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Topic: Pictish language

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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Pictish is a term used for the extinct language or languages thought to be spoken by the Picts, the people of northern and central Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.
		Columba, a Gael, used an interpreter in Pictland when conducting ceremonies in Latin; Bede claimed that the Pictish was a distinct language from that spoken by the Britons, the Irish, and the English, statements which say nothing about the nature of the Pictish language.
		Rhys J.; The Inscriptions and language of the Northern Picts, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland XXVI 263-351 (1892).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Pictish_language (2035 words)

	Pictish language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Evidence of the language is limited to place names and to the names of people found on monuments and the contemporary records.
		The classification of the Pictish language is controversial.
		Pictish language, Notes, References, Extinct Celtic languages, Languages of Scotland, Pictish studies and Extinct languages of Scotland.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Pictish_language (984 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Pictish language
		Cumbric was the Brythonic Celtic language spoken in Cumbria, and the southern Lowland Scotland.
		Although very little in the way of Pictish writing has survived, Pictish history, from the late 6th century onwards, is known from a variety of sources, including Saints' lives, such as that of Columba by AdomnÃ¡n, and various Irish annals.
		For example, the Pictish place-name element Pet-, a word for a settlement, continued to be used into the Gaelic period, and is often found combined with a Gaelic second element, such as Pittenweem, *Pit an Uaimh, where the second element is from Gaelic uamh, 'cave'.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pictish-language (1993 words)

	Orkneyjar - Norn, the language of Orkney
		The sheer scale of the Norse settlement of Orkney saw their language obliterate whatever indigenous language was spoken in Orkney.
		Norn remained the language of Orkney until the early 15th century, but, contrary to popular belief, its decline began well before the islands were annexed to Scotland in 1468.
		The Norse settled the isles from the 8th century AD onwards and brought with them their own language, Old Norse, which supplanted the Pictish language.
	www.orkneyjar.com /orkney/norn.htm (625 words)

	Scotland's Past - The Picts & Scots (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The shadowy world of Pictish religion and mythology, pagan and Christian, is also investigated, as is the decline of the Picts and the reasons for the dominance of the Scots.
		The Pictish symbols, to be seen clearly on all the standing stones, monuments and Pictish objects that have survived, remain an enigma.
		The so-called Pictish ogham inscriptions for example were probably written in Irish, in spite of a recent attempt to show that their language was Old Norse.
	www.scotlandspast.org /pictscot.cfm (2487 words)

	Orkneyjar - The Language of the Picts
		As with all things Pictish, however, the lack of concrete evidence has led to a number of opinions and theories as to the form of the spoken language of the inhabitants of Northern Scotland in the early centuries of the first millennium.
		The Picts spoke an ancient language indigenous to area - a language that predated the Celtic languages of the Britons, the Scots and the Irish.
		The Picts spoke a P-Celtic language - that is a Celtic language related to the language of the Ancient Britons.
	www.orkneyjar.com /history/picts/language.htm (500 words)

	Brython Information
		These terms specifically refer to the culture of speakers of the P Celtic branch of the Celtic languages as against speakers of Q Celtic, who are usually referred to as Gaels or Goidelic Celts.
		A number of scholars argue that the unknown language of the Picts was P Celtic, but by sub-Roman times the Picts were being distinguished as a separate group, as were the Gaels of Dál Riata.
		The Pictish language is unknown and its study is based on very little information, mainly place and personal names.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Brython (517 words)

	Gene Expression: Language Archives
		In the east (north of the Forth) the original language was Pictish, a notoriously little-understood language that was probably P-Celtic.
		In the south-east (Lothian), the language was a form of Old English, and the region was itself part of the Northumbrian kingdom (later earldom) of Bernicia until it was ceded to Scotland in the early C11.
		The timing of the process is unclear, but it is generally supposed that the Pictish and British languages were both extinct by the end of the C11, and that Gaelic was then spoken throughout the Lowlands, except for Lothian, where the Northumbrian form of Old English still prevailed.
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/cat_language.html (1259 words)

	The Pictish Language
		The question of whether a speech variety counts as an independent language or is perhaps a dialect of a neighbouring language is one which recurs often in Scotland throughout its history.
		The Norse Theory of Pictish Oghams) Another theory, put forward by Anthony Jackson in his book The Symbol Stones of Scotland is that the inscriptions do not represent a written language at all, but rather are a series of cyphers encoding tribal alliances.
		Most Pictish names are clearly Celtic, but amongst the various persons and tribes whose names come down to us, there are some which are not Celtic and provide further hints that there may have been an additional Pictish language.
	www.21stcenturyfogey.com /language/pictish.htm (3021 words)

	Skene's 4 Ancient Books of Wales
		In arguing from the modern languages, it is always assumed that the language of each branch of the old Celtic race must be represented by one or other of the modern Celtic dialects.
		Of this language only five words have been handed directly down to us; but still, if these words are of such a kind as to exhibit some of the phonetic laws of the language, we are not without the means of determining this question.
		The platform occupied by the Pictish people was not confined to Scotland alone, for they certainly extended over part of the north of Ireland, and formed, in all probability, an earlier population of the north half of Ireland, which became subjugated by the Scots.
	www.celtic-twilight.com /camelot/skene/chapter_viii.htm (3423 words)

	Languages
		While establishing themselves, they were fiercely resisted by the established Pictish people and it was not until 843 that the Gaelic leader, Kenneth MacAlpin united the Picts and the Gaels and became the first ruler of Alba which comprised most of Scotland north of Forth and Clyde.
		With the growth of urban centres and the emergence of Scots as the language of the royal court in the 15th and 16th centuries, Gaelic began to lose its dominance.
		By the middle of the 20th century, the language was at a very low ebb but in the mid 1970s, there began a grass-roots renaissance which aimed to create new generations of Gaelic-speakers.
	www.ayrshire-arran.com /keyfeatures/languages (701 words)

	Definition of Pictish language
		Gaelic culture and Scots Gaelic gradually supplanted Pictish culture and the (presumed) Pictish language.
		The Picts spoke a language, Pictish, of which little is known (in particular whether, or by how much, it differed from other Brythonic languages).
		According to this theory, the languages of the Picts and the Basques would be remnants of the Preindoeuropean population of Europe.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Pictish_language (568 words)

	Pictish Nation ®
		The true mystery in Pictish studies is the extraordinary disappearance of the culture of the tattoed nations of the North.
		However, the lesson grimly taught by the Roman and the decimation caused in the Pictish countryside must have been of such consequences that for nearly a century peace was kept in the land; the Romans manned Hadrian's Wall and the northern tattoed tribes stayed in their grim, brooding hills north of it.
		In the west, Pictish presence in Argyll must have disappeared quickly after the arrival of the Scots of Dalriada around 500 A.D., although as evidenced by the standing stone near the entrance to Inveraray castle in Campbell country, they were there at one point in their history.
	members.tripod.com /~Halfmoon (2661 words)

	Mid-Argyll Theme 11 of Travels in Time
		The dividing line between Gaelic and Pictish is not the sea, but the mountains of the Scottish Highlands (see map).
		Pictish and Brittonic are closely related 'P-Celtic' languages, distinct from the Gaelic Q-Celtic.
		When whole nations have changed their language, it generally seems to have been as a result of violent occupation and destruction.
	www.travels-in-time.net /e/scotland11arteng.htm (923 words)

	[No title]
		The Pictish kingdom in Wales expanded across the Irish Sea, which was not a divider but was a link to other Pictish settlements, as the Aegean Sea was to the Classical Greeks, and around the Irish Sea arose a maritime society which flourished during the Iron Age before the Roman conquest.
		The Pictish achievement was that overlordship of such a far-flung collection of scattered settlements could be a reality, however, a common culture and language, the highly organized socio-political, religious, and economic systems of the Pictish bureaucratic-state, and a common allegiance to one crown, was what actually held Pictish society together.
		Drust X was the last representative of the Iron Age Pictish Monarchy, which was itself the successor of the Bronze Age British sacral-kingship, that is, the original monarchy of Britain, not counting the Stone Age tribal British chieftainship, which undoubtedly surpasses in antiquity all of the world’s dynasties.
	www.angelfire.com /ego/et_deo/picts.wps.htm (4297 words)

	Picts and Pictish language: an article by Cyril Babaev
		But moreover, the history of European languages is not only the chronology of Indo-European language development, but also the relations of the newcomers with the autochtonic population of the continent.
		In a few generations Pictish language, Pictish culture and Picts themselves were forgotten, and Scottish kings made Scone, the last Pictish capital, their main city.
		The hypothesis about the Celtic origin of the Pictish language is opposed to in several historical sources: St. Columba's biographer clearly stated that the Irish saint needed a translator to preach to the Pictish King Brude, son of Maelchon.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article7.html (3340 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family.
		Today, Celtic languages are now limited to a few areas in the British Isles, eastern Canada, Patagonia, scattered groups in the United States and Australia, and on the peninsula of Brittany in France.
		Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in a common Italo-Celtic subfamily, a hypothesis that is now largely discarded, in favour of the assumption of language contact between pre-Celtic and pre-Italic communities.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Celtic_languages (1166 words)

	A Consideration of Pictish Names: Introduction
		The best argument for the presence of non-Celtic Pictish at a fairly late date comes from the Ogham inscriptions of the 8-9th century in which some non-Celtic element appears to be strongly present.
		Of the non-Celtic element in Pictish, the best conclusion is that it is a remnant of one of the no-doubt numerous languages prevalent in Europe before the spread of the Indo-European language family.
		The origins and relations of the Pictish language may never be known, short of the discovery of some bilingual "Rosetta Stone".
	www.s-gabriel.org /names/tangwystyl/pictnames (1190 words)

	Pictish language - guideofcasinos.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pictish society seems to have comprised a number of small kingdoms which occasionally clashed.
		For instance, the Basque nationalist Federico Krutwig tried to connect the Pictish and the Basque language, which would be remnants of the pre-Indoeuropean population of Europe.
		It should also be noted that Roman and Medieval scholars tended to ascribe a Scythian origin to any barbarian people (including the Scots and Goths) in order to emphasise their barbarity and 'otherness'.
	www.guideofcasinos.com /Pictish_language.html (1791 words)

	Ogham
		The shape of the letters is certainly also rather original, as in the case of the Korean Han-kul or in the case of some runic characters.
		Crystal (205) states that Ogham letters symbolized either Gaelic or Pictish phonemes.
		Although Pictish is probably a non-Indo-European language, Celtophiles argue that due to the fact that there is no /p[?]/ letter in Ogham Pictish itself must be a Celtic language.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/og/Ogham.html (432 words)

	The Pictish Language: Celtic or Otherwise?
		More recently, Pictish Studies has been one of the most hotly debated topics in the study of history of Scotland.
		But all of these issues are important in determining what kind of language the Picts spoke, because they left almost no historical documents before they disappeared as a distinctive culture in the tenth century.
		The other evidence that is useful especially in terms of language includes place-names and inscriptions on Pictish carved stones.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/celtic_internet_resources/95224 (414 words)

	channel4.com - Time Team - Who were the Picts?
		Scotland's brochs, meanwhile, which are still often referred to as Pictish houses or castles, predate the Pictish period.
		Some Pictish forts and other structures have been excavated; and a number of Pictish hoards have been found, which include some beautiful and ornate silverwork of the kind that Time Team tried to recreate as part of the Wemyss programme in the 2005 series.
		The Pictish artefacts that have most captured the public imagination, though, are the enigmatic and often elaborately carved stones that have come to represent Pictish culture in the public mind.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/T/timeteam/snapshot_picts.html (724 words)

	The Pictish Pages / Prythin Pages
		On the outskirts of that town is a collection of Pictish stones, housed unpretentiously and simply near the church upon whose grounds they'd been obtained.
		And, whilst the Pictish language is now dead and gone, I refer you to two pages of interest should you choose to help preserve some other Celtic language from that same fate: The Ogmios Celtic Language Project, and this site's own Celtic Language Resources.
		This one focuses in on the roots of Pictish names -- the little that is known of their language seems to come from the roots of some placenames, and from the lists of Pictish kings.
	www.candledark.net /silver/picts.html (1209 words)

	KALEDONAG - Home Page [Ord-dhilliag] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is a goidelic (Q-Celtic) language closely related to Scots and Irish Gaelic, as well as Manx, but it has some brythonic (P-Celtic) influence.
		It is not known exactly what the Pictish language was actually like and there is much debate over whether it was Goidelic (i.e.
		It is commonly believed that the Pictish language was Celtic, and this may largely be true, but I have based the language on the premise that there may have been a mixing of Old Norse and the early, Manx-Galloway dialect of Gaelic surviving in the southern and central parts of Scotland.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /Marmaria/caledhonag/intro.html (282 words)

	Pictish language:
		The classification of the Pictish language is still controversial.
		An influential review of Pictish was that by Jackson, who considered that there was Pictish may have been non Celtic or have a non Celtic substratum.
		There are a number of Pictish loanwords in modern Scottish Gaelic.
	www.winelib.com /wiki/Pictish_language (951 words)

	Did You Know? - Dalriada
		In 768, the Pictish King Kenneth was defeated by Aed Find of Dalriada at Fortrui which was near Perth, showing that the Scots were driving east again.
		But at the turn of the century King Constantine, who was descended from a Pictish princess and a king of Dalriada, held sway over both areas.
		By 849, the last Pictish lord was dead (many reputedly murdered by Kenneth) and Pictish language and culture died out too.
	www.rampantscotland.com /know/blknow_dalriada.htm (751 words)

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