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Topic: Pierre Simon Laplace

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Pierre Simon de Laplace

Laplace transform

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	Pierre-Simon Laplace
		Pierre Simon Laplace, the Marquis de Laplace, French mathematician and astronomer, was born at Beaumont-en-Auge in Normandy, on the 28th of March 1749.
		Laplace had not yet completed his twenty-fourth year when he entered upon the course of discovery which earned him the title of "the Newton of France." Having in his first published paper shown his mastery of analysis, he proceeded to apply its resources to the great outstanding problems in celestial mechanics.
		Laplace treated the subject from the point of view of the gradual aggregation and cooling of a mass of matter, and demonstrated that the form which such a mass would ultimately assume must be an ellipsoid of revolution whose equator was determined by the primitive plane of maximum areas.
	www.nndb.com /people/871/000031778 (3099 words)

	Pierre Simon Laplace (1749 - 1827)
		Pierre Simon Laplace was born at Beaumont-en-Auge in Normandy on March 23, 1749, and died at Paris on March 5, 1827.
		Laplace went in state to beg Napoleon to accept a copy of his work, and the following account of the interview is well authenticated, and so characteristic of all the parties concerned that I quote it in full.
		Laplace's investigations in practical physics were confined to those carried on by him jointly with Lavoisier in the years 1782 to 1784 on the specific heat of various bodies.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /pub/HistMath/People/Laplace/RouseBall/RB_Laplace.html (2309 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Laplace was a member of the committee of the Académie des Sciences to standardise weights and measures in May 1790.
		Laplace presented his famous nebular hypothesis in 1796, which viewed the solar system as originating from the contracting and cooling of a large, flattened, and slowly rotating cloud of incandescent gas.
		Laplace continued to apply his ideas of physics to other problems such as capillary action, double refraction, the velocity of sound, the theory of heat, and elastic fluids, and he wrote papers on all these subjects.
	www.stetson.edu /~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html (904 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace
		Discoverer of the Laplace transform and Laplace's equation.
		One curious formula for the probability that the sun would rise was given by Laplace.
		Laplace claimed that this formula applied in all cases where we knew nothing, or where what we did know was swamped by what we didn't.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/la/Laplace.html (91 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pierre-Simon Laplace
		Laplace married at the age of thirty-nine, and a son was born to him in 1789.
		In the line of celestial mechanics his glory was made by the discovery (announced in 1773) of the invariability of the planetary mean motions and the consequent stability of the solar system.
		It is true that Laplace indulges in a frivolous remark against Callistus III both in the "Theory of Probabilities" (Introduction, also separately as "Essai Philosophique") and in the "System of the World" (IV, iv).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08796a.htm (752 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace - 1749 - 1827 - Pierre Simon, Marquis de Laplace (1749 -1827) - Athenaeum Library of Philosophy
		Laplace served on many of the committees of the Académie des Sciences, for example Lagrange wrote to him in 1782 saying that work on his Traité de mécanique analytique was almost complete and a committee of the Académie des Sciences comprising of Laplace, Cousin, Legendre and Condorcet was set up to decide on publication.
		Laplace presented his famous nebular hypothesis in 1796 in Exposition du systeme du monde, which viewed the solar system as originating from the contracting and cooling of a large, flattened, and slowly rotating cloud of incandescent gas.
		Laplace had always changed his views with the changing political events of the time, modifying his opinions to fit in with the frequent political changes which were typical of this period.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /Laplace01.htm (3606 words)

	Laplace, Pierre Simon de (1749-1827)
		Laplace explained the long-term variations in the orbital speeds of Jupiter and Saturn (1786), and the Moon (1787).
		The solar system, Laplace said, originated out of a gradually cooling cloud of gas, with the planets most remote from the center condensing first.
		Laplace's theory also suggested that planets are a natural consequence of the evolution of stars, so that many stars ought to have planetary retinues.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/LaPlace.html (365 words)

	Laplace on probability and statistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Laplace's first memoir on recurrent series was "Recherches sur le calcul intégral aux différences infiniment petites, and aux différences finies" which was published in Mélanges de philosophie et de mathématiques de la Société royale de Turin, pour les années 1766-1769 (Miscellanea Taurensia IV), 273-345, 1771.
		Laplace realized that he could give a probabilistic justification to the method of least squares without assuming a normal distribution of errors through his central limit theorem.
		In this memoir, Laplace discusses the masses of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus expressed as a fraction of the mass of the Sun using values obtained from Bouvard and also the length of the pendulum expressed in tenths of a second using the value of Mathieu.
	www.cs.xu.edu /math/Sources/Laplace/index.html (3959 words)

	100 Years Carnegie: Pierre-Simon Laplace
		Pierre-Simon Laplace was born in Beaumont-en-Auge, in Normandy, France, on March 28, 1749.
		Laplace was immediately employed at the Ecole Militaire and was elected to the position of head mathematician at the Académie des Sciences after being hired in 1773.
		Laplace made many achievements in applied mathematics and astronomy, and their effects are still being felt today.
	www.departments.bucknell.edu /History/Carnegie/laplace/index.html (502 words)

	Pièrre Simon Laplace: The nebular hypothesis
		Pièrre Simon Laplace is famous for his concept that the solar system formed from a spinning cloud of gas.
		Laplace and Delambre ordered a medal struck which was inscribed ‘for all time and for all people’, an inscription portraying the type of humanism that had begun to dominate Laplace’s thinking, i.e.
		At the time of Laplace, Pluto and Neptune were unknown, and both of these planets rotate from E to W. All other planets rotate from W to E. This difference cannot be explained by a theory which produces all planets from a gas cloud rotating in one direction only.
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v3/i3/ideas.asp (1301 words)

	Biographies
		Laplace was born to prosperperous farming family in France.
		In 1773 Laplace was elected to the Académie and throughout the next ten years published some of his best work.
		In 1784 Laplace was made an examiner of the Royal Artillery Corps, a post which brought him to the attention of those with political influence.
	tulsagrad.ou.edu /statistics/biographies/laplace.htm (697 words)

	Pierre Simon Laplace Biography \| World of Physics
		Because Pierre-Simon de Laplace was secretive about his background, little is known of his early life; he may have been ashamed of his past and kept the details to himself.
		One of Laplace's greatest discoveries concerning orbits was his observation that the Moon was accelerating a bit faster than it was supposed to be according to existing calculations.
		Laplace realized that to maintain a constant equilibrium in the solar system, any change in one member had to produce a change in another.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/pierre-simon-laplace-wop (753 words)

	Laplace, Pierre (1749-1827) -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
		Laplace formulated the mathematical theory of interparticulate forces which could be applied to mechanical, thermal, and optical phenomena.
		Laplace borrowed the potential concept from Lagrange, but brought it to new heights.
		After being appointed Minister of the Interior by Napoleon, Laplace was dismissed with the comment that "he carried the spirit of the infinitely small into the management of affairs" (Boyer 1968, p.
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /biography/Laplace.html (400 words)

	Laplace, Pierre Simon Laplace - Famous mathematicians pictures, posters, gifts items, note cards, greeting cards, and ...
		Laplace's contention that the universe and all it contained were deterministic machines was thoroughly over-turned by the discoveries of twentieth century physics.
		Laplace is portrayed with what is possibly the most celebrated differential equation ever devised -- Laplace's partial differential equation, commonly referred to as Laplace's Equation, shown here in the form of a Laplacian operator.
		Laplace's partial differential has been successfully used for tasks as diverse as describing the stability of the solar system, the field around an electrical charge, and the distribution of heat in a pot of food in the oven.
	www.mathematicianspictures.com /Mathematicians/Laplace.htm (467 words)

	LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON,... - Online Information article about LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON,... (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Laplace was, moreover, the first to offer a complete analysis of capillary action based upon a definite hypothesis—that of forces " sensible only at insensible distances "; and he made strenuous but unsuccessful efforts to explain the phenomena of See also:
		Laplace's first separate work, Theorie du mouvement et de la figure elliptique des planetes (1784), was published at the expense of President Bochard de Saron.
		An edition entitled Les (Euvres completes de Laplace (1878), andc., which is to include all his memoirs as well as his separate works, is in course of publication under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org.cob-web.org:8888 /KRO_LAP/LAPLACE_PIERRE_SIMON_MARQUIS_DE.html (4619 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pierre-Simon Laplace Pierre-Simon Laplace (March 23 1749 – March 5 1827) was a French mathematician and astronomer, the discoverer of the Laplace transform and Laplace's equation.
		Under the assumption that little or nothing is known a priori about the relative plausibilities of the outcomes, Laplace derived a formula for the probability that the next trial will be a success.
		While Laplace saw foremost practical problems for mankind to reach this ultimate stage of knowledge and computation, later interpretations of quantum mechanics, which were adopted by philosophers defending the existence of free will, also leave the theoretical possibility of such an "intellect" contested: for a further discussion of this issue, see also: determinism.
	pierre-simon-laplace.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (529 words)

	Biography of Laplace
		In 1785 Laplace was an examiner at the Royal Artillery Corps.
		Laplace then went on to teach calculus at Ecole Normale and became a member of the French Institute in the year of 1795.
		Laplace met Napolean again when he served as a member, then chancellor, of the Senate and he received the Legion of Honour in 1805.
	www.andrews.edu /~calkins/math/biograph/199899/biolapla.htm (827 words)

	AllRefer.com - Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de[pyer sEmON´ mArkE´ du lAplAs´] Pronunciation Key, 1749–1827, French astronomer and mathematician.
		At 18 he went to Paris, proved his gift for mathematical analysis to Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and was made professor of mathematics in the Ecole militaire of Paris.
		His ThEorie des attractions des sphEroides et de la figure des planEtes (1785) introduced "Laplace's coefficients" and the potential function, two means of applying analysis to physical problems.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Laplace.html (354 words)

	Chaos & Fractals: Laplace's Demon
		Laplace is credited with the following famous quotation which is often referred to as "Laplace's Demon."
		"Laplace's Demon" concerns the idea of determinism, namely the belief that the past completely determines the future.
		Indeed, this passage had a strong influence on setting the course of science for years to come, and by the early 1800's determinism had become very firmly entrenched among many scientists.
	www.pha.jhu.edu /~ldb/seminar/laplace.html (344 words)

	biographie PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE
		Laplace travaille tout d'abord avec Lavoisier entre 1782 et 1784; ensemble ils effectuent des mesures calorimétriques relatives aux chaleurs spécifiques et aux réactions chimiques.
		Laplace établit la formule des transformations adiabatiques d'un gaz et élabore une théorie générale de la capillarité.
		Laplace résume ses travaux et réunit ceux de Newton, Halley, Clairaut, d'Alembert et Euler, concernant la gravitation universelle, dans les cinq volumes de sa mécanique céleste (1798-1825).
	perso.orange.fr /simoes/christian/biographie/Laplace.htm (558 words)

	Pierre Simon ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Pierre Subleyras - Banquet at the House of Simon the Pharisee c.
		Pierre Vallet, Portrait of Pierre Vallet, (Self-Portrait), 1608
		Simon Leigh is the first photographer to be given full access to document the Meltdown festival which is now in its eighth year and has grown to become the South Bank's highest-profile and biggest-selling festival.
	www.wwar.com /masters/s/simon-pierre.html (1543 words)

	Read This: Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749-1827: A Life In Exact Science
		And Laplace by common repute is one of the commanding figures of the mathematics and science of that period.
		Clifford Truesdell writes, "Laplace is one of those mathematicians who won a great reputation in his own day and has held it ever since, safe within his forbidding eruption of formalism.
		On it Laplace constructs a 'curve of probability,' AZMB, along which every ordinate is proportional to the probability that the mean inclination is equal to the corresponding abscissa.
	www.maa.org /reviews/laplace.html (1453 words)

	Pierre Simon de Laplace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Laplace is best known for his belief in mechanical determinism, and for his foundation of probability theory upon consideration of various combinations of equipossible cases.
		Alternatives are shown to be equipossible by an application of the principle of indifference, and Laplace embraced the subjective air of this principle.
		Laplace's determinism was based on the enormous success of Newtonian mechanics, and in particular he himself proved the mechanical stability of the solar system.
	www.faragher.freeserve.co.uk /laplace.htm (102 words)

	Laplace (Pierre Simon)
		C'est depuis les études très précises de Laplace sur l'attraction lunaire et solaire que l'on peut aujourd'hui prévoir les horaires des marées, utiles à la marine en général, ainsi qu'aux baigneurs et ramasseurs de coquillages.
		Laplace fut le premier à expliquer la différence de 10% entre la vitesse du son mesurée et les prédictions newtonniennes : elle tenait à l'influence de la modification de température le long de l'onde sonore.
		Laplace analyse en 1794 l'existence possible de trous noirs newtoniens, corps assez massifs pour avoir une vitesse de libération supérieure à la vitesse de la lumière.
	www.math.unicaen.fr /~reyssat/laplace (2572 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace - Trinity College Dublin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A French physicist and mathematician, Laplace put the final capstone on mathematical astronomy by summarizing and extending the work of his predecessors in his five volume Celestial Mechanics (1799-1825).
		This work was important because it translated the geometrical study of mechanics used by Newton to one based on calculus.
		In Mécanique Céleste, Laplace proved the dynamical stability of the solar system (with tidal friction ignored) on short time scales.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /~nhb/image/laplace.php (83 words)

	Laplace and his school (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Emphasizing precise experimental work, Pierre Simon Laplace and his followers aimed to develop a new universal physics based on a hypothesis of molecular motions and forces.
		According to this view, all physical and chemical phenomena could be explained in terms of short range forces between particles; aggregations of different types of particles formed the so-called imponderables (light, heat, magnetism, and electricity).
		As a result, Laplace and his followers considered this way of doing physics to be applicable not only to problems of mechanics, but also to optical, thermal, and electrical phenomena.
	www.victorianweb.org /science/laplace.htm (324 words)

	Laplace, Pierre Simon de (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace, b.
		Laplace also contributed to the foundations of the mathematical science of electricity and magnetism.
		Bibliography: Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics (1937); Calinger, Ronald, Classics of Mathematics (1982); Crosland, Maurice, The Society of Arcueil (1967); Hahn, Roger, Laplace as a Newtonian Scientist (1967) and Calendar of the Correspondence of Pierre Simon Laplace (1982); Numbers, Ronald, Creation by Natural Law (1977).
	euler.ciens.ucv.ve /English/mathematics/laplace.html (449 words)

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