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Topic: Piedmont glacier

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	Glossary of Glacier Terminology - Text Version
		A glacier formed below the terminus of a hanging glacier by the accumulation, and reconstitution by pressure melting (regelation), of ice blocks that have fallen and/or avalanched from the terminus of the hanging glacier.
		A ridge or pile of unstratified glacial sediment that is formed in front of the ice margin by the terminus of an advancing glacier, bulldozing sediment in its path.
		Typically formed in glacial lakes a varve couplet consists of a coarser grained summer layer formed during open-water conditions, and a finer grained winter layer formed from deposition from suspension during a period of winter ice cover.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2004/1216/text.html (3427 words)

	Glaciers and Glaciation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While glaciers are of relatively minor importance today, evidence exists that the Earth's climate has undergone fluctuations in the past, and that the amount of the Earth's surface covered by glaciers has been much larger in the past than in the present.
		Glaciation: is the modification of the land surface by the action of glaciers.
		Glacial striations - long parallel scratches and grooves that are produced at the bottom of temperate glaciers by rocks embedded in the ice scraping against the rock underlying the glacier (see figure 16.17 in your text).
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol111/glaciers.htm (2777 words)

	Malaspina Glacier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska is the largest piedmont glacier in non-polar North America.
		There are two lakes on the margin of the glacier; Oily Lake at the foot of the Samovar Hills between the Agassiz and Seward glaciers, and Malaspina Lake at the southeast margin, close to Yakutat Bay.
		The glacier is the namesake of the Alaska Marine Highway vessel the M/V Malaspina.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Malaspina_Glacier (328 words)

	After reading Chapter 5, you should be able to:
		A glacier is a mass of ice sitting on land or floating as an ice shelf in the ocean next to land.
		A glacier is composed of dense ice that is formed from snow and water through a process of compaction, recrystallization and growth.
		A glacier is an open system with inputs and outputs that can be analyzed through observation of the growth and wasting of the glacier itself.
	www.geography.ccsu.edu /kyem/GEOG272/Chapter14/Glacial_Landforms.htm (934 words)

	[No title]
		Glacier lengths range from about a kilometer to more than 70 kilometers (Hubbard Glacier, which ends in Alaska, has a length of 72 kilometers in Canada and a total length of 112 kilometers); their areas range from a few square kilometers to more than 1,200 square kilometers for Seward Glacier.
		The Steele Glacier and several of the smaller glaciers (such as Trapridge Glacier) in the Steele Creek drainage basin are known to be subpolar; hence, it is postulated that their surge mechanism is thermally controlled (Jarvis and Clarke, 1974, 1975, and Clarke and Jarvis, 1976).
		In order to observe glacier behavior during a significant part of the quiescent phase (the previous, known surge was between 1968 and 1970), we have again selected excellent Landsat images of 13 September 1973 and 28 August 1978, enhanced the imagery, and prepared digital (Versatec) terrain plots of the glacier and adjacent areas.
	pubs.usgs.gov /prof/p1386j/stelias/stelias.txt (9990 words)

	Malaspina Glacier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska is considered the classic example of a piedmont glacier.
		Piedmont glaciers occur where valley glaciers exit a mountain range onto broad lowlands, are no longer laterally confined, and spread to become wide lobes.
		Malaspina Glacier is actually a compound glacier, formed by the merger of several valley glaciers, the most prominent of which seen here are Agassiz Glacier and Seward Glacier.
	www.nps.gov /wrst/virtualtour/malaspinaglacier.htm (167 words)

	Malaspina Glacier
		At the top of Alaska’s panhandle, Malaspina Glacier spills from a funnel of rock in the St. Elias Mountains and spreads out to form a huge pancake between the mountains and the sea.
		This massive glacier is the largest "piedmont" glacier on the continent.
		Piedmont glaciers occur where steep valley glaciers exit a mountain range onto flat plains or lowlands.
	www.athropolis.com /arctic-facts/fact-malaspina.htm (249 words)

	The MODIS Snow/Ice Global Mapping Project : Glaciers
		A glacier is an accumulation of ice and snow, originating on land, that moves under its own weight in response to gravitational force; it transports ice from an area of accumulation to an area of disposal (Sharp, 1988).
		Glacier ice at the melting point is in equilibrium with liquid water, so water can exist throughout warm glaciers all the way to the base.
		Tidewater glaciers go through a cycle (Meier and Post, 1987): the glacier will occupy a stable position with the terminus at the head of a fjord, experience a slow advance that may last 1000 years, remain relatively stable and then experience a rapid retreat that may last less than a century.
	modis-snow-ice.gsfc.nasa.gov /glacier.html (673 words)

	GEO_PLATE_G-7.HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Piedmont glaciers are also associated with outlet glaciers and are common in glacierized mountainous areas fringed by a coastal plain or by a region of low relief.
		The Malaspina Glacier is an extremely complex glacier, deriving its ice from multiple highland sources, although its main source is the Seward Glacier, as seen in the index map of the area (from Sharp, 1958b).
		They found that glacier flow patterns were best shown on the Landsat image, but that the SAR image showed many interlobate features because of radar´s greater sensitivity to surface roughness (e.g., heavily crevassed areas), and the low reflectivity of the debris-covered surface made analysis of the Landsat image difficult.
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /geomorphology/GEO_9/GEO_PLATE_G-7.HTML (660 words)

	Glaciers
		Glaciers are masses of ice formed on land by the compaction and recrystallization of snow.
		Glaciers grow when the accumulation is greater than the losses during the summer melting.
		When two or glaciers meet and merge at the base of mountains, the new glacier is called a piedmont glacier.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~cfjps/1300/glaciers.html (1024 words)

	Geography Site: Piedmont Glaciers
		Piedmont glaciers occur when steep valley glaciers flow onto relatively flat plains, where they spread out into fan or bulb shapes (lobes).
		The Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is one of the most famous examples of this type of glacier and, at 40 miles wide, it is the largest piedmont glacier in the world.
		The Malaspina Glacier (40 miles wide) in southeastern Alaska is a good example of a piedmont glacier, although it is actually a compound glacier, formed by the merger of several valley glaciers.
	www.geography-site.co.uk /pages/physical/glaciers/piedmont.html (174 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Glacier: a climatically controlled system of moving ice that is land based, or derived from land based ice masses.
		Cirque glacier: a glacier that has carved a cirque and is wholly contained within the cirque.
		Piedmont glaciers were important in forming ice sheets in the U.S. western interior during the Pleistocene (epoch of geologic time of the most recent ice ages).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~hoaglund/glactype.html (381 words)

	Geography 104: Principles of Physical Geography - Assignment 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because the upper regions of a glacier flow __________ than the base of the glacier, the upper part of the glacier tends to be __________.
		Glacial ice can form during the duration of a single winter season in most glacial areas.
		A valley glacier that extends beyond the confines of its valley and coalesces with other valley glaciers along the base of a mountain range is termed
	www.kuce.org /isc/courses/03geog104/tests/test6.html (1020 words)

	GEO_PLATE_G-8.HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A cirque glacier that expands beyond its basin is in a transition to a valley glacier (Figure G-8.2).
		Glaciers reach the sea on the northern coast at Maud Bight (A) and west of Cape Hay (B) and on the southern coast at the terminus of Sermilik Glacier (C); piedmont glaciers have also formed in several lowland areas, such as at (D).
		When valley glaciers reach lowlands and are no longer constrained by valley walls, their terminal part may spread out in a fan-shaped lobe called a piedmont glacier (D).
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /geomorphology/GEO_9/GEO_PLATE_G-8.HTML (903 words)

	Dynamic Behavior of the Bering Glacier-Bagley Icefield System During a Surge, and Other Measurements of Alaskan ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Farther east-on the eastern side of the broad divide which forms the head of the westward-flowing Bagley Icefield- Seward Glacier, flowing east, is the main source feeding Malaspina Glacier, which is a 50 km-wide piedmont glacier terminating, like Bering Glacier, on the Gulf of Alaska coast.
		Although the glacier topography is approximately the same in both figures, the topographic contribution to the phase is not the same because of the differing baselines.
		Malaspina Piedmont Glacier is fed primarily by Seward Glacier and, with a diameter of approximately 50 km, it has long been known both for its size and the immense folded moraines, clearly recognizable in satellite imagery, that form striking patterns on its surface.
	earth.esa.int /symposia/ers97/papers/lingle2 (2296 words)

	Glossary - Terms Glacier Types
		Only the hanging glacier in the center of the photograph reaches the debris-covered glacier on the valley floor.
		December 1986 photograph of the author standing at the South Pole, on the snow-covered surface of the polar glacier that covers Antarctica.
		South-looking oblique aerial photograph of an unnamed rock glacier with multiple flow lobes, located in the Metal Creek drainage on the north side of the Chugach Mountains, Alaska.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2004/1216/glaciertypes/glaciertypes.html (1013 words)

	What types of glaciers are there?
		Piedmont Glacier: When an ice stream from a mountainous area flows onto flat land it may spread out into a broad sheet called a piedmont glacier.
		Tidewater Glacier: When a glacier reaches the ocean huge pieces of ice fall off into the water with a hiss and a crash.
		Valley Glacier: A glacier that starts from snow that collects in a high basin and then flows down a mountain valley is called a valley glacier.
	www.northstar.k12.ak.us /schools/joy/denali/OConnor/types.html (316 words)

	The Living Edens "Patagonia"--Teacher Resources: Glacier Maker
		There are several types of glaciers such as the Outlet valley glacier, a Cirque glacier, and Alpine valley glacier and a Piedmont glacier.
		Glaciers that are found in valleys and flow down old or current river valleys and move via gravity are called Outlet valley glaciers.
		Have students hold the frozen glacier material and reflect on unusual density of the glacier and record in student science journals.
	www.pbs.org /edens/patagonia/tglacier.htm (533 words)

	What types of glaciers are there? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The largest mountain glaciers are found in Arctic Canada, Alaska, the Andes in South America, the Himalayas in Asia, and on Antarctica.
		Piedmont glaciers occur when steep valley glaciers spill into relatively flat plains, where they spread out into bulb-like lobes.
		The Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is one of the most famous examples of this type of glacier, and is the largest piedmont glacier in the world.
	nsidc.org /glaciers/questions/types.html (743 words)

	Alaska Glaciers - An Exciting Photo Journey by Larry Andersen
		Bear Glacier, originating in the Harding Icefield in the Kenai Peninsula, is a Piedmont Glacier that ends in Resurrection Bay.
		Glaciers look smooth from a distance but are treacherous to walk on and worse yet to land an aircraft.
		Note the deep blue of the glacier and the cement gray of the silt laden waters that is typical of glacial streams and lakes.
	www.twentymile.com /photo1/akglacier/akglacier1.htm (472 words)

	Abstract - PHG 1999 No. 3; Karlstrom
		This zone of glacier contact extended about 7 km northward to the International Boundary where moraines of the two glaciers again converge at 1341 to 1432 m elevation.
		Piedmont moraines also mantle the floors of Emigrant Gap and the North Fork of the Milk River glacial spillways.
		These boulders probably were ice-rafted across a proglacial lake (held in on the south by Galbreath Ridge, on the north and east by the Laurentide glacier, and on the west by the corresponding piedmont glacier and/or topography), which formed prior to the cutting of the larger spillways, probably during the Illinoian stage.
	www.bellpub.com /phg/1999/ae990303.htm (284 words)

	Wrangell St. Elias Glaciers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Glaciers leave an impressive footprint on the landscape, carving the rock as they retreat and leaving behind steep topography and fiords where the ice once held sway.
		As glaciers carve U-shaped valleys, rocks plucked from the bedrock and frozen in the ice etch grooves and striations in the bedrock.
		Glacial recession unmasks trimlines, slightly sloping changes in vegetation or weathered bedrock on the valley walls that indicate a glacier's height at its glacial maximum.
	www.nps.gov /wrst/glaciers.htm (1095 words)

	Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
		Malaspina Glacier is actually a compound glacier, formed by the merger of several valley glaciers, the most prominent of which seen here are Agassiz Glacier (left) and Seward Glacier (right).
		This anaglyph view of Malaspina Glacier in southeastern Alaska was created from a Landsat satellite image and an elevation model generated by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM).
		Malaspina Glacier is considered the classic example of a piedmont glacier.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /srtm/alaska.htm (1155 words)

	Glaciers: Glacier Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		North America's longest glacier is the Bering Glacier in Alaska, measuring 204 kilometers long.
		The Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is the world's largest piedmont glacier, covering over 8,000 square kilometers and measuring over 193 kilometers across at its widest point.
		Glacial ice often appears blue because ice absorbs all other colors and reflects blue.
	www.digistar.mb.ca /minsci/geology/gfacts.htm (270 words)

	Glacier Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Glacier ice crystals can grow to be as large as baseballs.
		North America's longest glacier is the Bering Glacier in Alaska, measuring 204 kilometers (126 miles } long.
		The Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is the world's largest piedmont glacier, covering over 8,000 square kilometers {2500 square miles } and measuring over 193 kilometers (120 miles }across at its widest point.
	members.aol.com /scipioiv/glacierfacts.html (460 words)

	glacier
		Glaciers are formed over a number of years where more snow falls than melts.
		Glacier ice often appears blue to the eye, because it absorbs all the colors of the spectrum except blue, which is scattered back.
		USGS Benchmark Glaciers Program to monitor the Wolverine and Gakona Glaciers in Alaska, and South Cascade Glacier in Washington.
	www.alaska.net /~logjam/glacier.html (494 words)

	SH Glaciers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		C yrs, the process of selecting the wood or organic fragment to dates to a glacial advance seems to result in some larger scatter.
		H2 – Chilean Lake District: In 2 piedmont glaciers, maximum ages are estimated at 20, 840 and 23, 020 while minimum ages for ice recession are 20,160 and 20,580.
		Lowell matches all of the glacier advances to peaks in the Bond’s IRD measurements whether they are identified Heinrich events or not.
	students.washington.edu /jenkay/test/15.htm (1304 words)

	Glacier Morphology And Classification by Shape and Temperature
		Cirque glaciers are the smallest of the alpine glaciers, they form in amphitheater like bowls and are confined to the basins they form in.
		A piedmont glacier is a valley glacier that has spilled out onto adjacent flat land.
		In a temperate glacier the temperature is at the pressure melting point throughout the entire ice body except for the upper few meters of ice.
	www.homepage.montana.edu /~geol445/hyperglac/morphology1 (666 words)

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