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Topic: Pictish

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	Kenneth I of Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He soon obtained the Pictish throne in 843 and became the first king to rule the Picts of Pictavia and the Scots of Dalriada.
		His Pictish mother was descended from the royal house of Fortrenn, and his great-grand uncle, Alpin Mac Eachaidh had actually reigned as King of Picts until deposed by Oengus I. It is thus that Kenneth Mac Alpin was one of several nobles with a claim to the crown of Picts and Scots.
		Mac Alpin then invites the Pictish king, Drust IX, and the remaining Pictish nobles to Scone to perhaps settle the issue of Dalriada's freedom or MacAlpin's claim to the Dalriadic crown.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/k/ke/kenneth_i_of_scotland.html (845 words)

	Picts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pictish society seems to have comprised a number of small kingdoms which occasionally clashed.
		For instance, the Basque nationalist Federico Krutwig tried to connect the Pictish and the Basque language, which would be remnants of the pre-Indoeuropean population of Europe.
		It should also be noted that Roman and Medieval scholars tended to ascribe a Scythian origin to any barbarian people (including the Scots and Goths) in order to emphasise their barbarity and 'otherness'.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pict (1729 words)

	Pictish stones - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pictish stones are to be found in Scotland, predominantly north of the Clyde-Forth line, and are the most visible remaining evidence of their makers, the Picts.
		The purpose and meaning of the stones are still unknown, but they probably served as a indicator for clans, lineages, or kindreds.
		Meigle Pictish Stones, near Dundee — Museum in converted church which features possibly the richest display of stones in Scotland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pictish_stones (649 words)

	Kenneth I of Scotland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His Pictish mother was descended from the royal house of, and his great-grand uncle, had actually reigned as King of Picts until deposed by.
		Two such sources,, and note that in 841 Mac Alpin attacked the remnants of the Pictish army and defeated them (he is lauded as "the raven feeder").
		Mac Alpin then invites the Pictish king,, and the remaining Pictish nobles to Scone, Perthshire to perhaps settle the issue of Dalriada's freedom or MacAlpin's claim to the Dalriadic crown.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Kenneth_I_of_Scotland (858 words)

	Pictish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Pictish Wilderness, or Pictland, is the last remnant of the great uncivilized West which remains after the Hyborian invasion.
		The Pictish Wilderness is virgin forest, filled with oaks and maples, and haunted by creatures thought extinct by the Hyborian world.
		Pictish weapons are the bow and the cast spear, the war club and the hatchet.
	hyboria.xoth.net /races/human_pictish.htm (511 words)

	The Pictish Kings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 711 a Pictish army is routed by a Northumbrian host on the plain of Manaw, probably somewhere in West Lothian; this marks the last known threat from these southern neighbors as Northumbrian power declines soon after that and ends with the fall of York to the Danes in 866.
		We also know that Aed Finn repealed Pictish laws and managed to regain freedom for the Scots in 768, and by the time of his death, Dalriada was independent again.
		The Pictish defeat at the hands of the Norsemen ranks as the most significant in Pictish history, and was ironically repeated many centuries later by the destruction of the Scottish nobles at Flodden.
	halfmoon.tripod.com /pict2.html (2249 words)

	Lost Civilizations: The Picts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pictland, as the Pictish homeland was called, was made up of a large area of what is now modern day Scotland, mainly in the low-lying coastal areas of Eastern Scotland where they sustained themselves through fishing and farming.
		In fact, the Pictish nation out-lasted the would-be conquerors and predated the formal organization of both the Scots and Irish.
		The language which they spoke is believed to have been similar to the modern day Welsh language, fitting into a category which linguists call the "P-Celtic" languages, while modern Gaelic and Irish are considered "Q-Celtic".
	www.tartans.com /articles/pictcivilization.html (577 words)

	A Consideration of Pictish Names -- Section II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first section of the king-lists focuses on "Cruithne" ("Cruidne" as it appears in the manuscript) and his seven sons, for whom the Pictish race and the seven principal divisions of Pictish territory were said to be named.
		Similarly, if "brude" were a common noun in Pictish, but knowledge of that language were being lost, it might contribute both to the reinterpretation of the early king- lists as using it as a personal name, but perhaps also to the adoption of it _as_ a personal name by later generations.
		The name "ghosts" that appear in the Pictish and Welsh genealogies seem likely to be remnants of an oral formula where the preposition is used to mean "after" (or possibly "before", in which case the interpreted order may be erroneous).
	www.medievalscotland.org /scotnames/jonespictishmem/pictish2.shtml (4044 words)

	Mac Alpin's Treason
		That the Scots' aim was to free Dalriada from Pictish domination and establish Scottish rule over the Picts is clearly evident by the actions of Kenneth MacAlpin's father, known as Alpin, who in 834 AD, as the Picts faced the new Viking threat in the north, rebelled against his Pictish King of Scots and Picts.
		The rebellion by his Scottish subjects in the south forced the Pictish king to forego his total preoccupation with the Vikings in the north; Oengus II split his land army in two and faced the Scottish rebel (and southern threat) on Easter day, 834 AD.
		Recalling the peculiarity of a matrilineal succession which governed Pictish crowns, it is evident that Kenneth Mac Alpin (the Hardy) grounded his claims to the Pictish crown from his mother's bloodlines.
	halfmoon.tripod.com /macalpin.html (886 words)

	A Consideration of Pictish Names: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		From the earliest Roman records of pesonal and place names in Britain, it is clear that the vast majority of those names (and thus, presumably, the language of the vast majority of the inhabitants) are Celtic, although of several strata of migrations.
		The best argument for the presence of non-Celtic Pictish at a fairly late date comes from the Ogham inscriptions of the 8-9th century in which some non-Celtic element appears to be strongly present.
		Of the non-Celtic element in Pictish, the best conclusion is that it is a remnant of one of the no-doubt numerous languages prevalent in Europe before the spread of the Indo-European language family.
	www.s-gabriel.org /names/tangwystyl/pictnames (1190 words)

	Pictish Nation ®
		The true mystery in Pictish studies is the extraordinary disappearance of the culture of the tattoed nations of the North.
		However, the lesson grimly taught by the Roman and the decimation caused in the Pictish countryside must have been of such consequences that for nearly a century peace was kept in the land; the Romans manned Hadrian's Wall and the northern tattoed tribes stayed in their grim, brooding hills north of it.
		In the west, Pictish presence in Argyll must have disappeared quickly after the arrival of the Scots of Dalriada around 500 A.D., although as evidenced by the standing stone near the entrance to Inveraray castle in Campbell country, they were there at one point in their history.
	members.tripod.com /~Halfmoon (2661 words)

	Picts and Pictish language: an article by Cyril Babaev
		Kenneth managed to massacre all Pictish nobles, royal families, and Pictish lands were conquered by Scottish troops in the east, and Vikings in the West.
		The hypothesis about the Celtic origin of the Pictish language is opposed to in several historical sources: St. Columba's biographer clearly stated that the Irish saint needed a translator to preach to the Pictish King Brude, son of Maelchon.
		Pictish did not influence Celtic languages much, and very few words are supposedly of Pictish origin in Scottish and Irish.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article7.html (3340 words)

	Powell's Books - Review-a-Day - The Art of the Picts: Sculpture and Metalwork in Early Medieval Scotland by George ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Distinctively Pictish symbols carved on many stones added to the mystery, because their meaning was, and is still, unknown.
		That there is a special Pictishness to Pictish art is acknowledged, but it is only one aspect of an artistic achievement that is part of a common mainstream Insular art in Britain and Ireland.
		Pictish art has a rich diversity and an often superb quality that come as an exciting surprise to those viewing it for the first time; and The Art of the Picts will ensure for all of us a greater understanding of its place in the art history of early medieval Britain and Ireland.
	www.powells.com /review/2004_09_05.html (2107 words)

	Friends of Grampian Stones - Pictish Iconography
		Aberdeenshire is famed for its Pictish symbol stones thought to date from at least the 5th century, the earliest found in profusion on fertile farmland of a busy agricultural society, saved from destruction by gunpowder or the plough by deep-seated superstition.
		Clusters of Pictish symbol stones found embedded in mediaeval mounds at Kintore, Tyrie and Drumblade, buried face-down at river confluences (Donaldstonehaugh, River Isla) or close to Pictish villages (Aikey Brae and Rhynie Barflat) have disappeared.
		The dolphin (or Pictish "beast" carved on 24 Class I stones in east Scotland) was believed to be sacred because it could live both in air and water and shared knowledge of the world beyond the sunset.
	www.electricscotland.com /stones/picticon.htm (1669 words)

	Pict Resource and References Page
		Of the non-Celtic element in Pictish, the best conclusion is that it is a remnant of one of the languages prevalent in Europe before the spread of the Indo-European language family.
		The Eradication of Bryth and the Fate of the Briton, an entymological essay by Toby D. Griffen, the Pictish* references begin with section 2b.
		Pictish Symbol Stones, with photos and illustrations of the carved stones of the Picts
	www.tylwythteg.com /pict1.html (1482 words)

	Orkneyjar - Who were the Picts?
		The Pictish nation was made up of several federations, each with its own leader or king.
		The extent of this allegiance is debatable but it seems likely that the Orcadians probably maintained considerable independence by virtue of their isolation - an independence that may have prompted certain measures to keep the islands under control.
		This is primarily due to the fact that the Romans, the major chroniclers of early British History, never made it this far north in any great numbers.
	www.orkneyjar.com /history/picts (833 words)

	a pictish panorama: eric nicoll
		Thus, while the symbol stones carved by Pictish craftsmen still defy interpretation and so preserve their own sense of mystery, almost all other areas of Pictish culture, such as language, warfare, settlement and burial practice have been to varying extents identified and are currently being analysed.
		The title, A Pictish Panorama, was chosen to reflect the nature of this book, for it includes not only the bibliography, but also six short and authoritative papers by eminent scholars, each of whom presents key state-of-the-art research in one of the complementary disciplines of art, archaeology, history or linguistics.
		Her own belief, that Pictish was a member of the P-Celtic group of languages, is here re-stated in summary form and is reinforced by Bill Nicolaisen's paper giving a brief overview of place-name elements.
	www.shef.ac.uk /assem/3/3clarks.htm (901 words)

	Pictish Links
		Pictish Chronicle - Facsimile of the Pictish Chronicle.
		Pictish Trail - Details several Pictish trails in Ross and Cromarty for thosse who want to visit the area.
		The Pictish trail in Easter Ross - The Pictish Trail in Ross and Cromarty.
	members.tripod.com /~Halfmoon/pictish_links.html (873 words)

	Ancient Images mugs
		The Sea horses are from the 8th century Pictish cross in Aberlemno, Angus, Scotland.
		This creature is very significant to Pictish art in that it appears on many of the sculptured stones.
		Incised carved boar in Pictish style with raised hackles, emphasising the courage and ferocity of the animal.
	www.ancientstoneart.co.uk /gallery/mugs.php (1703 words)

	A Pictish Bibliography
		Feachem, R. "A New Pictish Symbol-Stone in the Lowlands", PSAS lxxxiv (1949-50), 206-208.
		Ritchie, A. "Excavation of Pictish and Viking-age farmsteads at Buckquoy, Orkney", PSAS 108 174-227.
		Thomas, (A.)C. "The interpretation of the Pictish symbols", Arch.J. cxx 31-97.
	www.pictavia.org /library/biblio.html (3625 words)

	Meigle Pictish Stones Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland
		And the largest single collection of Pictish Carved Stones in Scotland is gathered together in the Museum in the old schoolhouse in the village of Meigle, Perthshire.
		Meigle was a centre of some importance in the Pictish world, and was possibly associated with King Pherath (or Uurad) who ruled Pictland from 839 to 842.
		The Pictish nation, forged in the shadow of the Roman empire, was the dominant power in northern Britain for more than 500 years.
	www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk /meigle/meiglestones (882 words)

	Clans and Families of Ireland and Scotland - The Kingdom of the Picts: Christianity, Paganism and the Making of Gaelic ...
		The Pictish symbols include a moon crescent surmounted by a "v-rod," that is is, a kind of stylized "bent spear" in the shape of a "v," which seems to represent the refraction of moonlight, perhaps in terms of dynamic or sexual energy.
		Jewelry was a formal mark of status in lndo-European society; it is therefore possible that the pagan symbols on Pictish jewelry mark a type of ceremonial bride-price for aristocratic or dynastic marriages.
		In fact, the Pictish expertise with zoomorphic figures in the Christian period indicates direct Pictish influence on "Irish" illuminated gospel manuscripts (this could have been accomplished anywhere in the Celtic church, from Lindisfarne in the south to Iona or even Applecross in the North).
	www.electricscotland.com /WEBCLANS/cairney/28.htm (547 words)

	Caledonian or Pictish (75 - 846 AD) - DBA 67 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Later Pictish cavalrymen are depicted in carvings as being heavily armed - with helmets, shields, swords, spears, and probably mail armour too.
		Pictish Psiloi may have been armed with javelins, slings, bows, and maybe even crossbows (one carved stone looks to have a crossbow armed huntsman upon it).
		Pictish or Caledonian camps could have been a one of a variety of forms - a hill fort, a broch (a fortified, round tower), some lowland Picts may have used Irish-style lake dwellings, a group of raiding boats drawn up onto a beach or river bank, or even a cluster of stolen animals and villagers.
	www.fanaticus.org /dba/armies/dba67.html (862 words)

	Directory - Regional: Europe: United Kingdom: Scotland: Society and Culture: History: Picts
		Pictish Nation · Dedicated to the Picts, the pre-Scottish people of Caledonia, and Pictish culture.
		Discovering a Kingdom of the Picts · cached · Press release from York University outlining the discovery of settlement at Portmahomack, Scotland, which was in turn a Pagan fort, a Christian monastery and a Viking port.
		Pictish Arts Society · cached · A charitable society which promotes study and discussion of all aspects of Pictish and Early Scottish history.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=1160037 (234 words)

	Pictish Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is a pictish cross-slab, found in the centre of Elgin in 1823.
		This is a class I pictish stone, depicting double-disc and Z-rod, serpent and Z-rod, and a mirror.
		This class II Pictish stone may be found in a field near Haughs of Cossans farm.
	www.garioch.demon.co.uk /pictland.htm (1542 words)

	Orkneyjar - The Language of the Picts
		This seems to imply that the Pictish language was different to the Scots/Irish Gaelic spoken by Columba.
		The only sources that can give vague clues as to its nature are some of the carved inscriptions they left, placenames and certain accounts of Pictish names written by external sources at the time.
		As with all things Pictish, however, the lack of concrete evidence has led to a number of opinions and theories as to the form of the spoken language of the inhabitants of Northern Scotland in the early centuries of the first millennium.
	www.orkneyjar.com /history/picts/language.htm (500 words)

	Scotland Guide - Scottish History - The Picts
		In this myth it is said that the seven sons of Cruithne gave their names to the seven divisions of the Pictish kingdom.
		Athfotla means 'new Ireland' and an area once identified as being occupied by the Picts, Argyll, is omitted entirely from the divisions of the Pictish Kingdom.
		Depending on which translation you accept, this could either imply that the Caledonians were Pictish, or that the Caledones and Picts were only two of several tribes in the area.
	www.siliconglen.com /Scotland/11_5.html (882 words)

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