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	Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maupertuis, based on his exposition of Newton (with the help of his mentor Johan Bernoulli) predicted that the Earth should be oblate, while his rival Jacques Cassini measured it astronomically to be prolate.
		In 1736 Maupertuis acted as chief of the expedition sent by King Louis XV to Lapland to measure the length of a degree of the meridian; his results, which he published in a book detailing his procedures along with an adventure narrative of the expedition, essential settled the controversy in his favor.
		In 1740 Maupertuis went to Berlin at the invitation of Frederick II of Prussia, and took part in the Battle of Mollwitz, where he was taken prisoner by the Austrians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis (1361 words)

	Pierre Louis Maupertuis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (July 17, 1698 – July 27, 1759) was a (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician and (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer.
		Maupertuis is credited with obtaining the direct evidence indicating that the earth is an oblate spheroid (a sphere, flattened at the poles).
		Maupertuis' difficult disposition involved him in constant quarrels, of which his controversies with Samuel König and (French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)) Voltaire during the latter part of his life are examples.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pi/pierre_louis_maupertuis.htm (712 words)

	PIERRE LOUIS MOREAU DE MAUPERTUIS - LoveToKnow Article on PIERRE LOUIS MOREAU DE MAUPERTUIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		MAUPERTUIS, PIERRE LOUIS MOREAU DE (1698-1759), French mathematician and astronomer, was born at St Malo on the 17th of July 1698.
		In 1740 Maupertuis went to Berlin on the invitation of the king of Prussia, and took part in the battle of Mollwitz, where he was taken prisoner by the Austrians.
		Maupertuis was unquestionably a mkn of considerable ability as a mathematician, but his restless, gloomy disposition involved him in constant quarrels, of which his controversies with Konig and Voltaire during the latter part of his life furnish examples.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MAUPERTUIS_PIERRE_LOUIS_MOREAU_DE.htm (337 words)

	Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis - Wikipedia
		Maupertuis war nicht nur ein Mathematiker und guter Kenner der Theorien Newtons und Leibniz', ihm war auch klar, dass die Theorien Newtons nicht ausreichten, um biologische Phänomene zu erklären.
		Maupertuis nahm an, dass, ausgehend von diesen durch spontane Schöpfung entstandenen Organismen, sich durch starke Mutationen neue Spezies entwickelten.
		Maupertuis war Essentialist in dem Sinne, dass er jede Spezies, die sich von ihren Nachbarn unterschied, auf die taxonomische Landkarte setzte.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pierre-Louis_de_Maupertuis (925 words)

	Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis Biography / Biography of Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis World of Physics Biography
		A mathematician, biologist, and astronomer, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis was a strong proponent of Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation, helped confirm Newton's theory on the exact shape of Earth, and formulated the principle of least action in physics.
		Maupertuis may be best known for his formulation in 1744 of the principle of least action, also known as the minimum principle or Maupertuis's principle.
		In 1736, Maupertuis led a famous expedition to Lapland near the North Pole that proved Newton's theory that Earth is an oblate sphere (flattened at the poles).
	www.bookrags.com /biography-pierre-louis-moreau-de-maupertuis-wop (403 words)

	Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One effect of this treatment was that Maupertuis' younger brother, Moreau de Saint Ellier, was very jealous of the fact that his older brother was treated so much more favourably than he was, and he came to hate Maupertuis because of this.
		Maupertuis hoped that the principle might unify the laws of the universe and combined it with an attempted proof of the existence of God.
		Maupertuis was strongly defended by Euler but he used his position as director of the Academy to have it declare publicly that König had forged the quotation.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Maupertuis.html (2335 words)

	NOVA Online \| Cracking the Code of Life \| Understanding Heredity (c. 550 B.C. - 2001 A.D.)
		In his 1751 book, Système de la nature (System of Nature), French mathematician, biologist, and astronomer Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis initiated the first speculations into the modern idea of dominant and recessive genes.
		De Maupertuis studied the occurrences of polydactyly (extra fingers) among several generations of one family and showed how this trait could be passed through both its male and female members.
		He even surmised that polydactyly was the result of a mutation in the "hereditary particles" of an individual and devised a mathematical means of predicting the occurrence of the trait in the family's future offspring.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/genome/her_dem.html (121 words)

	Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Maupertuis was the most important among Emilie's scientific friends and it was he who introduced her to Clairaut, Koenig and Jean Bernoulli, who were also her tutors in higher mathematics.
		Letters to Maupertuis at the end of 1733 and the beginning of 1734 are full of requests that he would come and teach her something new.
		Maupertuis gained notoriety for his participation in verifying Newton's theory that the earth was flattened at the poles.
	www.visitvoltaire.com /e_maupertuis_large.htm (408 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pierre Louis Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The French Academy of Sciences (AcadÃ©mie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research.
		Louis XV (February 15, 1710 â€“ May 10, 1774), called the Well-Beloved (French: le Bien-AimÃ©), was King of France from 1715 to 1774.
		Charles-IrÃ©nÃ©e Castel, abbÃ© de Saint-Pierre (February 18, 1658 - April 29, 1743), French writer, was born at the chÃ¢teau de Saint-Pierre-Ã‰glise near Cherbourg.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pierre-Louis-Maupertuis (2921 words)

	The personal gallery - The degree measurements by de Maupertuis
		Maupertuis was born in Saint-Malo in Brittany on the 17th of July 1698.
		De Maupertuis visited London in 1728 and became acquainted with Newton's mathematical theories.
		Academic Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, nominated by the Royal French Academy of Sciences to be the leader of the expedition of the degree measurements in Lapland
	www.rovaniemi.fi /lapinkavijat/maupertuis/maupertuis_eng.html (196 words)

	Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Maupertuis became a member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1731 and soon became the foremost French proponent of the Newtonian theory of gravitation.
		One of the leading mathematicians of the 17th century was the Frenchman Pierre de Fermat.
		One of the greatest poets of the French Renaissance was Pierre de Ronsard.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9051494 (895 words)

	Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		(pyĕr lwē môrō´ de mōpĕrtüē´), 1698-1759, French mathematician and astronomer.
		For his skillful support of Newton's theory he was admitted to the Royal Society of London in 1728.
		Besides his numerous astronomical writings, including Discours sur la figure des astres (1732) and Discours sur la parallaxe de la lune (1741), he wrote a work setting forth a mechanistic view of the universe, Essai de cosmologie (1750), and several biological studies.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Maupertu.asp (368 words)

	Pierre Louis Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Después de cinco años él dejó a ejército y fue admitido en 1723 un miembro de las ciencias del DES de Académie.
		En 1736 él actuaba como jefe de la expedición enviada por rey Louis XV a Laponia para medir la longitud de un grado del meridiano, y en su hogar de vuelta él hizo un miembro de casi todas las sociedades científicas de Europa.
		En 1740 Maupertuis fue a Berlín en la invitación de Frederick II de prussia, y participó en la batalla de Mollwitz, donde los austriacos le tomó a preso.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/pi/Pierre%20Louis%20Maupertuis.htm (379 words)

	References for Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		J-P Martin, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis : maitre d'oeuvre de l'expédition de Laponie (1736-1737), in H Hecht (ed.), Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis : Eine Bilanz nach 300 Jahren (Baden-Baden, 1999), 57-69.
		De la cycloide à l'ellipso•de aplati en passant par le "Newtonianisme" : années parisiennes, in H Hecht (ed.), Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis : Eine Bilanz nach 300 Jahren (Baden-Baden, 1999), 17-33.
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis : Lebensdaten, in H Hecht (ed.), Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis : Eine Bilanz nach 300 Jahren (Baden-Baden, 1999), 525-526.
	turnbull.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /~history/References/Maupertuis.html (517 words)

	Sphæra issue no. 10: article 3
		Maupertuis' subsequent publication, Le figure de la terre (Paris, 1738), with its detailed account of the sector, was an important stage in establishing the international reputation of the London school of precision instrument making founded, in effect, by Graham.
		What Le Monnier believes to be new, and to call for a new treatise on astronomical instruments, is the growing importance of the mural quadrant, which he thinks is capable of being a universal instrument for all fundamental measurement in astronomy.
		Goussier, described as a mathematician in the Dictionnaire de biographie française, had travelled widely in the course of preparing over 900 drawings for the Encyclopédie, and was fulsomely complimented by Diderot for his work.
	www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /sphaera/issue10/articl3.htm (712 words)

	Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
		French mathematician and astronomer, was born at St. Malo on the 17th of July 1698.
		In 1736 he acted as chief of the expedition sent by Louis XV into Lapland to measure the length of a degree of the meridian, and on his return home he became a member of almost all the scientific societies of Europe.
		Maupertuis was unquestionably a man of considerable ability as a mathematician, but his restless, gloomy disposition involved him in constant quarrels, of which his controversies with König and Voltaire during the latter part of his life furnish examples.
	www.nndb.com /people/010/000095722 (297 words)

	Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pierre de Maupertuis became a member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1731.
		Maupertuis' measurements verified Newton's predictions that the Earth would be an oblate speroid.
		Maupertuis was accused by Samuel König of plagiarizing Leibniz's work but he was defended by Euler.
	202.38.126.65 /mirror/www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Maupertuis.html (242 words)

	Författare - Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759) was a French astronomer and mathematician.
		In 1736 he was given a state grant to lead a meridian expedition up to the Torne Valley in order to determine whether Isaac Newton’s theory that the Earth was flattened at the poles was correct.
		Maupertuis was not only a keen scientist, he was also open to the beauties of the Nordic countryside.
	www.overtornea.se /kultur_fritid/ottar/engelska/maupertuiseng.htm (186 words)

	La terre: une orange ou un citron? Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759), Philosophe
		Maupertuis et les experts l'accompagnant allaient désormais pouvoir trancher, en arpentant et en comparant leurs résultats avec ceux d'autres mesures effectuées le long des méridiens.
		Maupertuis était partisan de Newton, ainsi que ses compagnons, parmi lesquels se trouvaient trois autres académiciens français: Claude Clairaut, Charles Le Monnier et Louis Camus, un secrétaire, un dessinateur, et le scientifique suédois Anders Celsius.
		Maupertuis était un compagnon apprécié, qui pouvait déclamer ses propres poèmes, ou chanter en s'accompagnant d'une guitare.
	www.tornedalen.net /maupertuis/french/data-fr.htm (496 words)

	Imago Mundi - Pierre Moreau de Maupertuis
		Là il eut de violents démêlés d'abord avec Samuel Knig, membre de l'Académie, à propos de la paternité du principe de moindre action.
		Maupertuis avait proposé en 1744 le principe de la moindre action
		Maupertuis avait un orgueil et une susceptibilité extrêmes.
	www.cosmovisions.com /Maupertuis.htm (391 words)

	MAUPERTUIS, (P.L. MOREAU) DE., Les Oeuvres de M. de Maupertuis. Tome Premier (-Tome Second). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		MAUPERTUIS, (P.L. MOREAU) DE., Les Oeuvres de M. de Maupertuis.
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759) was a French scientist and philosopher.
		He became first known for his work in geometry and with his early introduction of Newtonian theories into France, he became a leading exponent among the philosophes of the ideal of experimentalism as opposed to the overly deductive method in science associated with the Cartesian tradition.
	www.polybiblio.com /gerits/25043.html (163 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Gottschalk Louis Moreau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gottschalk, Louis Moreau (1829-1869), American composer and pianist, whose use of the rhythms and melodic styles of Caribbean and Creole folk music...
		By the end of the century the Romantic style had modified the language of music in several ways.
		Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de (1698-1759), French mathematician, astronomer, and surveyor, noted for his “principle of least action”, which...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Gottschalk_Louis_Moreau.html (93 words)

	Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		In 1744 Maupertuis enunciated the principle of least action, later published in his Essai de cosmologie (1750; “Essay on Cosmology”).
		Maupertuis' Système de la nature (1751) contained theoretical speculations on the nature of biparental heredity based on his careful study of the occurrences of polydactyly, or extra fingers, in several generations of a Berlin family.
		He demonstrated that polydactyly could be transmitted by either the male or female parent, and he presciently explained the trait as the result of a mutation in the “hereditary particles” possessed by them.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9051494 (1122 words)

	Pierre Louis Moureau de Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Maupertuis, a member of the Royal Society from
		In 1738 he led an expedition to Lapland to measure a degree of longitude, confirming Newton's theory on the exact shape of the earth.
		In 1741, his Essai de cosmologie introduced the theory of the survival of the fittest, although few gave the idea much credence before Charles Darwin gave it a sounder foundation.
	web.bilkent.edu.tr /Online/www.english.upenn.edu/jlynch/Frank/People/maupert.html (135 words)

	Physics Documentation: Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1756, seriously ill, Maupertuis returned first to France but then joined his friend Johannes II Bernoulli in Basel where he died in 1759.
		Along with Voltaire, Maupertuis was a supported of Newton's theory of gravitation which he had come to know while visiting London in 1728, and fought against Descartes' ether whirls.
		Of decisive importance for the development of mechanics washis principle of least action, formulated in 1747, although his own formulation was still somewhat vague (the principle was formulated in precise form by Euler and Lagrange).
	mit.fnal.gov /~paus/phys/pierre-louis-moreau-de-maupertuis.html (187 words)

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