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Topic: Pillar structure of the EU

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	European Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The earliest EU treaty was the Treaty of Paris of 1951 (took effect in 1952) which established the European Coal and Steel Community between an original group of six European countries.
		The EU member states have recently agreed to the text of a new constitutional treaty that, if ratified by the member states, would have become the first official constitution of the EU, replacing all previous treaties with a single document.
		The EU economy is expected to grow further over the next decade as more countries join the union — especially considering that the new states are usually poorer than the EU average, and have the capacity to grow at a higher rate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Union (6079 words)

	Treaty of Nice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The primary purpose of the Treaty of Nice was to reform the institutional structure to withstand the Enlargement of the European Union, a task which was supposed to have been carried out at the Amsterdam Inter-Governmental Conference (IGC), but the Treaty of Amsterdam failed to address most of the issues.
		The Commission and the European Parliament were disappointed that the Nice IGC did not adopt many of their proposals for reform of the institutional structure or introduction of new Community powers, such as the appointment of a European Public Prosecutor.
		Proponents of the Treaty claim it is a utilitarian adjustment to cumbersome EU governing mechanisms and a required streamlining of decision-making processes, necessary to facilitate enlargement of the EU into Central Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Treaty_of_Nice (1540 words)

	EU Learning
		The member states of the EU co-operate to formulate common foreign policy and security policy.
		In economic and other areas, the EU is supranational and in most other areas, such as the military and foreign policy the EU is intergovernmental.
		Is the EU a federation or a confederation?
	www.carleton.ca /ces/EULearning/introduction/int_orgn.htm (386 words)

	Oikeusministeriö - Ms. Hautala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		It is now up to the Convention on the Future of the EU to acknowledge such a distortion and propose the abolition of the pillar structure.
		The fact that the EU is not a legal personality, is particularly severe with the view to the need to improve the protection of the rights of the individuals, a need mentioned by Mr.
		Last week, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that a legal personality for the EU is an "important step in the creation of an EU wide system of protection of fundamental rights" and that it would "for its part help to remedy the functional distortions of the pillar structure".
	www.om.fi /tulostus/14581.htm (1425 words)

	EUR-Lex - About EU law - The ABC of Community law - STRUCTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE 'THREE PILLARS' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The first pillar is made up of the three European Communities (E(E)C, Euratom, ECSC), which have been deepened and enlarged by economic and monetary union.
		When the EU was established, the 'European Economic Community' was renamed the 'European Community'.
		For example, decisions of principle are passed in the context of the second (and third) pillars, common positions are set out, joint actions and measures carried out and framework decisions passed.
	europa.eu.int /eur-lex/en/about/abc/abc_12.html (973 words)

	congress-journal \| The restrictive harmonisation of Europes immigration and and asylum politics
		The EU actually had to start thinking about how to keep migrants and refugees out of the EU, on a very practical level: the Iraq Action Plan was drafted, the term illegal immigrant was coined and emphasis was put on prevention.
		It includes statistics on the population size and age structure, life expectancy, infant mortality, imports and exports to and from the EU and the rest of the world, GDP, development aid, existing trade and aid agreements, cooperation and readmission agreements.
		In sum, we can say that the EU approach to asylum and migration is nothing but a new tool of imperialism, an imposition of EU interests onto poorer countries and the continuing exclusion and persecution of those who have been victims of the world system of exploitation for centuries.
	www.nadir.org /nadir/kampagnen/karawane-kongress/2000/04/25/32.html (1714 words)

	The Politics of the EU - The World and I Magazine
		The commission's desire to continue to expand the scope of EU competence into areas as diverse as taxation, infrastructure projects, external trade in services as well as goods, and foreign policy trespasses on areas of far greater domestic sensitivity than when the EU was occupied primarily with questions of tariff and nontariff barrier reduction.
		In the EU's second and third pillars, it is the presidency of the EU, held on a semiannual rotating basis by each EU member state, that has the executive responsibility for making policy proposals and representing the EU in international forums, not the commission.
		With EU unemployment averaging 11 percent and economic growth struggling to break above 2 percent per year, EU governments were perceived to be exacerbating the effects of the recession by following policies of fiscal stringency required to establish European monetary union by January 1999.
	www.worldandi.com /public/1997/february/ar3.cfm (2491 words)

	Towards a European Constitution?
		To Washington the EU is characterized by a lack of political leadership with regard to prospective thinking, steering capacity and consistent action.
		Because of new external and internal tensions (such as between the Europe of the EU and the USA in light of the Iraq issue) and the growing divergences between the EU states and the candidates for entry, the matter of whether the "Convention on the future of Europe" can achieve a constitutional breakthrough is questionable.
		Looking back at the EU's initiatives in favour of lesser-used languages, there is no doubt that the European Parliament was the key player in promoting linguistic diversity in Europe; the EP can clearly be identified as the European institution which has revealed the most intensive interest in issues related to lesser-used languages.
	zis.uibk.ac.at /constitution/constitution_abstracts.html (5187 words)

	EUABC A dictionary on words related to the EU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A metaphor commonly used to describe the EU as a structure resting on three pillars.
		Matters within the latter two pillars are gradually being shifted from the national to the supra-national level, with the result that they become governed by EU law.
		The EU Constitution proposes the abolition of this three-pillar structure of the EU.
	www.euabc.com /index.phtml?word_id=713 (169 words)

	EU basis
		The foundation of the EU is formed by the Treaties, which lay down the objectives of the Union, its institutional structure, the powers of the organs, procedures of legislation and decision-making as well as the Community's financial system.
		The pillar structure The EU is built under a single institutional roof standing on three pillars, established by the Treaty on EU (1992).
		Decision-making organs of the EU are the Council of Ministers, the Commission and the Parliament.
	presidency.finland.fi /doc/eu/eu_2basi.htm (1562 words)

	Discursive Deficit
		Rather, as Moravcsik himself states, the EU derives constitutional authority from an “often-amended” body of treaties that were propose and are altered by, bureaucratic and insulated governmental entities--not by a European popular constituency.
		Despite his insistence that the EU is a “regulatory polity,” Moravcsik cites the European Parliament’s role as sole majoritarian entity of the EU to evidence the EU’s democratic legitimacy.
		His ideal of the “current institutional form of the EU” as “democratically legitimate” is abstract in the extreme, as is the idea of a European “constitutional compromise.” This abstraction relies too heavily upon democracy’s application to legitimatize the EU, and also upon Moravcsik’s contradictory theories regarding the very nature of democratic standards.
	www.smu.edu /ecenter/discourse/discursive_defecit.htm (1621 words)

	EU in Kosovo : About us -- EU Pillar human resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The EU Pillar plays a role in shaping the economic development of one of the most strategic regions in Europe.
		EU Pillar staff members work in areas related to privatisation, economics, finance, accounting, communications, internal auditing, banking, European affairs, politics, legal affairs, administration, human resources, information technology, security and a diversity of technical competencies like telecommunications, aviation and railways.
		The Human Resources Office of the EU Pillar is responsible for identifying, hiring, and developing this talent.
	www.euinkosovo.org /uk/about/about_jobs.php (170 words)

	Structure of the EU: Summary: Institutions belonging to the EU's multi-level system
		The main objective of Basic Course 4 was to: Establish a general picture of the EU's structural characteristics, especially those characteristics that have lead to it being classified as a supranational organisation and those that set it apart from more traditional international organisations.
		Well, firstly, there is the EU's legal system and closely connected to this the role played by the European Court of Justice, which strongly reflect the sort of structure usually found in national political systems.
		Then, secondly, there is the the EU's significant functional differentiation, which can be found across all its levels and which has made a considerable contribution to the way in which EU policy within the member states has and is increasingly losing its foreign policy character.
	www.dadalos-europe.org /int/grundkurs4/bilanz.htm (305 words)

	The Emergence of the European Constitution: Its Meaning for Europe and the Transatlantic Relationship
		What is crucial, however, both for its immediate legitimacy and its future workability, is that the Constitution represent a balanced effort to prepare the EU’s institutions and decision-making processes for a membership of twenty-five member states, and counting, and that it make the EU more understandable to our citizens.
		I would argue that this is an unfair comparison, particularly when you consider that the draft EU Constitution is based on the consolidation of multiple previous treaties between sovereign member states and that it includes provisions for specific policy areas.
		Perhaps most relevant to the present situation in the EU is the ability of the US framers to make simultaneously bold and closely measured proposals to achieve political compromise, while also providing a sufficiently flexible framework for governance by future generations.
	www.eurunion.org /news/speeches/2003/031028gb.htm (2422 words)

	Scope and Institutional Aspects (Delegation site) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		EFTA experts are consulted on the same basis as EU experts in the preparatory phase of EC legislation and the EEA EFTA States are consulted on proposals for legislation once they have been presented to the EU Council.
		The joint structure is reflected by an internal EFTA structure consisting of the Standing Committee of the EFTA States, made up of representatives from Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, with observers from Switzerland and the EFTA Surveillance Authority.
		The European Commission for the EU territory and the EFTA Surveillance Authority for the three EFTA States monitor the implementation of common rules throughout the European Economic Area.
	www.eu-norway.org /about/TheeeaAgreement/The+Agreement.htm (748 words)

	Structure of the EU 4: Second and third pillars
		Structure of the EU 4: Second and third pillars
		Taken together, these factors have led to very different institutional procedures and structures in individual areas of politics and for the most part are responsible for the complexity of the EU system.
		Indeed, it is clearly for this reason that they were first encompassed into the framework of the EU following the Treaty of Maastricht, after decades of EU cooperation, albeit outside of the EU with particular institutional and procedural rules that vary significantly from those of the EU pillar.
	www.dadalos-europe.org /int/grundkurs4/eu-struktur_4.htm (387 words)

	EUI -AEL - - Constitutional State
		This project is being undertaken within the framework of the Academy by Professor Neil Walker of the Law Department of the European University Institute.
		It is concerned with analysing the regulatory development of the EU on the basis of a theoretical model of 'Constitutional Pluralism'.
		Additional applied studies are proposed on the implications of the pluralist approach for enlargement, for the three pillar structure of the EU, and for the development of flexibility within the EU - three of the most important institutional questions in the current development of the EU.
	www.iue.it /AEL/Projects/ConstitutionalState.shtml (272 words)

	[No title]
		The EU Commission approximates an executive branch of career civil servants and is composed of twenty members, including its president, who oversee the bureaucracy, which is organized into numerous Directorates General.
		Yet critical to understanding EU structure and law is to disband with notions that the different institutions neatly correspond to executive, legislative, and judicial branches structured according to a separation of powers logic.
		Hence, as Sciarra concludes, EU integration is occurring not just as a result of ECJ activity, but in various ways by national judiciaries as the adjudicate their own cases or refer cases up to the ECJ.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/sciakout.htm (1705 words)

	Warning
		Europa http://europa.eu.int is the official website of the European Union and contains a great deal of background information on the organisational structure and policy areas of the EU and its constituent bodies, and access to official documentation.
		Pillar One is described in this as "embodying Community jurisdiction in its most highly developed form".
		Lawtel EU is another source of EU case law and legislation.
	www.herts.ac.uk /lis/subjects/law/eulawprac0304.htm (869 words)

	EPLO.ORG » The European Union
		The European Union (EU) is a union of 25 European countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
		The architecture of the European Union is unique in its nature. It is not a copy of a nation state in the traditional sense, and at the same time it is much more than an international organisation. It pools parts of national sovereignty in some fields and simply co-operates in others. It is a "sui generis" concept.
		Three main political institutions have been set up to ensure the effective functioning of the European Union: the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers (as representative of Member States’ interests) and the European Commission. Their way of functioning, the so-called "Community method", implies that none of these institutions can act without the assistance of the other.
	www.eplo.org /index.php?id=52 (353 words)

	JTW News - Mandelson: “Constitutional Treaty Should Be Revived”
		The pillar structure of the EU would be abolished by the adoption of the constitution.
		Since the EU is composed of three pillars (European Communities, Common Foreign and Security Policy, Justice and Home Affairs) it creates inconsistencies in EU policies which have reflections in more than one pillar.
		This situation creates inconsistencies in EU policymaking, since different parts of the same policy are pursued by different institutions of the EU.
	www.turkishweekly.net /news.php?id=29507 (1227 words)

	German Law Journal - Developments in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice Brought About by the Constitutional ...
		This treaty created the three-pillar structure of the EU, in which the European Community and its law forms the first pillar, Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) are dealt with in a second pillar and JHA are regulated and organized in a third pillar.
		This treaty brought about the current structure of the EU and especially its third pillar, which since covers only police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the place of the former JHA, whereas other topics were transferred to Title IV of the Treaty on European Communities (TEC).
		Pursuant to the CT, judicial control of EU measures is conferred upon the judicial organs.
	www.germanlawjournal.com /article.php?id=660 (6139 words)

	European Union
		IDEA: This is the interinstitutional directory of the EU which comprises the directories of the various Union institutions.
		Very useful is in particular the section on EU policies.
		This collection of papers often hosts EU related studies (generally in German), but only abstracts and table of contents are available.
	www.spfo.unibo.it /spolfo/EULAW.htm (1960 words)

	Book Store
		The present pillar structure of the EU is unsatisfactory and unclear.
		In the proposals for the next IGC, the pillar structure should be replaced by a simple division of powers — those reserved for the EU, those remaining exclusively with the member states and those shared by the EU and the member states in an enlarged European Union.
		Whether the system is well-managed depends on the presence of high levels of trust, adequate flexibility, good coordination and efficiency in terms of cost and rapidity of response to requests for information and cooperation.
	shop.ceps.be /BookDetail.php?item_id=1172 (235 words)

	Keele School of Law: Law Options Guide - Semester One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		We will clarify the institutions and processes which are particular to EU law, which bring about its application to individuals in the Member States and which are constructing a new constitutionalism and citizenship.
		Topics to be covered include: three pillar structure of the EU; law making through the adoption of treaties, directives, regulations and decisions; legal actors such as the Council, Parliament, Commission, Court of Justice, and non-governmental organisations; and principals of interpreting EU Law, such as direct effect and supremacy.
		As the member states harmonise their laws and accommodate each others’ nationals, borders between the member states are eroding and the border around the EU is strengthening.
	www.keele.ac.uk /depts/la/current/lawoptions_semester1.htm (3117 words)

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