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	Pierre-Simon Laplace - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (March 23, 1749 – March 5, 1827) was a French mathematician and astronomer who put the final capstone on mathematical astronomy by summarizing and extending the work of his predecessors in his five volume Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics) (1799-1825).
		He is also the discoverer of Laplace's equation and the Laplace transform, which appear in all branches of mathematical physics - a field he took a leading role in forming.
		Laplace spent much of his life working on mathematical astronomy that culminated in his masterpiece on the proof of the dynamic stability of the solar system with the assumption that it consists of a collection of rigid bodies moving in a vacuum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pierre_Simon_de_Laplace (1019 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pierre-Simon Laplace (March 23 1749 – March 5 1827) was a French mathematician and astronomer, the discoverer of the Laplace transform and Laplace's equation.
		One well-known formula associated with Laplace is the rule of succession.
		Under the assumption that little or nothing is known a priori about the relative plausibilities of the outcomes, Laplace derived a formula for the probability that the next trial will be a success.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/p/pi/pierre_simon_laplace_1.html (331 words)

	Pierre Simon Laplace (1749 - 1827)
		Pierre Simon Laplace was born at Beaumont-en-Auge in Normandy on March 23, 1749, and died at Paris on March 5, 1827.
		Laplace went in state to beg Napoleon to accept a copy of his work, and the following account of the interview is well authenticated, and so characteristic of all the parties concerned that I quote it in full.
		Laplace's investigations in practical physics were confined to those carried on by him jointly with Lavoisier in the years 1782 to 1784 on the specific heat of various bodies.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /pub/HistMath/People/Laplace/RouseBall/RB_Laplace.html (2309 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace
		Laplace was a member of the committee of the Académie des Sciences to standardise weights and measures in May 1790.
		Laplace presented his famous nebular hypothesis in 1796, which viewed the solar system as originating from the contracting and cooling of a large, flattened, and slowly rotating cloud of incandescent gas.
		Laplace continued to apply his ideas of physics to other problems such as capillary action, double refraction, the velocity of sound, the theory of heat, and elastic fluids, and he wrote papers on all these subjects.
	www.stetson.edu /~efriedma/periodictable/html/La.html (904 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In his Essai philosophique sur les probabilités, Laplace set out a mathematical system of (Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles) inductive reasoning based on (A measure of how likely it is that some event will occur) probability, which we would today recognise as (additional info and facts about Bayesian) Bayesian.
		Under the assumption that little or nothing is known a priori about the relative plausibilities of the outcomes, Laplace derived a formula for the (A measure of how likely it is that some event will occur) probability that the next trial will be a success.
		This intellect is often referred to as Laplace's demon (in the same vein as (additional info and facts about Maxwell's demon) Maxwell's demon).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pi/pierre-simon_laplace1.htm (619 words)

	Laplace, Pierre Simon de (1749-1827) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This work was important because it translated the geometrical study of mechanics used by Isaac Newton to one based on calculus.
		Laplace explained the long-term variations in the orbital speeds of Jupiter and Saturn (1786), and the Moon (1787).
		Laplace's theory also suggested that planets are a natural consequence of the evolution of stars, so that many stars ought to have planetary retinues.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/LaPlace.html (371 words)

	Laplace, Pierre Simon Laplace - Famous mathematicians pictures, posters, gifts items, note cards, greeting cards, and ...
		Laplace considered probability theory to be simply "common sense reduced to calculus", which he systematized in his "Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilités" (Philosophical Essay on Probability, 1814).
		Laplace's contention that the universe and all it contained were deterministic machines was thoroughly over-turned by the discoveries of twentieth century physics.
		Laplace's partial differential has been successfully used for tasks as diverse as describing the stability of the solar system, the field around an electrical charge, and the distribution of heat in a pot of food in the oven.
	www.mathematicianspictures.com /Mathematicians/Laplace.htm (395 words)

	Pierre Simon Laplace
		In the early 1800's, Laplace tried to encourage its introduction by suggested that it should be officially named as the 'Napoleonic Measures' (as it happened, France had to wait until 1840 before the metric system was officially introduced).
		This was employed in conjunction with Laplace's introduction of a potential - a function whose directional derivative at a point is equal to the component of the field at that point.
		As mentioned, Laplace was a political opportunist, so when the monarchy was restored, he appears not to have suffered at all.
	bdaugherty.tripod.com /maths/laplace.html (673 words)

	Pierre Simon Laplace (1749 - 1827)- collegetextbooks.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Laplace's analytical discussion of the solar system is given in his Méchanique céleste published in five volumes.
		In theoretical physics the theory of capillary attraction is due to Laplace, who accepted the idea propounded by Hauksbee in the Philosophical Transactions for 1709, that the phenomenon was due to a force of attraction which was insensible at sensible distances.
		He was accordingly raised to the senate, and to the third volume of the Méchanique céleste he prefixed a note that of all the truths therein contained the most precious to the author was the declaration he thus made of his devotion towards the peacemaker of Europe.
	www.collegetextbook.net /RB_Laplace.shtml (2166 words)

	Pièrre Simon Laplace: The nebular hypothesis
		Pièrre Simon Laplace is famous for his concept that the solar system formed from a spinning cloud of gas.
		Laplace and Delambre ordered a medal struck which was inscribed ‘for all time and for all people’, an inscription portraying the type of humanism that had begun to dominate Laplace’s thinking, i.e.
		At the time of Laplace, Pluto and Neptune were unknown, and both of these planets rotate from E to W. All other planets rotate from W to E. This difference cannot be explained by a theory which produces all planets from a gas cloud rotating in one direction only.
	www.answersingenesis.org /creation/v3/i3/ideas.asp (1252 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Laplace served on many of the committees of the Académie des Sciences, for example Lagrange wrote to him in 1782 saying that work on his Traité de mécanique analytique was almost complete and a committee of the Académie des Sciences comprising of Laplace, Cousin, Legendre and Condorcet was set up to decide on publication.
		Laplace served on a committee set up to investigate the largest hospital in Paris and he used his expertise in probability to compare mortality rates at the hospital with those of other hospitals in France and elsewhere.
		Laplace had always changed his views with the changing political events of the time, modifying his opinions to fit in with the frequent political changes which were typical of this period.
	www.engineering.com /content/ContentDisplay?contentId=41003023 (3578 words)

	References for Laplace
		P Dupont, Laplace and the indifference principle in the 'Essai philosophique des probabilités' (Italian), Rend.
		I Schneider, Laplace and thereafter : the status of probability calculus in the nineteenth century, in The probabilistic revolution 1 (Cambridge, MA-London, 1987), 191-214.
		F Sebastiani, The caloric theories of Laplace, Poisson, Sadi Carnot and Clapeyron, and the theory of thermal phenomena in gases formulated by Clausius in 1850 (Italian), Physis - Riv.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/References/Laplace.html (1151 words)

	AllRefer.com - Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de[pyer sEmON´ mArkE´ du lAplAs´] Pronunciation Key, 1749–1827, French astronomer and mathematician.
		His ThEorie des attractions des sphEroides et de la figure des planEtes (1785) introduced "Laplace's coefficients" and the potential function, two means of applying analysis to physical problems.
		The ThEorie analytique des probabilitEs (1812), a mathematical classic, was followed by Essai philosophique sur les probabilitEs (1814).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Laplace.html (354 words)

	Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Laplace successfully accounted for all the observed deviations of the planets from their theoretical orbits by applying Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation to the solar system, …
		One of the greatest poets of the French Renaissance was Pierre de Ronsard.
		Account of the short-lived rebellion of Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, against Henry III of England, important because some historians consider the Parliament summoned by Simon to be the first modern English Parliament.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9047167 (811 words)

	Laplace
		Laplace tried to ease the pain for d'Alembert by stressing the importance of d'Alembert's work since he undoubtedly felt well disposed towards d'Alembert for the help and support he had given.
		Also in 1795 the Bureau des Longitudes was founded with Lagrange and Laplace as the mathematicians among its founding members and Laplace went on to lead the Bureau and the Paris Observatory.
		Many of Laplace's other physical theories were attacked, for instance his caloric theory of heat was at odds with the work of Petit and of Fourier.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /%7Ehistory/Mathematicians/Laplace.html (3653 words)

	Read This: Pierre-Simon Laplace, 1749-1827: A Life In Exact Science
		And Laplace by common repute is one of the commanding figures of the mathematics and science of that period.
		Clifford Truesdell writes, "Laplace is one of those mathematicians who won a great reputation in his own day and has held it ever since, safe within his forbidding eruption of formalism.
		On it Laplace constructs a 'curve of probability,' AZMB, along which every ordinate is proportional to the probability that the mean inclination is equal to the corresponding abscissa.
	www.maa.org /reviews/laplace.html (1453 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace : Pierre Simon de Laplace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Discoverer of the Laplace transform and Laplace's equation.
		One curious formula for the probability that the sun would rise was given by Laplace.
		Laplace claimed that this formula applied in all cases where we knew nothing, or where what we did know was swamped by what we didn't.
	www.city-search.org /pi/pierre-simon-de-laplace.html (426 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pierre-Simon Laplace
		Laplace married at the age of thirty-nine, and a son was born to him in 1789.
		In the line of celestial mechanics his glory was made by the discovery (announced in 1773) of the invariability of the planetary mean motions and the consequent stability of the solar system.
		It is true that Laplace indulges in a frivolous remark against Callistus III both in the "Theory of Probabilities" (Introduction, also separately as "Essai Philosophique") and in the "System of the World" (IV, iv).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08796a.htm (773 words)

	Pierre Simon de Laplace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Laplace is best known for his belief in mechanical determinism, and for his foundation of probability theory upon consideration of various combinations of equipossible cases.
		Alternatives are shown to be equipossible by an application of the principle of indifference, and Laplace embraced the subjective air of this principle.
		Laplace's determinism was based on the enormous success of Newtonian mechanics, and in particular he himself proved the mechanical stability of the solar system.
	www.faragher.freeserve.co.uk /laplace.htm (102 words)

	Anecdotario matemático (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A lo largo de la historia de la humanidad todos, o casi todos, los descubrimientos científicos han sido fruto de una intuición de mentes preparadas para analizar, interpretar y desarrollar fenómenos que a otros pudiesen parecerles banales o intranscendentes.
		De visión, mediante la que intenta explicar geométricamente los fenómenos ópticos, utilizando para ello fundamentalmente los cuerpos piramidales y la perspectiva, de la que era un gran conocedor.
		De la naturaleza, con la que intenta construir los modelos que le permitan explicar las situaciones que observa en física, mecánica, aerostática, astronomía, etc., ya que considera que los fenómenos naturales se mueven impulsados por relaciones matemáticas sujetas a modelos geométricos.
	www-etsi2.ugr.es /profesores/jmaroza/anecdotario/anecdotario-l.htm (1046 words)

	Laplace
		Although Laplace was only 19 years old when he arrived in Paris he quickly impressed d'Alembert.
		Although d'Alembert had been proud to have considered Laplace as his protégé, he certainly began to feel that Laplace was rapidly making much of his own life's work obsolete and this did nothing to improve relations.
		Laplace was made a member of the committee of the
	www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Laplace.html (3653 words)

	Pierre Simon de Laplace. Biografía (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Poco se sabe de su infancia, de familia humilde, hijo de un agricultor y negociante en sidra, puede realizar sus estudios gracias a la ayuda económica de algunos vecinos ricos.
		En sus últimos años se retira a su propiedad de Arcueil donde ayuda a fundar la Sociedad de Arcueil para apoyar a los jovenes científicos: Claude Berthollet, Louis Joseph Gay-Lussac,...
		Laplace realiza su trabajo más importante al desarrollar el análisis matemático del sistema de astronomía gravitacional elaborado Isaac Newton.
	thales.cica.es /rd/Recursos/rd97/Biografias/09-01-b-LaplaceBiografia.html (602 words)

	Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de
		Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de, 1749–1827, French astronomer and mathematician.
		Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquis de (1749-1827) (The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography)
		Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827) (The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0828861.html (279 words)

	Pierre-Simon Laplace - Wikiquote
		Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827), French mathematician and astronomer, discoverer of the Laplace transform and Laplace's equation.
		To which Laplace replied: "Indeed, Sire, Monsieur Lagrange has, with his usual sagacity, put his finger on the precise difficulty with the hypothesis: it explains everything, but predicts nothing."
		Frequently used in the Traité de mécanique céleste when he had proved something and mislaid the proof, or found it clumsy.
	en.wikiquote.org /wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace (617 words)

	The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Laplace, Pierre Simon (1749-1827)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		French astronomer and mathematician who contributed to the fields of celestial mechanics, probability, applied mathematics, and physics.
		Laplace was born on 28 March 1749 at Beaumont-en-Auge, in Normandy, France.
		When he was seven Laplace was enrolled at the Collge in Beaumont-en-Auge run by the...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:99916694&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (197 words)

	Laplace, Pierre Simon de
		The French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace, b.
		Laplace also contributed to the foundations of the mathematical science of electricity and magnetism.
		Bibliography: Bell, E. T., Men of Mathematics (1937); Calinger, Ronald, Classics of Mathematics (1982); Crosland, Maurice, The Society of Arcueil (1967); Hahn, Roger, Laplace as a Newtonian Scientist (1967) and Calendar of the Correspondence of Pierre Simon Laplace (1982); Numbers, Ronald, Creation by Natural Law (1977).
	euler.ciens.ucv.ve /English/mathematics/laplace.html (449 words)

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