United States.
		Researchers in the Energy Sciences and Technology Department (ESandT) have developed a technique to measure defects with picometer accuracy, a picometer being a trillionth of a meter.
		The research was reported in the December 11 issue of the journal Physical Review Letters.
	www.bnl.gov /est/Measuring_Materials_Defects.htm (450 words)

	Physics News Update
		A team of Japanese scientists has developed a method, which they call diffracted x-ray tracking (DXT), in which the bobbing Brownian motion of single nanocrystallites in water are watched by tracking scattered x rays; with this method one acquires information not about the position but the rotary motion of single nanoparticles (Sasaki et al.
		Now the process has been extended to single DNA molecules, whose Brownian motion can be tracked, for the first time, with a precision of picometers, or 10
		The researchers will soon broaden their measurements of important biomolecules.
	www.aip.org /pnu/2001/split/568-2.html (183 words)

	Powers of Ten
		Measuring in meters, this power of ten is equal to 1 picometer.
		Measuring in seconds, this power of ten equals 1picosecond.
		[Stations from Powers of 10 CD 1 picometer
	powersof10.com /index.php?mod=power_detail&id_power=-12 (29 words)

	advanced nanotechnology: Picometer resolution from different methods
		Primary pathways incrementally improving biopolymer-based systems, scanning probe microscopes to do direct mechanosynthesis of diamondoid systems, and a traditional machining approach to build small systems that can perform increasingly precise operations.
		AFM microscopes can resolve 77 picometer features from 2004
		Measuring distances using fiber optic bending to picometer accuracy
	advancednano.blogspot.com /2006/10/picometer-resolution-from-different.html (359 words)

	The Photonics Spotlight - With Wavelength Combs to Picometer Resolution; displacement measurement, laser metrology
		This allowed them to make extremely precise displacement measurements without using an air-tight enclosure of their setup.
		For example, they can monitor extremely tiny drifts of a cavity length on the scale of some tens of picometers, or to measure the tiny nonlinear error of an ultraprecise nanopositioning translation stage of just a few a picometers over a translation range of 12 μm.
		It is apparent that frequency combs from mode-locked lasers generate a wide range of opportunities in metrology – not only in frequency metrology, but also in other fields.
	www.rp-photonics.com /spotlight_2006_07_01.html (379 words)

	Fiber Optic Laser Encoder offers 38 picometer resolution., Renishaw, Inc.
		October 26, 2005 - Providing part-per-billion laser frequency stability, Model RLE20 uses fiber optics to deliver laser light directly to measurement axis, eliminating need for remote beam splitters, benders, and adjustable mounts.
		The RLE20 system benefits from the same system architecture and application flexibility as the established RLE10 with a laser unit being connected to a detector head by a 3 m fiber-optic cable.
		As with any laser interferometer system, when using an RLE system in a non-vacuum environment or an applications where it is not possible to reference the system against a known distance, some form of refractive index compensation is required in order to maintain accuracy under fluctuating environmental conditions.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/468629/rss/2399 (999 words)

	Non-contact vibration measurements with picometer displacement sensitivity – digital signal processing for difficult ...
		Non-contact vibration measurements with picometer displacement sensitivity – digital signal processing for difficult and stringent applications as measurements in data storage, micro-electro-mechanical structures (MEMS) and hearing dynamics
		Digital vibrometer systems utilize the latest technologies for digital signal acquisition and processing.
		Full analysis of vibration data, including graphing, animation and data export
	www.polytec.com /usa/158_827.asp (424 words)

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