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Topic: Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma

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	Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Pier Luigi Farnese
		Pier Luigi Farnese was the illegitimate son of Alessandro Farnese, who in 1534 became pope as Paul III.
		Pier Luigi attacked fiscal and judicial abuses; he thereby gained the hatred of the nobility.
		Pier Luigi was a man of infamous habits, quite unfit for the high dignities conferred on him.
	andrejkoymasky.com /liv/fam/biof1/farn1.html (209 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Parma
		Parma is a medieval city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, with splendid architecture and a fine countryside around it.
		Parma, like most northern Italian cities, was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire but locally ruled by its bishops until the commune gained strength in the early Middle Ages.
		The Farnese pope, Paul III, detached Parma and Piacenza from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, whose descendents ruled in Parma from 1545 to 1731, when Antonio Farnese (1679-1731), last male of the Farnese line, died.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Parma (510 words)

	ReggaeSeen.com - reggae encyclopedia - Duke of Parma
		The Duke of Parma was also Duke of Piacenza, except for the first years of the rule of Ottavio Farnese ( 1549 - 1556), and the time of the Napoleonic Dukes of Parma and Piacenza, when the two were established as separate positions held by two individuals.
		The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla from 1735 (when Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor took it from Mantua) to 1847 (when the territory was ceded to Modena), again, except for the Napoleonic dukes, when there was no Duke of Guastalla.
		Therefore, the Duke of Parma is a legitimate (though not prime) claimant to the Kingdom of Spain ; indeed, the current Duke of Parma, Carlos-Hugo, was a pretender to the Spanish throne in the 1970s (see Carlism).
	www.reggaeseen.com /reggae/Duke_of_Parma (232 words)

	Farnese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ranuccio I Farnese, fourth Duke of Parma ( 1569 — 1622)
		Francesco Farnese, seventh Duke of Parma ( 1678 — 1727)
		Antonio Farnese, eighth Duke of Parma ( 1679 — 1731)
	www.findterm.net /fa/farnese.html (376 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pope Paul III ( Alessandro Farnese) was pope from 1534 to 1549.
		Paul III was in earnest in the matter of improving the ecclesiastical situation, and on June 2, 1536, he issued a bull convoking a general council to sit at Mantua in 1537.
		In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, the pope, at the age of eighty-one years, became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died, Nov. 10, 1549.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/p/po/pope_paul_iii.html (1303 words)

	Farnese. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pier Luigi attacked fiscal and judicial abuses; he thereby gained the hatred of the nobility and was assassinated.
		Ottavio’s brother, Alessandro Farnese, 1520–89, was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		His niece, Elizabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain, secured (1748) the succession to the duchy for her son Philip, founder of the line of Bourbon-Parma.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/fa/Farnese.html (320 words)

	Parma [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Parma is a medieval city A city is an urban area, differentiated from a town, village, or hamlet by size, population density, importance, or legal status.
		Parma, like most northern Italian cities, was nominally a part of the Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire (German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) (Italian: Sacro Romano Impero) (Latin: Sacrum Romanum Imperium) was a political conglomeration of lands in western and central Europe in the Middle Ages.
		The combined Duchy of Parma The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
	www.wikimirror.com /Parma (1717 words)

	Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma - Definition, explanation
		Pier Luigi Farnese was born in 1503, the illegitimate son of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (who later became Pope Paul III).
		When his father was elevated to the papacy in 1534, Pier Luigi was named Captain-General of the Church.
		His father later made him Duke of Parma and Piacenza, properties that had previously been a part of the Holy See.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pi/pier_luigi_farnese__duke_of_parma.php (188 words)

	The Succession Laws of Parma
		Pier Luigi (1503-47) was succeeded by his second son Ottavio (1542-86), his eldest son Alessandro (1534-89) being a cardinal.
		Restoring a counterweight to this new power was in the interests of Parma, and its minister in Madrid, Giulio Alberoni, pulled off the marriage of Odoardo's daughter Elisabetta to the widowed king Philip V of Spain in 1714.
		The dynasty was overthrown in 1859: the duke and regent duchess left Parma on June 9 for Switzerland and made an official protest on June 20 against the Sardinian invasion.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/parma.htm (2040 words)

	Comune di Parma - Giardino Ducale
		The son of Alessandro (later Pope Paul III) was entrusted with the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in 1545 after a stormy youth (he had taken part in the Sack of Rome) thanks to the diplomatic efforts of his father.
		Showing unexpected cleverness and leadership, Pier Luigi took care of restricting the power of feudal aristocracy, which had encroached upon the Duke's role during the long absence of a central power.
		The reorganization of the State governement soon gave rise to the rebellion of the families of Piacenza: on the 10th September 1547 Pier Luigi fell victims to a plot conspired by the nobles, among which Ferrante Gonzaga, the Spanish governor of Milan.
	www.servizi.comune.parma.it /giardinoducale/farneseeng.html (671 words)

	pier_luigi_farnese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The young Alessandro Farnese eldest son of Pier Luigi Farnese, first Duke of Parma and brother of Pope Paul III, was born 7 Oct, 1520, and died at Rome...
		FARNESE Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1524-1586), son of Pier Luigi Farnese and Girolama Orsini, married Margherita from Austria in 1583 and in 1547 succeeded...
		Alessandro was the son of Pier Luigi Farnese and Giovannella Gaetani.
	pier_luigi_farnese.networklive.org (311 words)

	AllRefer.com - Farnese (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Farnese [fArn A ´z A ] Pronunciation Key, Italian noble family that ruled Parma and Piacenza from 1545 to 1731.
		Ottavio's son and successor was Alessandro Farnese, 1545–92, one of the great generals of his time (see separate article).
		The four dukes who succeeded Ranuccio I were less distinguished rulers, although they continued the family's patronage of the arts despite increasing economic and political troubles.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/Farnese.html (366 words)

	Parma, Italy
		Parma is also home to a university that was began in the ninth century, now with about 20,000 students.
		Parma was founded in 183 B.C. by 2000 Roman citizens as part of a colonization project in which the nearby towns of Piacenza, Modena and Bologna were also established.
		Today it is one of the most important cultural centers of Parma, holding a number of prominant establishments: the Palatina Library, the National Archeological Museum, the Farnese theater, the Bodoni Museum and the National Gallery.
	www.sccs.swarthmore.edu /users/99/maya/parma.html (659 words)

	Daniel Fearon - Item details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		PIER LUIGI FARNESE (1503-1547), DUKE OF PARMA AND PAICENZA, struck bronze medal by Gianfederico Bonzagna (1508-1588), called Federigo Parmense”.
		Farnese was the illegitimate son of Alessandro Farnese (1468-1549) who was elected Pope, as Paul III, in 1534.
		He was quite unsuitable as a leader and within two years of his appointment as Duke, the Piacenza nobility had him murdered and his body thrown into a moat.
	www.asbn29.dsl.pipex.com /Farnese.html (165 words)

	DUCHY OF PARMA FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy_of_Milan south of the Po_River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier_Luigi_Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
		In 1556, the second Duke, Ottavio_Farnese, was given the city of Piacenza, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and thus the state was thereafter properly known as the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza.
		The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, at which point the Duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Don Charles, whose mother Elizabeth_Farnese was the Farnese heiress.
	www.southcountryequity.com /Duchy_of_Parma (349 words)

	HISTORY OF THE LINE OF BOURBON-PARMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		By article 101 of the Treaty of Vienna of 9 Jun 1815 Duke Carlo Lodovico was given the Duchy of Lucca, in compensation for the loss of Parma (accorded to the former Empress Marie-Louise of the French for her lifetime), but deposed 15 Oct 1847.
		Territories of the duchies were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859; formal protestation of the annexation was made by the Duchess Regent, on behalf of her son Robert I, 20 Jun 1860.
		Succession is by male primogeniture among the descendants of Philip, Duke of Parma, and failing them to the other male descendants of Philip V of Spain and Isabel Farnese.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/bourbon/parma/bourparm.htm (465 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Alessandro Farnese
		The young Alessandro Farnese eldest son of Pier Luigi Farnese, first Duke of Parma and brother of Pope Paul III, was born 7 Oct, 1520, and died at Rome, Feb., 1589.
		Farnese was employed by the popes on various legations and embassies.
		In 1543 he went again to the court of Charles V, and later to that of Francis I, and was present at the meeting of the two sovereigns in Paris, returning with Charles to Flanders.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05788b.htm (524 words)

	Farnese on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ottavio's brother, Alessandro Farnese, 1520-89, was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		Façade du palais Farnese, siège de l'ambassade de France à Rome Les diplomates français ont observé lundi une journée de g.
		Cocktail in the honor of Django d' Or trophy of the Italian jazz at the French Embassy, Farnese Palace, Salon of Hercules.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/f/farnese.asp (966 words)

	FIESCO - LoveToKnow Article on FIESCO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		was the first to encourage him, while both Pier Luigi Farnese, duke of Parma, and Francis I. of France gave him much assistance and promised him many advantages.
		The first part of the programme was easily carried out, and Giannettino Doria, aroused by the tumult, rushed down to the port and was killed, but Andrea escaped from the city in time.
		The conspirators attempted to gain possession of the government, but unfortunately for them Giovanni Luigi, while crossing a plank from the quay to one of the galleys, fell into the water and was drowned.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FI/FIESCO.htm (487 words)

	he Rise and Fall of the House of Farnese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Originally from Latium, the Farnese are first mentioned in the thirteenth century because of the fights between the quarrelsome feudal lords of the region.
		Paolo Farnese was the first representative of the house to enter the Church in 1482.
		Pier Luigi had an enemy in Charles V of Spain, who plotted his death with Ferrante Gonzaga, governor of Milan: on 10 September 1547 the duke was stabbed to death by a group of city nobles, who thus wanted to avenge the abuses of their new lord.
	www.comune.piacenza.it /english/history/Ifarnese.htm (387 words)

	Pope Paul III Article, PopePaulIII Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Paul III was in earnest in the matter of improving the ecclesiastical situation, and on June 2, 1536, he issued a bullconvoking a general council to sit at Mantua in 1537.
		Perugia, renouncing its obedience, was besieged by Pier Luigi, and forfeited its freedomentirely on its surrender.
		In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, the pope, at the age of eighty-one years,became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died, Nov. 10, 1549.
	www.anoca.org /he/emperor/pope_paul_iii.html (1350 words)

	Ranuccio Farnese (Cardinal) - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A portrait of a 12-year-old Ranuccio Farnese by Titian
		Son of Pier Luigi Farnese, the illegitimate son of Pope Paul III, Farnese was created Cardinal at the age of 15 by his grandfather the pope.
		Farnese's brother, Ottavio Farnese, was Duke of Parma.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Ranuccio_Farnese_(Cardinal) (204 words)

	F
		She was a daughter of Pier Luigi and a lover of Rodrigo Borgia even after he became a pope Alexander VI and after her marriage with Orsino Orsini.
		(Parma 1573-1626) cardinal since 1591; he influenced a lot some of the popes; embellished Palazzo Farnese in Rome; after 1622 he was ruling the dukedome of Parma.
		Duke of Castro in 1537 and the 1st duke of Parma and Piacenza in 1545.
	www.italycyberguide.com /History/factspersons/f.htm (597 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Guillermo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua 1550-1587 and
		Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Modena 1628-1629 and Donna
		III d'Este, Duke of Modena 1695-1737 and Princess Charlotte
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/plantagenet/ottaviofarnesedesc1524.htm (351 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Paul III
		The grandfather of the future pontiff was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Eugenius IV; his oldest son perished in the battle of Fornuovo; the second, Pier Luigi, married Giovannella Gaetani, sister to the Lord of Sermoneta.
		It was as much for the purpose of securing the integrity of the papal dominions, as for the exaltation of his family, that Paul extorted from Charles and his reluctant cardinals the erection of Piacenza and Parma into a duchy for his son, Pier Luigi.
		A feud arose with Gonzaga, the imperial Governor of Milan, which ended later in the assassination of Pier Luigi and the permanent alienation of Piacenza from the Papal States.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11579a.htm (1777 words)

	Combat Information Center analysis, facts and figures about military conflicts and leaders - Military History
		For centuries a dependency of the Papal States, in 1537 Pope Paul III made his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese the Duke of Castro.
		But in 1642 Duke Odoardo Farnese — who was also Duke of Parma and Piacenza — had a run-in with Pope Urban VIII, a member of the Barberini family.
		Duke Odoardo still refused to pay his debts, so on January 13, 1642, the pope formally confiscated Castro and several other fiefs.
	www.strategypage.com /cic/docs/cic109b.asp (570 words)

	Articles - Duchy of Parma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered around the city of Parma.
		The Farnese family continued to rule until their extinction in 1731, at which point the Duchy was inherited by the young son of the King of Spain, Don Charles, whose mother Elizabeth Farnese was the Farnese heiress.
		He ruled until the end of the War of the Polish Succession in 1735, when Parma was ceded to Emperor Charles VI in exchange for the Two Sicilies.
	www.furniture-center.net /articles/Duchy_of_Parma?mySession=b1c86484125a8ea1b3a2bb6679435b90 (379 words)

	Pier Luigi Farnese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pier Luigi Farnese was born in 1503, the illegitimate son of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese.
		When his father was elevated to the papacy, as Paul III, in 1534, Pier Luigi was named Captain-General of the Church.
		His father later made him Duke of Parma and Piacenza.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Pier-Luigi-Farnese.htm (165 words)

	Pope Paul III
		Yet, even now, and particularly after the Regensburg Conference had proved in vain, the emperor did not cease to insist on convening the council, the final result of his insistence being the Council of Trent,which, after several postponements, was finally convoked by the bull Laetare Hierusalem, March 15, 1545.
		In Titian's penetrating portrait with his grandsons,(1545-6,) the Farnese watchfulness has become wily craft (detail) Meanwhile, after the peace of Crespy (September, 1544), the situation had so shaped itself that Charles V began to put down Protestantism by force.
		In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, the pope, at the age of eighty-one years, became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died, November 10, 1549.
	www.datamass.net /po/pope-paul-iii.html (1422 words)

	Duchesse Pigeons: 'The Duchesse: A Beautiful and Old Fashioned Utilitarian'
		In fact, one Farnese actually became Pope in 1534, took the name of Paul III and set up the papal states of Parma and Piacenza in Northern Italy as a duchy in order to award them to his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi who became the Duke of Parma.
		The most famous member of the Farnese family was Duke Allesandro Farnese who was born in 1545 as a grandson of Pier Luigi and born of the union of Duke Ottavio Farnese and Margaret of Austria who was an illegitimate daughter of the Hapsburg emperor Charles V of Austria.
		In the 18th and 19th century, the eldest Duchesse Farnese was cultivating her own strains of Romagnols and Piacenti Mondain and these birds were passed to her daughters and granddaughters who maintained them.
	centralpets.com /php/search/storiesdisplay.php?Story=604 (1298 words)

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