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	Pieter Van Musschenbroek - LoveToKnow 1911
		PIETER VAN MUSSCHENBROEK (1692-1761), Dutch natural philosopher, was born on the 14th of March 1692 at Leiden, where his father Johann Joosten van Musschenbroek (1660-1707) was a maker of physical apparatus.
		Graduating in 1715 with a dissertation, De aeris praesentia in humoribus animalium, Musschenbroek was appointed professor at Duisburg in 1719.
		Musschenbroek was also the author of Elementa physica (8vo, 1729), and his name is associated with the invention of the Leyden jar.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Pieter_Van_Musschenbroek (344 words)

	Musschenbroek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pieter van Musschenbroek was born on 14 March 1692 in Leiden, Netherlands, where his father Johann Joosten van Musschenbroek (1660-1707) was a maker of physical apparatus.
		Because van Musschenbroek continued to experiment with electricity and the famous jar, he no doubt is rewarded historically for his persistence, thus invention of the Leyden jar.
		Petrus van Musschenbroek died in Leyden on 19 September 1761 and was buried in the grave of his second wife Helena Alstorphius in the Pieterskerk in Leiden.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/musschenbroek.htm (1996 words)

	Pieter van Musschenbroek
		Musschenbroek was born on 14 March 1692 in Leiden, Netherlands, into a family of instrument makers.
		Musschenbroek had suspected that a nonconductor vessel (glass) would be helpful to them so on this occasion in January 1746 he partly filled a bottle with water.
		Musschenbroek was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1734, and member of the French Academy of Sciences in the same year.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /Biographies/MusschenbroekBio.htm (458 words)

	van Musschenbroek Foundation
		Pieter van Musschenbroek, born 9-9-1764 was the son of Jan Willem van Musschenbroek and Cornelia Luchtmans.
		Fifty years later the Van Musschenbroek collection returned to the Netherlands and the records were replaced in the archives where they belonged.
		Pieter van Musschenbroek was praised during his life by his colleagues en in 1808 he was knighted by King Louis Napoleon, a honour he never valued.
	www.musschenbroek.nl /other_stories.htm (582 words)

	WikiMiki.net - Pieter van Musschenbroek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pieter van Musschenbroek, físico holandés (Leyden 1692 – 1761) Dio clases de física en Duisburg, Utrecht y en Leyden a partir de 1740.
		Pieter van Musschenbroek inventó en 1745 la botella de Leyden, un tipo de capacitor para almacenar cargas eléctricas en gran cantidad.
		En 1746, Pieter van Musschenbroek, que trabajaba en la universidad de Leyden, efectuó una experiencia para comprobar si una botella llena de agua podía conservar cargas eléctricas.
	electricidad.es.wikimiki.net /es/Pieter+van+Musschenbroek (5649 words)

	Leiden
		On the south side of the town pleasant gardens extend along the old Singel, or outer canal, and there is a large open space, the Van der Werf Park, named after the burgomaster, Pieter Andriaanszoon van der Werf, who defended the town against the Spaniards in 1574.
		Jan van Goyen, Gabriel Metsu, Gerard Dou and Rembrandt were also natives of this town.
		The Leyden jar, a capacitor made from a glass jar, was invented here by Pieter van Musschenbroek in 1746.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/le/Leyden.html (732 words)

	Leiden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The two branches of the Rhine which enter Leiden on the east unite in the centre of the town, which is further intersected by numerous small and sombre canals, with tree-bordered quays and old houses.
		This open space was formed by the accidental explosion of a powdership in 1807, hundreds of houses being demolished, including that of the Elzevir family of printers.
		The anatomical and pathological laboratories of the university are modern, and the museums of geology and mineralogy have been restored.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/l/le/leiden.html (921 words)

	van Musschenbroek Foundation
		The first Van Musschenbroek mentioned is Sceyfaert a knight who fought in the army of the Duke Wentzel of Brabant and was captured by Willem van Gulik, the Duke of Gelre in the battle of Baesweiler in 1371.
		Joost van Musschenbroek, born Leiden in 1614, lampmaker, died in Leiden 10 Februari 1693, burried in the Hoogland Kerk.
		Descendants of Eduard Willem van Musschenbroek and Elia Stuart-Allison
	www.musschenbroek.nl /famtree.htm (2084 words)

	Musschenbroek
		Pieter Van Musschenbroek, a professor of physics and mathematics at the university of Leyden, and E.G. Von Kleist, Dean of the Kamin Cathedral in Pomerania, independently created the electric condenser, named the "Leyden Jar" by Abbe Nollet.
		Von Kleist was the first to discover the surprising effects of the jar, but it was Musschenbroek (and his assistants Allmand and Cunaeus) who reported their results clearly enough for others to duplicate the experiment and so credit has gone to him.
		This makes sense because there would be no reason for Musschenbroek and his staff to delay announcing for 11 months, especially given the potential claim to prior discovery by Von Kleist.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /BOOK_LEYDEN.HTM (272 words)

	Pieter van Musschenbroek - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pieter (Petrus) van Musschenbroek (14 March 1692 - 19 September 1761) was a Dutch scientist who is credited with the invention of the Leyden jar, the first capacitor.
		Musschenbroek studied medicine at the University of Leyden, and then became interested in electrostatics.
		He communicated this discovery to René Réaumur in January 1746, and it was Abbe Nollet, the translator of Musschenbroek's letter from Latin, who named the invention the 'Leyden jar'.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pieter_van_Musschenbroek (243 words)

	Leiden - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia
		The citadel earl Filips van Wassenaar was stripped of his offices and rights and wore off his last years in captivity.
		The University of Leiden is famous for its many developments including the famous Leyden jar, a capacitor made from a glass jar, invented in Leiden by Pieter van Musschenbroek in 1746.
		The chief of Leiden's numerous churches are the Hooglandsche Kerk (or the church of St Pancras, built in the 15th century and containing a monument to Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff) and the Pieterskerk (church of St Peter (1315) with monuments to Scaliger, Boerhaave and other famous scholars.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Leiden (2131 words)

	The Age of Electrical Enlightenment
		The jar was part of van Musschenbroek's assembly of various mundane items, such as a gun barrel hung by silk threads and connected to water in the Leyden jar with a brass wire.
		William Watson, along with van Musschenbroek, found that the thinner the intervening glass between the metallic coatings and the larger the area of coatings, the stronger the charge from the jar.
		With the machine, van Marum also observed spark branchings between the massive electrodes and related their direction to the charge (positive or negative) of the electrode.
	www.ecmweb.com /mag/electric_age_electrical_enlightenment (3579 words)

	The oldest magic lantern in the world
		The projector was made about 1720 by the Dutch instrument maker Jan van Musschenbroek and was once the property of Willem Jacob ‘s Gravesande, professor of physics at the University of Leiden.
		Jan also became an instrument maker and made instruments for ‘s Gravesande and for his brother Pieter van Musschenbroek, inventor of amongst other things the Leyden Jar, a device that could store large amounts of electric charge.
		Pieter succeeded ‘s Gravesande in 1740 as a professor at the University of Leiden.
	www.luikerwaal.com /oudste_uk.htm (452 words)

	The Leiden jar
		The Leiden jar, the first electrical capacitor, was invented in 1745 by Pieter van Musschenbroek, professor of physics at Leiden University, and independently by the German cleric Ewald Georg von Kleist.
		Van Musschenbroek arranged some spectacular demonstrations of the power of the device, in the course of which a student named Andreas Cunaeus was subjected to a prodigious shock.
		He, too, set about repeating the basic experiments of Van Musschenbroek, improving the Leiden jar by coating its inside and outside with metal foil.
	www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl /history/fles/fles.html (367 words)

	MUSSCHENBROEK, PIETER ... - Online Information article about MUSSCHENBROEK, PIETER ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		VAN (1692–1761), Dutch natural philosopher, was See also:
		pyrometer, which Musschenbroek had invented, and of several experiments which he had made on the expansion of bodies by See also:
		Musschenbroek was also the author of Elementa physics (8vo, 1729), and his name is associated with the invention of the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MOS_NAN/MUSSCHENBROEK_PIETER_VAN_169217.html (508 words)

	Wikinfo \| Leiden
		Lucas van Leyden, 1494 - 1533, engraver and painter.
		Marinus van der Lubbe, 1909 - 1934, accused of setting fire to the Reichstag in Berlin.
		Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff, 1529 - 1604, mayor of Leiden.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Leiden (1380 words)

	AP INNOVATIONS
		Pieter van Musschenbroek invented the Leyden jar in January 1746.
		Musschenbroek was not the only experimenter to develop the Leyden jar.
		However, Musschenbroek developed and experimented with the jar more than von Kleist, and so it became known as the Leyden jar, named after Musschenbroek’s home town in the Netherlands.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~gkannark/1745_01.htm (283 words)

	Leiden - Gurupedia
		On the south side of the town, gardens extend along the old Singel, or outer canal, and there is a large open space, the Van der Werf Park, named after the burgomaster, Pieter Andriaanszoon van der Werf, who defended the town against the Spaniards in 1574.
		Of the numerous churches the chief are the Hooglandsche Kerk, or the church of St Pancras, built in the
		In the drawings by Van ´s Gravesande one can see that the pulpit is the centrepiece of the church.
	www.gurupedia.com /l/le/leiden.htm (1224 words)

	Condenser
		Pieter van Musschenbroek, the professor of natural philosophy at Leiden in Holland, was just about to get a nasty surprise.
		When he touched the inner conductor of one of the world's first condensers this day in 1745, he got a severe shock -- "I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France".
		The Kenyon condenser, by Queen of Philadelphia ($20.00 in the 1881 catalogue) has the remains of electroscopes at the tops of the columns.
	physics.kenyon.edu /EarlyApparatus/Electricity/Condenser/Condenser.html (660 words)

	Pieter van Musschenbroek (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Geboren te Leiden (Nederland), zoon van Johann Joosten, natuurkundige, werd in 1719 hoogleraar in de wiskunde en wijsbegeerte te Duisburg, in 1721 buitengewoon hoogleraar in de geneeskunde aldaar, in 1723 hoogleraar te Utrecht, waar hem in 1732 ook de lessen in de sterrenkunde werden toevertrouwd.
		Hij ging ten slotte in 1740 als hoogleraar in de wiskunde en wijsbegeerte naar Leiden, als opvolger van Willem Jacob 's-Gravesande.
		In feite heeft Petrus van Musschenbroek echter in geringe mate bijgedragen tot de ontwikkeling van de fysica; zijn grootste betekenis ligt in het feit dat hij door middel van zijn onderwijs en zijn leerboeken een belangrijk aandeel heeft gehad in de verspreiding van de newtoniaanse beginselen.
	www.fys.kuleuven.ac.be.cob-web.org:8888 /pradem/fysici/pvmusschenbroek.html (174 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		His assistent Cuneaus was holding the jar and concerned that the machine was not producing sparks he touched the wire and was jolted by the electricity that had been stored in the jar.
		Musschenbroek tried to duplicate what his assistent had done and described the jolt as "a shock of such violence that my whole body was shaken as by a lightning stroke." As he was the first to publish his findings, the jar was named the Leyden Jar aftet the town in which he lived.
		Although he wrote about his findings to several people, including Johann H. Winkler (who drew the diagram on charging a Leyden Jar) this was not generally known until later, so some sources will say that Kleist designed the jar and others that Musschenbroek did.
	itp.nyu.edu /~nql3186/electricity/pages/leyden.html (298 words)

	Static electricity - Uncyclopedia
		Enter the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek who hit upon the revolutionary idea of storing the electricity in a bottle.
		This proved much more reliable because a simple cork could be used to prevent the electricity from spilling out.
		His invention was titled the Leyden jar because nobody could remember how to spell "van Musschenbroek".
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Static_electricity (364 words)

	Science and Society Picture Library - Search
		Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch pioneer of microscopy, c 1660.
		Pieter van Musschenbroek, Dutch physicist and mathematician, c 1740.
		Joannes Baptiste van Helmont and Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont, 17th century.
	www.scienceandsociety.co.uk /results.asp?txtkeys1=Van (131 words)

	Leiden (i live there officially) - FileFront Gaming Forums
		On the south side of the town, gardens extend along the old Singel, or outer canal, and there is a large open space, the Van der Werff Park, named after the burgomaster, Pieter Andriaanszoon van der Werff, who defended the town against the Spaniards in 1574.
		This open space was formed by the accidental explosion of a powdership in 1807, hundreds of houses being demolished, including that of the Elzevier family of printers.
		Other fine examples of his work in Leiden are De Lakenhal (Oude Singel 28, in which building the municipal museum is located) and the Bibliotheca Thysiana (Rapenburg 25).
	forums.filefront.com /showthread.php?t=154044 (1529 words)

	Leyden Jars
		The Leyden jar originated about 1746 through the work of Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek of the University of Leyden and Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, working independently.
		A Leyden jar consists of a glass jar with an outer and inner metal coating covering the bottom and sides nearly to the neck.
		It was used to demonstrate that the charge in a Leyden jar is held in the glass, not the metal.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /LEYDEN.HTM (219 words)

	Franklin's Scientific Accomplishments
		European scientists had determined there were two kinds of electricity: vitreous, which was produced by rubbing glass with silk, and resinous, produced on resin rubbed with wool or fur.
		In January of 1746, Pieter van Musschenbroek at Leyden discovered the electric bottle, later known as the Leyden jar.
		This, the first condenser of electricity, was the basis for much of early research in electricity.
	www.math.tamu.edu /~stecher/489/Ben/science.shtml (1902 words)

	Electricity
		However, until 1746, experimentation with electricity was mere dabbling.
		In January of that year, Pieter van Musschenbroek discovered the Leyden Jar.
		This served as the basis for early electrical research.
	library.advanced.org /22254/electricity1.htm (398 words)

	Capacitors
		The device built by von Kleist consisted of a medicine bottle partly filled with water and sealed with a cork.
		First, a visiting student Andreas Cunaeus (1712-1788) made the shocking discovery not van Musschenbroek himself; second, he made many improvements to the device (most importantly, removing the water and wrapping the inside and outside of the jar with metallic foil); and third, he wrote his colleagues to tell them all about it.
		I would like to tell you about a new but terrible experiment, which I advise you never to try yourself, nor would I, who experienced it and survived by the grace of God, do it again for all the kingdom of France.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/electricity/capacitors (1297 words)

	electricity: History of Electricity
		Today's highly developed descendant of these early machines is the Van de Graaf generator, which is sometimes used as a
		Robert Boyle realized that attraction and repulsion were mutual and that electric force was transmitted through a vacuum (c.1675).
		Progress quickened after the Leyden jar was invented in 1745 by Pieter van Musschenbroek.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0857938.html (661 words)

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