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Topic: Picture superiority effect

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	List of memory biases - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Humor effect: that humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor.
		Picture superiority effect: that concepts are much more likely to be remembered experientially if they are presented in picture form than if they are presented in word form.
		Suffix effect: the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall (Morton, Crowder and Prussin, 1972).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Memory_bias (631 words)

	Memory bias Summary
		Picture superiority effect - states that concepts are much more likely to be remembered experimentally if they are presented as pictures rather than as words.
		Serial position effect - states that items at the beginning of a list are the easiest to recall, followed by the items near the end of a list; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered.
		Spacing effect - states that while you are more likely to remember material if exposed to it many times, you will be much more likely to remember it if the exposures are repeated over a longer span of time.
	www.bookrags.com /Memory_bias (3586 words)

	STEP: Scripts: Memory: Weldon and Roediger 1987
		Durso, F.T., and Johnson, M.K. The effects of orienting tasks on recognition, recall, and modality confusion of pictures and words.
		Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the picture priming was not due to implicit naming of the pictures during study.
		We conclude that (1) the type of retrieval query determines whether pictures or words will exhibit superior retention, and (2) our results conform to the principle of transfer appropriate processing by which performance on transfer or retention tests benefits to the extent that the tests recapitulate operations used during learning.
	step.psy.cmu.edu /scripts/Memory/Weldon1987.html (1112 words)

	[No title]
		The Affective and Cognitive Dimensions of Pictures in Advertising: An Extension of Mitchell and Olson.
		This superiority is found to diminish when receivers have less opportunity to process the ad and form associative linkage in memory.
		The results indicate that the way a message is conveyed (verbally or pictorially), whether the viewer is given some reference point for encoding the picture (framed or nonframed), and the type of claims made (objective, subjective, or characterization) have a significant effect on the processing of the information, brand attitudes and purchase intentions.
	advertising.utexas.edu /research/biblio/Modality.html (2507 words)

	Autism Current Issues 45 by Mike Connor
		In other words, the superior effect of pictorial information is a matter of using inner speech, and limitations in access to inner speech (as hypothesised to affect individuals with autism) would lead to a reduction in this superiority of pictorial information.
		The results of varying the type of information to be recalled showed that the picture-superiority effect applied to normally developing children of primary school age in that they recalled significantly more of the pictures than the words.
		It was hypothesised that the autistic children would show a lesser or absent word length effect in the silent condition where any labelling would involve inner speech, but would perform comparably to controls in the condition which actively encouraged the overt verbal labelling and was less dependent upon the availability of inner speech.
	www.mugsy.org /connor81.htm (3694 words)

	[No title]
		Pictures were used as substitutes for pictures, because pictures presented in isolation have certain properties.
		Subjects named pictures or words presented as the last item in a sentence One group of subjects saw the sentences from Experiment 3 and named that last word or picture (which was plausible or implausible in context).
		Four version of the materials were prepared, since the sentences varied according to whether they used a rebus picture or a word, and whether or not the target noun was preceded by an adjective Subjects were instructed to decide on the plausibility of the sentences and to recall them aloud.
	www.pitt.edu /~meaning/potterandseifert_articles.doc (1383 words)

	Jacoby, Toth, & Yonilenas (1993) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Effects of variation in the physical details of the previously presented words were further investigated in Experiments 2—4.
		These remaining effects of memory reflect an automatic influence because the effects were the same regardless of whether an exclusion or an inclusion test was given; that is, subjects did not show the selectivity of responding that would be supported by true recollection.
		We are currently conducting studies to investigate the effect of orientation to the past on the magnitude of automatic influences of memory.
	www.psych.utoronto.ca /~joordens/courses/PsyD58/JTY93.html (14306 words)

	Memory for Pictures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is believed that pictures are encoded with more conceptual processing and this is why they are better recalled on conceptual memory tests.
		Picture superiority was found for explicit conceptual tasks, but not for implicit conceptual tasks.
		The important differences between encoding and retrieval of pictures and words may have implications for the use of pictures in the process dissociation procedure.
	www.ilstu.edu /~dmmcbri/pics.html (541 words)

	New View of Statistics: Effect Magnitudes
		For example, the threshold frequency difference of 10% for the smallest worthwhile effect represents a relative risk of 55/45 or 1.22 if the frequencies are 55% and 45%, but the relative risk is 11 if the frequencies are 11% and 1%.
		Values for the other effect statistics were calculated as before, and the values for the relative risk and odds ratio are the minimum values for these statistics.
		The probability of superiority is the probability that someone drawn at random from one group will have a higher value than someone drawn from the other group.
	www.sportsci.org /resource/stats/effectmag.html (1948 words)

	Picture superiority effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to the picture superiority effect, concepts are much more likely to be remembered experientially if they are presented as pictures rather than as words.
		Concrete concepts presented as pictures are encoded into both systems; however, abstract concepts are recorded only verbally.
		In psychology the effect has implications for salience in attribution theory as well as the availability heuristic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Picture_superiority_effect (138 words)

	Emoticons and Email
		The effects of emoticons in email messages on the readers’ understanding of affect and retention of the material in the message can be measured.
		Are there differences between the type of effect that emoticons have on a reader, and explicit written emotional displays have on a reader.
		Thus Model 4, which includes the effects of emoticon, verbal condition, and latency, is the most parsimonious model fitting the data.
	www.rpi.edu /~daddak/emoticonpaper.html (6085 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Beginning with his drive theory, the authors describe various social, physiological, behavioral, and cognitive explanations for social facilitation that have been advanced over the years and discuss their origins in some of the earliest social psychological research.
		In both experiments, the authors found that the primacy effect and the picture-superiority effect influenced how much unshared information was recalled and when it was recalled.
		Furthermore, perceptions that coworker input was facilitated and encouraged during group development mediated the effect of the experimental manipulation of cohesion on opinion certainty following attitude projection.
	www.gslis.utexas.edu /~kleinman/GroupEffectiveness_SGR.xls (2023 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pictures have various types such as animation or dynamic graphics, and words also have various types such as text or narration.
		It suggests that pictures and words are the two most common modes of representation and are central to dual coding theory of information processing.
		Pictures are far more likely to be coded both visually and verbally, whereas words are far less likely to be coded visually.
	www.msu.edu /~nohjeon1/NohRDP5_3.doc (2816 words)

	Kausler and Kausler/The Graying of America. O-R (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The effects of these various interactions are estimated to result in nearly 17% of hospital admissions for people over age 70.
		The researchers attributed the effect of age at entry to the greater disruption of their social and occupational lives for the older men than for the younger men.
		As noted by the researchers, physicians should be alerted to the potential positive effects of these behavioral techniques and be prepared to train their elderly patients to use them, especially those patients who are vulnerable to orthostatic hypotension.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/kausler/o-r.html (16736 words)

	Defining Schizophrenia With Homogeneous Subtypes
		This seems to indicate that some aspects of schizophrenia may be present throughout the life of the patient, whether or not the patient ever expresses their symptoms.
		This type possesses memory effects similar to Alzheimer's disease, although to a lesser extent, including impaired immediate recall, limited retention over time, and poor recognition performance, indicative that the label cortical is accurate in that these symptoms are suggestive of a primary encoding and storage impairment (Turetsky et al, 2002).
		Various studies have presented some evidence to the effect that schizophrenia seems to often be comorbid with other mental conditions.
	www.personalityresearch.org /papers/rick.html (4354 words)

	Terry Childers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His primary interest is with the provision of information in visual or picture form versus verbal or textual form.
		His research has examined the underlying memory factors that contribute to the "picture superiority effect.
		For instance, how picture information in an ad might be constructed to be incongruent with the copy of an ad so as to stimulate elaborative processing of the ad and thus better overall ad comprehension.
	www.cogsci.umn.edu /OLD/annualrep/rd/Terry-Childers.html (266 words)

	What memory is for
		It is unlikely that this effect arose from associations to specific letter combinations because the effect was most robust for pairs of letters with low frequency in the language.
		The effect was obtained only when subjects were distracted from their activities; when they were asked to focus on the activities, the subjects seemed to compensate for the forced smile (frown) and rate the description more negatively (positively).
		Effects of embodiment is revealed by research on memory for subject-performed tasks (Cohen, 1981; Engelkamp and Krumnacker, 1980; Saltz and Donnenwerth-Nolan, 1981; see also a special issue of Psychological Research, 1989).
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.glenberg.html (20155 words)

	Rieber - Multimedia Learning in Games, Simulations, and Microworlds
		However, all participants were also asked after each simulation trial to rate their overall enjoyment on a scale of 0 to 8 where 0 was “no enjoyment” and 8 was “extreme enjoyment.” Participants who were given the game reported much greater levels of enjoyment than those who were not.
		Early research in the 1980s was focused on studying the effects of Logo on children’s learning (e.g., Clements and Gullo, 1984; Pea and Kurland, 1984).
		A person who looks at a picture of a parent (visual system) can quickly state the parent’s first name (verbal system) because the two bits of information are linked.
	it.coe.uga.edu /~lrieber/mayer2005 (9733 words)

	Publications - Mary Susan Weldon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Weldon, M. S., and Coyote, K. The failure to find the picture superiority effect in implicit conceptual memory tests.
		Weldon, M. S., Roediger, H. L., and Challis, B. The properties of retrieval cues constrain the picture superiority effect.
		Roediger, H. L., and Weldon, M. Reversing the picture superiority effect.
	psych.ucsc.edu /faculty/weldon/index.php?Publications (579 words)

	Pros and cons of graphics p. 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This picture superiority effect, as it is called, has been attributed to the way pictures are remembered.
		Paivio > postulated that visual and other non-verbal stimuli are remembered separately and differently than verbal ones.
		Whatever the reasons, pictures tend to be remembered better than words.
	www.indiana.edu /~vdim/Graphics/3ProCon/ProCon4.HTM (72 words)

	[No title]
		In Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, STM is different from LTM in three ways: the effects of rehearsal, coding, and the duration of retention.
		Compare and contrast the research on depth of processing, elaboration, the generation effect, and episodinc/context memory.
		Connect the research on spacing effects to massed vs. spaced practice, the CRF extinction effect, and life as a college student.
	campus.houghton.edu /orgs/psychology/lrnrev1.htm (1240 words)

	Why Are Users Banner-Blind? The Impact of Navigation Style on the Perception of Web Banners
		A recognition test was carried out afterwards and it was found that more than 75% of the subjects (55 out of 71²) were not able to recognize banners that could have been relevant for the search task.
		Compared to the usual performance in recognition tests in advertising research, this percentage is similar to the recognition rate of ads studied incidentally in print magazines (Perfect and Askew 1994).
		The only interesting finding was a tendency for the GDSI group to be more likely to recognize banner ads if the color contrast was low within the banner and high towards the background, giving rise to the suspicion that a design that follows the rules of gestalt psychology can enhance banner recall and recognition.
	journals.tdl.org /jodi/article/viewArticle/jodi-37/38 (4725 words)

	Memory
		The effect of beta-adrenergic blockade after encoding on memory of an emotional event.
		Four experiments were conducted to evaluate explanations of picture superiority effects previously found for several tasks.
		Dual-process models of the word-frequency mirror effect posit that low-frequency words are recollected more often than high-frequency words, producing the hit rate differences in the word-frequency effect, whereas high-frequency words are more familiar,...
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/CTG-Memory-66.asp (719 words)

	Untitled
		Anglin, G.J. "Effect of Pictures on Recall of Written Prose: How Durable are Picture Effects?" Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 35 (19): 25-30.
		Hagen Margaret A. "A Distinctive Characteristic of Pictorial Perception: The Zoom Effect." Perception.
		Bennett, L. "The Effect of Varying Visual Activities to Impact Cognitive Processing and the Achievement of Educational Objectives." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.)Visual Communication, (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1991).
	spot.colorado.edu /~moriarts/vcbiblio.html (10426 words)

	WPI CS 3041: Selected Principles
		An approximation that says that 80% of effects are caused by 20% of the features.
		Color is a key technique to effect designs.
		Also, the expectations of experimenters often effect the results, so interface evaluations need to be done carefully to reduce bias.
	web.cs.wpi.edu /~dcb/courses/CS3041/UPOD.html (1076 words)

	The Death of Implicit Memory
		This is not a small or marginal effect; subjects recalled an average of 4.4 target words when the retrieval cue matched the encoding sense, and 0 target words when it did not.
		Subsequent work, however, showed that the effect was difficult to replicate in amnesic patients (Cermak, Bleich, and Blackford, 1988; Musen and Squire, 1993; Shimamura and Squire, 1989) and that, in normal subjects, the context effect was mediated by explicit, not implicit, memory (Bowers and Schacter, 1990).
		Saunders, R. C., and Weiskrantz, L. the effects of fornix transection and combined fornix transection, mammillary body lesions and hippocampal ablations or object-pair association memory in the rhesus monkey.
	psyche.cs.monash.edu.au /v2/psyche-2-15-willingham.html (5705 words)

	Attention
		The behavioral and cognitive effects of two benzodiazepines associated with drug-facilitated sexual assault.
		It seems that in the early months of life their personal relations may be relatively spared the effects of limitations in their capacities for information-processing.
		Friesen and Kingstone suggested that this reflexive orienting effect is...
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/CTG-Attention-89.asp (740 words)

	[No title]
		* Serial position effect * Memory performance is better for the first few words (the “primacy effect”) and the last few words (the “recency effect”) that have been presented.
		* This indicated that the recency effect must be due to STM, while the primacy effect must be due to LTM.
		Study this picture for 30 s before going to the next slide Schema Costs * Many subjects recall seeing books in the picture of the office, when there are no books in the picture.
	www.tamu.edu /classes/psyc/barnhardt/6edc_f03.txt (925 words)

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