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	A History of Photography, by Robert Leggat: PICTORIALISM
		The modern usage of this term may give a misleading picture of the movement as it arose in the second half of the nineteenth century; in any case, like the all-embracing word "art" it is a most elusive, intangible, and highly subjective term.
		In effect, the term Pictorialism is used to describe photographs in which the actual scene depicted is of less importance than the artistic quality of the image.
		Because pictorialism was seen as artistic photography, one would not be surprised that current styles of art would be reflected in their work; as impressionism was in vogue at the time, many photographs have more than a passing resemblance to paintings in this style.
	www.rleggat.com /photohistory/history/pictoria.htm (368 words)

	Pictorialism to Photo Secession
		The advent of Pictorialism in the second half of the Nineteenth century was seen as the first attempt to bring photography into the realm of fine art.
		Many photographers were attracted to Pictorialism for its romanticism and sentimentality, ideas which touched all the arts at this time.
		Her work called upon the early Pictorial ideals of romanticism and sentimentality; her use of light and color and the softening of sharp lines added to this effect in her photographs.
	www.cmp.ucr.edu /collections/permanent/object_genres/photographers/women/pictorialism.html (314 words)

	Photo Box (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The style of pictorial portraiture would determine the appearance of characters in novels, the proud gait of a lady assumed by a townswoman who had just visited a photo studio, or the mandatory presence of a photographic ‘view’, a landscape, in the home of a progressive individual.
		Pictorial photographers, the luminaries of the ‘old school’, tried to adapt themselves to the new social and cultural reality, applying their artistic and technical skills to architectural, theater and applied photography.
		Pictorialism embodied the spirituality of creativity characteristic of that relatively short period of 60 years of relative freedom between the abolition of serfdom and the onset of Stalin’s regime.
	photo.box.sk /history.php3?id=7 (2667 words)

	FotoFest - News & Reviews
		Still, that puts us way ahead of most Russians, for Pictorialism was outlawed by the Soviets in the mid-1930's and was effectively invisible until it began to emerge from obscurity in the 1990's.
		Pictorialism has also been said to represent a reaction against the cold materialism of science and applied technology and an attempt, as in Symbolism, to plumb the imagination.
		Berezner even suggest that Pictorialism served for a time as a kind of "metalanguage" that could speak to and unite the different classes, generations and geographic regions of Russia.
	www.fotofest.org /newsDetails.asp?newsID=62 (1249 words)

	Imagery and Imagination [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		What sets pictorial representations apart from other representations is that they represent in virtue of having at least one visual characteristic (e.g., form, shape, or color) in common with what they represent.
		As this analogy suggests, the pictorialists claim that underlying the experience of mental imagery is some sort of representation that is pictorial in nature while the descriptionalists claim that underlying the experience of mental imagery is some sort of representation that is descriptional or linguistic in nature.
		Dennett argues that in a pictorial representation of the woman, assuming that her wrists are in view, she must either be depicted wearing a watch or not wearing a watch.
	www.iep.utm.edu /i/imagery.htm (8355 words)

	MO.com Gallery 3
		Pictorialism develops gradually form a simple to a very advanced one.
		Although, Pictorial wave is a reflection of what happens during a specific period of time (it is under influence of arose changes), it still conveys a lot of meaning.
		Pictorial movement expires when WWI starts because of a new movement, Modernism is being created.
	www.mitchozog.addr.com /Gallery3.htm (1505 words)

	Boston University Art Gallery - California Dreamin' Press Release
		Pictorialism after about 1910 has typically been ignored or trivialized in histories of photography, as photographers and critics in the 1920s began to embrace a more modernist approach to photographic practice.
		Whereas modernist photographers were celebrated for their appreciation of urban, industrial and technological subjects, and their use of pure photographic vision through control of perspective and hard focus; Pictorialist photographers were chastised for their embrace of idealized, picturesque subjects, their use of expressive printmaking techniques and hand manipulation, and their preference for soft focus.
		Although this dichotomy between Pictorialism and modernism continues to be perpetuated in exhibitions and scholarship, this was not the case in the camera clubs themselves.
	www.bu.edu /art/webPages/caliDreamRelease.html (670 words)

	Pictorialism into Modernism: The Clarence H. White School of Photography
		Pictorialism into Modernism: The Clarence H. White School of Photography,gives us a historical glance at the debate at a particularly critical time in the medium's history.
		In 1910, Stieglitz renounced pictorialism in favor of a more modernist aesthetic of sharply focused, "straight" photographs that made a virtue of the optical clarity and precision of the camera.
		While White remained rooted in pictorialism, his emphasis on design and his inspirational teaching encouraged many students to embrace the new modernist vision of the 1920s and the 1930s.
	www.psu.edu /dept/palmermuseum/past/pictorialism/pictorialism.html (603 words)

	Editorial ::: October 2005
		By the second half of the nineteenth century the novelty of capturing images was beginning to wear off, and some people were now beginning to question whether the camera, as it was then being used, was in fact too accurate and too detailed in what it recorded.
		In effect, the term Pictorialism is used to describe photographs in which the actual scene depicted is of less importance than the artistic quality of the image.
		So being able to combine within a single image, various styles, where the pictorial and the hyper real essence of straight photography, might be merged into a seamless presentation, is hinged directly to the possibility of control over every single pixel within the frame.
	www.zonezero.com /editorial/noviembre05/november.html (1139 words)

	A story of love and hate: antidescription and pictorialism in Flaubert by Jan Baetens
		This may be true, if pictorialism is understood as "the generation in language of effects similar to those created by pictures, as opposed to ekphrasis (the depiction in language of a real work of art)" (see Heffernan 1993, quoted by Toole on p.
		But it is definitely wrong to interpret the vigorous presence of such a pictorial subtext as the sign of a submission of the text to the power of the image.
		Hence his relentless efforts towards a pictorial style which was able to create dynamic images (Tooke calls this very tightly a tendency towards the image as "happening", p.
	www.imageandnarrative.be /illustrations/janbaetens2.htm (824 words)

	Pictorialism in America \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		) were shedding Pictorial photography's painterly facade in order to promote an unvarnished display of the medium's natural strength—namely, its capacity for producing a truthful rendering of abstract form and tonal variation in the real world.
		This new chapter in each of these artists' styles was a step toward the international phenomenon of modernism in art, and both would mine that vein to make some of their best work.
		Although the Photo-Secession members eventually went their separate ways, all of them were instrumental in establishing photography's expressive potential and demonstrating that its value lay beyond reproducing the outlines of the world around us.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/pict/hd_pict.htm (600 words)

	John B. Bender's Theory of Literary Pictorialism: Ch 1 Note 26
		In Spenser and Literary Pictorialism, John B. Bender has made an interesting attempt to update the theory of literary pictorialism by combining it with E. Gombrich's conception of the beholder's share in the perception of art and with Paul J. Alpers's affective approach to The Faerie Queene.
		Bender argues that a passage is pictorial not when its language reminds us of the visual arts, but only when its language imitates the psychological process of visual perception.
		Many of the examples he cites, especially under the headings of "focusing" and "scanning," are visual but not in any strict sense pictorial; and conversely, many traditionally structured descriptive word-portraits he refuses to call pictorial because they do not mime perceptual processes.
	www.victorianweb.org /victorian/authors/eliot/hw/notes/1n26.html (261 words)

	PICTORIALISM
		Pictorialism was a photographic movement of the early 20th century which subscribed to the idea that art photography needs to emulate the painting and etching of the time.
		Among the methods used for this purpose were soft focus, special filters and lens coatings, heavy manipulation in the darkroom and exotic printing processes.
		A circle of photographers who renounced pictorialism went on to found Group f/64, which espoused the ideal of unmanipulated, or straight photography.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/pi/pictorialism.html (321 words)

	Russian Pictorialism - exhibition tour continues (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although pictorialism was a worldwide phenomenon in late 19th and early 20th century photography, Russian pictorialist photography disappeared from view in the 1930’s.
		Before Pereistroika, the last exhibition of Russian Pictorialism in the Soviet Union was in 1935, the year of the Masters of Soviet Photography exhibition.
		In the 60 years that pictorialism flourished in Russia, its practitioners developed a reputation for excellence and mastery of the medium.
	www.photographer.ru /afisha/2003/2/15/794/verbose (793 words)

	Naturalist Photo Gallery
		The study of Naturalism in photography may be one of the last frontiers in the history of photography.
		Although the Naturalists worked to create photographs that were sharply focused, simple in composition, and evoked a sense of serenity between man and nature, they also managed to imbue ordinary everyday subjects with a sense of artistry.
		Although Alfred Stieglitz is best known for his pictorial works and his association with the Photo-Secession, he too was influenced by the Naturalists.
	www.leegallery.com /natinfo.html (1635 words)

	Ed Romney's Pictorialism and Bromoil Photography Page
		At the beginning of this century, Pictorialism was the most beloved of all forms of photography...
		Pictorialism has links to the classics and to the Old Masters.
		Not all pictorialism is soft focus and sentimental, you know...
	www.edromney.com /bromoil.html (560 words)

	Flickr: Camera Work -Contemporary Pictorialism-
		Pictorialism was a photographic movement in vogue from around 1885 following the widespread introduction of the dry-plate process.
		Pictorialism largely subscribed to the idea that art photography needed to emulate the painting and etching of the time.
		The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica noted that: "as a distinct movement pictorial photography is essentially of British origin", although in its later phases there was a strong influence on American photography.
	flickr.com /groups/camerawork (361 words)

	Brandt's Pictorialism, Nigel Warburton, The Open University
		It was for their pictorial and atmospheric qualities that they were to be valued when hung on the gallery wall, or printed in the fine art monograph.
		And if Brandt was not the reformer he was sometimes taken to be, that too was consistent with the stance of non-interference popular with the anthropologists of his time: the anthropologist’s task was to observe and record, not to moralize about the strange customs and iniquities of the land he or she was studying.
		Another facet of Brandt’s pictorialism is evident in his use of photographic materials and especially in his darkroom procedures.
	www.open.ac.uk /Arts/philos/brandt-pictorialism.htm (6238 words)

	Pictorialism in California: Photographs 1900-1940
		This romantic and painterly form of photography was the dominant style, both in Europe and America, for a quarter century.
		In California in the early twentieth century, Pictorialism came to encompass works as varied as landscape studies, Hollywood portraits, and moody evocations of modern dance.
		Published to coincide with complementary exhibitions at the J. Paul Getty Museum and the Huntington Library, Pictorialism in California brings together some one hundred photographs—many never before published—that illustrate the full range of Pictorialism in the northern and southern parts of the state.
	www.huntington.org /HLPress/pictorialismdetail.html (275 words)

	International Center of Photography - Store - Impressionist Camera
		From its earliest days, photography could not escape the pictorial traditions that had gone before it.
		This book, the first comprehensive study of Pictorialism in Europe, analyses the remarkable diversity of approaches taken by photographers across the continent whose practice was infused with contemporary debate about photography’s relationship to art.
		Written by an international team of art and photography historians, Impressionist Camera examines the ways in which practitioners realized their pictorial vision, from the re-creation of Academic painting in photography to the use of soft focus to lend images an impressionistic quality.
	shopping.icp.org /store/product.html?product_id=25646 (135 words)

	photostream: Pictorialism
		Pictorialism in photography has always meant mushy soft focus Victorian landscapes to me, but I've recently had cause to actually find out what the word means and got something of a surprise.
		For Brandt, in every phase of his career, the camera was a picture-making tool; only exceptionally did he use it as a recording device.
		Hence, glossary definitions of pictorial refer to things like tone and colour etc. not content.
	www.auspiciousdragon.net /photostream/2006/01/pictorialism.html (202 words)

	oliverart.com - fine art digitally stylized photography by oliver
		It has taken 100 years and a massive change in technology to address Stieglitz's move from Pictorialism (making art) to exploration of the 'inherent nature of photography'.
		Call it Digital Pictorialism - but wait "digital" is often associated with greater fidelity in the recording ---- ok so it's a pun or the unexpected, 21st century Pictorialism - well ok but leaves you kind of flat.
		Modern Pictorialism --- "modern" is too used and has too many other connotations and of course was the death of "pictorialism".
	www.oliverart.com (418 words)

	ArtandCulture Movement: Pictorialism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pictorialism was a movement that at last gave aesthetically motivated photography a leg to stand on: previously, the medium was not perceived as a valid art form.
		Led by the passionate and highly focused Alfred Stieglitz, the Pictorialists rejected “straight” or Realist photography in favor of taste and feeling.
		In 1902, Stieglitz created the Photo-Secession group in New York City, which sealed the break from older photographic traditions and opened a new world of possibilities for the camera arts.
	www.artandculture.com /cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/movement?id=1178 (170 words)

	The Art of the Photogravure \| Pictorialism & the Photo-Secession
		This movement, known as Pictorialism, was characterized by painterly techniques involving soft focus lenses and heavily manipulated printing processes like gum bichromate and bromoil.
		George Davison's famous image, The Onion Field, is an early example of an impressionistic or pictorial photograph.
		Pictorial photographers considered themselves serious amateurs—motivated by artistic forces rather than those of financial gain.
	www.photogravure.com /history/chapter_pictorialism.html (215 words)

	Photography: Pictorialism
		Saw an Ansel Adams photo from his pictorialism period and thought I'd like to try it, I feel if I can learn different techniques it will probably improve all my photos.
		Pictorialism is the treating of the photograph as an art form, rather than just an accurate picture of the subject, such that the artisitc quality of the image is more important than the scene depicted.
		Some techniques used include multiple exposure, abnormal adjustment of focus, strongly controlling depth of field, manipulation of the negative, and varying the printing chemistry to alter the detail and/or color.
	en.allexperts.com /q/Photography-694/Pictorialism.htm (308 words)

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