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	Pierre Louis Maupertuis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maupertuis was born at Saint-Malo, France to a moderately wealthy family of merchant-corsairs.
		Maupertuis, based on his exposition of Newton (with the help of his mentor Johan Bernoulli) predicted that the Earth should be oblate, while his rival Jacques Cassini measured it astronomically to be prolate.
		In 1736 Maupertuis acted as chief of the expedition sent by King Louis XV to Lapland to measure the length of a degree of the meridian; his results, which he published in a book detailing his procedures along with an adventure narrative of the expedition, essential settled the controversy in his favor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis (1361 words)

	PIERRE LOUIS MOREAU DE MAUPERTUIS - LoveToKnow Article on PIERRE LOUIS MOREAU DE MAUPERTUIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		MAUPERTUIS, PIERRE LOUIS MOREAU DE (1698-1759), French mathematician and astronomer, was born at St Malo on the 17th of July 1698.
		In 1740 Maupertuis went to Berlin on the invitation of the king of Prussia, and took part in the battle of Mollwitz, where he was taken prisoner by the Austrians.
		Maupertuis was unquestionably a mkn of considerable ability as a mathematician, but his restless, gloomy disposition involved him in constant quarrels, of which his controversies with Konig and Voltaire during the latter part of his life furnish examples.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MA/MAUPERTUIS_PIERRE_LOUIS_MOREAU_DE.htm (337 words)

	Pierre Louis Maupertuis Online Research :: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Maupertuis, based on his exposition of Newton (with the help of his mentor Johann Bernoulli) predicted that the Earth should be Oblate, while his rival Jacques Cassini measured it astronomically to be Prolate.
		In 1736 Maupertuis acted as chief of the expedition sent by King Louis XV of France to Lapland to measure the length of a degree of the Meridian ; his results, which he published in a book detailing his procedures along with an adventure narrative of the expedition, essential settled the controversy in his favor.
		In 1740 Maupertuis went to Berlin at the invitation of Frederick II of Prussia, and took part in the Battle of Mollwitz, where he was taken prisoner by the Austria.
	in-northcarolina.com /search/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis.html (1369 words)

	Pierre Louis Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (July 17, 1698 – July 27, 1759) was a French mathematician and astronomer.
		In 1736 he acted as chief of the expedition sent by King Louis XV to Lapland to measure the length of a degree of the meridian.
		Maupertuis is credited with obtaining the direct evidence indicating that the earth is an oblate spheroid (a sphere, flattened at the poles).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Pierre-Louis-Maupertuis.htm (1055 words)

	Maupertuis
		Maupertuis hoped that the principle might unify the laws of the universe and combined it with an attempted proof of the existence of God.
		Maupertuis was strongly defended by Euler but he used his position as director of the Academy to have it declare publicly that König had forged the quotation.
		This Maupertuis did in 1754 but then he was apparently flmailed by a girl who claimed that he was the father of her child.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Maupertuis.html (2335 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pierre Louis Maupertuis and the trip to Tornio Pierre Louis de Maupertuis Pierre Louis de Maupertuis was born 28 September 1698 in Saint Malo, France.
		French expedition led by Pierre Louis Maupertuis is sent by King Louis XV to Lapland to measure the length of a degree of the meridian, and proves that the Earth is flattened at the poles Real Arissona...
		Pierre Louis Maupertuis publishes Sur la figure de la terre, which 'confirms Newton's view that the earth is a spheroid slightly flattened at the poles'.
	pierre_louis_maupertuis.iqexpand.com (421 words)

	MAUPERTUIS, Pierre Louis Moreau de., [The] Figure of the Earth, determined from Observations made by Order of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		De Maupertuis, Camus, Clairault, Le Monnier, Members of the Royal Academy of Sciences; the Abb Outhier, Correspondent of the Academy; and Mr Celsius, Professor of Astronomy at Upsal.
		Maupertuis was elected to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1731 and was chosen to lead an expedition to Lapland to measure the degree of the meridian.
		Maupertuis was a keen adherent to Newton's philosophy and one of his chief advocates in France.
	www.polybiblio.com /finch/5246.html (320 words)

	Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Maupertuis was the most important among Emilie's scientific friends and it was he who introduced her to Clairaut, Koenig and Jean Bernoulli, who were also her tutors in higher mathematics.
		Letters to Maupertuis at the end of 1733 and the beginning of 1734 are full of requests that he would come and teach her something new.
		Maupertuis gained notoriety for his participation in verifying Newton's theory that the earth was flattened at the poles.
	www.visitvoltaire.com /e_maupertuis_large.htm (408 words)

	Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau De (1698-1759) History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A mathematician, biologist, and astronomer, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis was a strong proponent of Sir Issac Newton's theory of gravitation, helped confirm Newton's theory on the exact shape of the earth, and formulated the principle of least action in physics.
		Maupertuis may be best known for his formulation in 1744 of the principle of least action, also known as the minimum principle or Maupertuis' principle.
		In 1736, Maupertuis led a famous expedition to Lapland near the North Pole that proved Newton's theory that the earth is an oblate sphere (flattened at the poles).
	www.bookrags.com /history/earthscience/maupertuis-pierre-louis-moreau-de-1-woes-02 (376 words)

	Pierre Charles Le Monnier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pierre Charles Le Monnier (November 23, 1715 – May 31, 1799) was a French astronomer.
		He was chosen in the same year to accompany Pierre Louis Maupertuis and Alexis Clairault on their geodetical expedition to Lapland.
		The liberality of King Louis XV of France, in whose favour Le Monnier stood high, furnished him with the means of procuring the best instruments, many made in Britain.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/P/Pierre-Charles-Le-Monnier.htm (475 words)

	Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pierre de Maupertuis became a member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris in 1731.
		Maupertuis' measurements verified Newton's predictions that the Earth would be an oblate speroid.
		Maupertuis was accused by Samuel König of plagiarizing Leibniz's work but he was defended by Euler.
	mirror.math.nankai.edu.cn /mirror/www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Maupertuis.html (242 words)

	Författare - Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759) was a French astronomer and mathematician.
		In 1736 he was given a state grant to lead a meridian expedition up to the Torne Valley in order to determine whether Isaac Newton’s theory that the Earth was flattened at the poles was correct.
		Maupertuis was not only a keen scientist, he was also open to the beauties of the Nordic countryside.
	www.overtornea.se /kultur_fritid/ottar/engelska/maupertuiseng.htm (186 words)

	The degree measurements by de Maupertuis in the Tornionlaakso Valley 1736-1737
		The degree measurements by de Maupertuis in the Tornionlaakso Valley 1736-1737
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made an expedition to the Tornionlaakso Valley in 1736 –; 1737.
		King Louis XV of France financed the expedition that carried out the measurements during one year, an amazing achievement considering the instruments and methods of the time.
	www.rovaniemi.fi /lapinkavijat/maupertuis/index_eng.html (191 words)

	Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis Biography / Biography of Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis World of Physics Biography
		A mathematician, biologist, and astronomer, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis was a strong proponent of Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation, helped confirm Newton's theory on the exact shape of Earth, and formulated the principle of least action in physics.
		Maupertuis may be best known for his formulation in 1744 of the principle of least action, also known as the minimum principle or Maupertuis's principle.
		Eventually, Maupertuis became a target of German mathematician Samuel Koenig, who accused him of plagiarism, and of French author Voltaire (1694-1778), whose satirical writings about Maupertuis were so savage that Maupertuis eventually left France.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-pierre-louis-moreau-de-maupertuis-wop (426 words)

	Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
		French mathematician and astronomer, was born at St. Malo on the 17th of July 1698.
		In 1736 he acted as chief of the expedition sent by Louis XV into Lapland to measure the length of a degree of the meridian, and on his return home he became a member of almost all the scientific societies of Europe.
		Maupertuis was unquestionably a man of considerable ability as a mathematician, but his restless, gloomy disposition involved him in constant quarrels, of which his controversies with König and Voltaire during the latter part of his life furnish examples.
	www.nndb.com /people/010/000095722 (297 words)

	Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Maupertuis became a member of the Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1731 and soon became the foremost French proponent of the Newtonian theory of gravitation.
		Maupertuis' Système de la nature (1751) contained theoretical speculations on the nature of biparental heredity based on his careful study of the occurrences of polydactyly, or extra fingers, in several generations of a Berlin family.
		One of the greatest poets of the French Renaissance was Pierre de Ronsard.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9051494 (1078 words)

	Measuring the Length of the Meridian
		The expedition to the Arctic Circle was under the leadership of Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis went to the Arctic Circle.
		Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759) led the expedition of four to Lapland.
		Although his measurements were not absolutely accurate, the length of a degree at the Arctic Circle was nearly half a kilometer longer than in France, proving that the shape of the earth was an oblate spheroid.
	sio.midco.net /mapstamps/arc.htm (551 words)

	Geometric Optics
		Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) France, "principle of least time".
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759) "principle of least action" in 1747 or 1750?
		Maupertuis hoped that the principle might unify the laws of physics and support his proof of the existence of God.
	www.hypertextbook.com /physics/waves/optics (195 words)

	CHARLES ETIENNE LOUIS CAMUS - LoveToKnow Article on CHARLES ETIENNE LOUIS CAMUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He studied mathematics, civil and military architecture, and astronomy, and became associate of the Academic des Sciences, professor of geometry, secretary to the Academy of Architecture and fellow of the Royal Society of London.
		In 1736 he accompanied Pierre Louis Maupertuis and Alexis Claude Clairaut in the expedition to Lapland for the measurement of a degree of the meridian.
		He was the author of a Cours de mathtmatiques (Paris, 1766), and a number of essays on mathematical and mechanical subjects (see Poggendorif, Biog.-lit.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CAMUS_CHARLES_ETIENNE_LOUIS.htm (145 words)

	The world's top pierre lemonnier websites
		The liberality of King Louis XV of France, in whose favour Lemonnier stood high, furnished him with the means of procuring the best instruments, many made in Britain.
		In his lectures at the collège de France he first publicly expounded the analytical theory of gravitation, and his timely patronage secured the services of JJ Lalande for astronomy.
		By his marriage with Mademoiselle de Cussy he left three daughters, one of whom became the wife of JL Lagrange.
	dirs.org /wiki-article-tab.cfm/pierre_lemonnier (462 words)

	AboutDarwin.com - People of Note
		Comte de Buffon, a French naturalist, developed the modern definition of a species; a group of organisms which can breed and produce fertile offspring.
		Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis in his book, "Systeme de la Nature" theorized on the nature of heredity and how new species come into being.
		About ten years earlier he had published a book called, "Essai de Cosmologie" in which he introduced the concept of stronger animals in a population having more offspring, something akin to Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest.
	www.aboutdarwin.com /literature/Pre_Dar.html (741 words)

	MAUPERTUIS, Pierre Louis Moreau de., Discours sur la Parallaxe de la Lune, pour perfectionner la Théorie de la Lune et ...
		MAUPERTUIS, Pierre Louis Moreau de., Discours sur la Parallaxe de la Lune, pour perfectionner la Théorie de la Lune et celle de la Terre.
		This is a further work by Maupertuis to determine the shape of the earth through the accurate measurement of a degree of the meridian, using the results of the French expedition to Lapland in 1735.
		Maupertuis (1698-1759), was the foremost proponent of the Newtonian movement in France.
	www.polybiblio.com /jahill/HillBibl-Selections606.0.html (142 words)

	Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis was born on September 28, 1698 in Saint Malo, Bretagne, France.
		After 2 years of study at the Collège de la Marche in Paris, he had a short stay in the Netherlands, before he joined the military and became a Lieutenance at the Musketiers in Lille in 1719.
		In 1728 he travelled to London and was made a member of the Royal Academy, and in 1729, travelled to Basel to study mechanics and differential calculus with Johann Bernoulli (I).
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/bios/maupertuis.html (356 words)

	AllRefer.com - Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (Mathematics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis[pyer lwE mOrO´ du mOpertUE´] Pronunciation Key, 1698–1759, French mathematician and astronomer.
		In 1740 he went to Berlin upon the invitation of Frederick II of Prussia, who later placed him in charge of the new academy.
		Besides his numerous astronomical writings, including Discours sur la figure des astres (1732) and Discours sur la parallaxe de la lune (1741), he wrote a work setting forth a mechanistic view of the universe, Essai de cosmologie (1750), and several biological studies.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Maupertu.html (266 words)

	Emilie de Chatelet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Born in France, Emilie de Brteuil came from a wealthy family, and her parents gave her the best education possible because they thought she was too unattractive to find her husband.
		This became a frequent haunt for the Newtonian scholars of France: the Bernoullis, Pierre Louis de Maupertuis, and Samuel Koenig.
		She wrote "Elements de la philosophie de Newton" with Voltaire (officially attributed to Voltaire), and began work on "Institutions de Physique" which was written as an introductory physics text for her son, and was to be published anonymously.
	www.hamline.edu /personal/dhudson/eng339/339s00/johnson/WRC/events/bio/bio.ec.html (224 words)

	Physics Documentation: Maupertuis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1756, seriously ill, Maupertuis returned first to France but then joined his friend Johannes II Bernoulli in Basel where he died in 1759.
		Along with Voltaire, Maupertuis was a supported of Newton's theory of gravitation which he had come to know while visiting London in 1728, and fought against Descartes' ether whirls.
		Of decisive importance for the development of mechanics washis principle of least action, formulated in 1747, although his own formulation was still somewhat vague (the principle was formulated in precise form by Euler and Lagrange).
	mit.fnal.gov /~paus/phys/pierre-louis-moreau-de-maupertuis.html (187 words)

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