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Topic: Pillow lavas

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	Pillow lava
		Pillow lavas are bulbous, spherical, or tubular lobes of lava.
		Pillow flows are produced by the piling up of individual pillow lava lobes.
		As a pillow flow forms, the newest pillows are erupted from the top of the stack and flow outward a limited distance before freezing, a process which tends to produce steep-sided mounds or ridges which can grow to be 10's of meters thick.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /vents/nemo/explorer/concepts/pillows.html (184 words)

	Lava
		Pillow lavas are volumetrically the most abundant type because they are erupted at mid-ocean ridges and because they make up the submarine portion of seamounts and large intraplate volcanoes, like the Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain.
		Moore and his coworkers studied lava from the Mauna Ulu eruption They described pillow lavas as elongate, interconnected flow lobes that are elliptical or circular in cross-section (Moore, 1975).
		Pillow lavas are also found near the summit of Mauna Kea These pillow lavas were produced by a subglacial eruption that occurred 10,000 years ago.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/lava.html (1573 words)

	PHYSICAL VOLCANOLOGY AND IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
		The lithology of the basalt toes and fragments is identical to that of the underlying lava.
		The groundmass of the lava in the vicinity of the lobe margins is typically aphanitic (hypohyaline to hypocystalline) with an intersertal texture, whereas the lobe interiors are fine grained and characterized by an intergranular texture.
		The similarity between compound pahoehoe and pillow lavas in terms of lobe sizes and overall morphology, along with the presence of segregation structures in the pillowlike lobes of Units 20 and 21, is consistent with the notion that the emplacement mechanism of these two lava types is essentially the same.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/197_IR/chap_03/c3_5.htm (6147 words)

	Lava Summary
		Felsic lavas such as rhyolite and dacite are often associated with strombolian eruptions, typically form lava domes and sheeted flows, and are associated with pyroclastic surge deposits and tuffs.
		Pillow lava is the rock type typically formed when lava emerges from an underwater volcanic vent or a lava flow enters the ocean.
		Lava tubes are known from the modern day eruptions of Kīlauea, and significant, extensive lava tubes of Tertiary age are known from North Queensland, Australia, some extending for 15 kilometres.
	www.bookrags.com /Lava (3326 words)

	Lava7
		Pillow lavas have elongate, interconnected flow lobes that are elliptical or circular in cross-section.
		Lavas that have slight chemical differences tend to have different temperatures and viscosity's but the critical factor influencing the transition from pahoehoe to aa is the viscosity of the lava.
		Also in contrast to pahoehoe toes, pillow lavas tend to have thicker skins of glass (because they are quenched more quickly), less vesicular skins (because even shallow water pressure is able to prevent bubbles from expanding very much), and generally radial fractures (in contrast to the generally concentric flow banding seen in pahoehoe toes).
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/frequent_questions/top_101/Lava/Lava7.html (851 words)

	Pillow Lavas I Have Known, Maine Geological Survey
		As new pillows pile onto old, the bottoms of the new, warm pillows mold their shapes to the tops of the older cooled and hardened ones, forming characteristically convex tops and concave bottoms.
		To the geologist, pillow lavas are clear evidence that the lava erupted under the sea (Click to see a video clip of modern pillows forming).
		Pillows are shown in cross-section on the photo on the left of a sea-worn outcrop.
	www.state.me.us /doc/nrimc/mgs/explore/bedrock/sites/jan03.htm (786 words)

	Proc. IODP, 301, Site U1301
		Pillow lavas were identified by the presence of curved glassy chilled margins, oblique to the vertical axis of the core, with perpendicular radial cooling cracks (Fig.
		The pillow fragments have dominantly hypocrystalline textures with a cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline groundmass.
		The pillow lavas (Units 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8) contain between 25 and 36 veins/m recovered core (Table T8); because the most fractured material is likely to be lost during coring, this is considered a minimum estimate of the actual vein density.
	iodp.tamu.edu /publications/exp301/106/106_5.htm (4775 words)

	Mývatn-Askja (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This lava fan represents the overflow from the caldera after it was filled with lava to the elevation of the pass.
		At Herðubreið, subsequent pillow lava piles overlain by steep-sided hyaloclastite complexes were built in a subglacial environment caused by thickening of the ice sheet approximately 12-15 kA ago as the climate deteriorated.
		Lavas on the caldera floor from this period appear to have originated from both the eastern and western branch of the volcanic system.
	www.norvol.hi.is /html/geol/trip3.html (4696 words)

	Volcanism
		Lava flows from Kilauea's East Rift Zone flow over the edge of this escarpment, down to the plain, on onward to the ocean.
		In fact, the upper part of oceanic crust is composed almost entirely of pillow lavas and covered by a thin veneer of sediment.
		Not surprisingly, lavas tend to be most vesicular at the tops of lava flows so this texture can be used to distinguish between flows.
	www2.brevard.edu /reynoljh/onlinegeology/volcanism/Volcanismhome.htm (1884 words)

	Lava Flows Underwater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		During an eruption lava is ejected upwards forming a curtain of fire.
		Pillows are sack- or pillow-shaped in cross section and range up to 1 m (3 ft) in diameter.
		A cartoon of pillow lavas stacked on top of each other and viewed from the side is shown to the left.
	www.punaridge.org /doc/factoids/Eruptions/Default.htm (289 words)

	Lava - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lavas with high viscosity are rhyolite, dacite, andesite and trachyte, with cooled basaltic lava also quite viscous; those with low viscosities are freshly erupted basalt, carbonatite and the unusual sulphide lavas, and occasionally andesite.
		The substrate upon which the lava has flowed may show signs of scouring, it may be broken or disturbed due to the boiling of trapped water, and in the case of soil profiles, may be baked into a brick-red clay.
		Lava tubes are known from the modern day eruptions of Kīlauea, and significant, extensive and open lava tubes of Tertiary age are known from North Queensland, Australia, some extending for 15 kilometres.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pillow_lava (2990 words)

	Mapping Of Volcanic Series Rock Units Using Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery, Troodos Ophiolite Complex, Cyprus
		The volcanic sequence, also known as the pillow lava series, is extending as an irregular incomplete ring around the periphery of the massif in a belt of metamorphosed pillow lavas and dikes, that from the uppermost 1.5-2 km of the ophiolite complex.
		Although, the lavas themselves are pale gary in colour, their inter pillow material gives a pink cast to their outcrops, in many places: The inter pillow spaces are occupied by iron stained calcite, altered glass, jasper and zeolites and their pinkish colour is due to sea floor oxidation.
		The presences of the lavas are screens results in the separation of the group from the diabase in which pillow lavas are absent.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /aars/acrs/1997/ps1/ps2003pf.htm (3069 words)

	[No title]
		A box pillow is a simple design, whatever its shape: a top and bottom layer of fabric separated by a band, or boxing.
		The pillow's closure is housed in the boxing, and after you've decided on the type of closure, it's the first element to be constructed.
		These soft cotton pillow covers have a thread count of 240 and are tightly woven to provide an natural allergen barrier to dust mites and their allergens.
	www.lycos.com /info/pillow.html (403 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Pillow lavas are created when basalt intrudes into a liquid.
		The oval shape of the pillow lavas causes the outside to cool relatively fast, at times forming a layer of obisidion.
		These basalts and pillow lavas were formed in the Iapides Ocean in the upper Cambrian (570 m.y.a.).
	students.hamilton.edu /newfoundland/Bottlecove/bottlecove.html (373 words)

	CVO Website - Pillow Lava
		When basalts erupt underwater, they commonly form pillow lavas, which are mounds of elongate lava "pillows" formed by repeated oozing and quenching of the hot basalt.
		When geologists find pillow basalts in ancient rock sequences, they may conclude that the area was once under water.
		At the time this pillow basalt formed, the water was shallow and warm enough for lime mud to accumulate on the seabed; such conditions might have occurred on top of a submarine volcano).
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/pillow_lava.html (278 words)

	MBARI - Seamounts 2004 Daily Logbook
		When lava flows down such steep slopes the pillow lavas that form are narrow and elongate tubes instead of bulbous pillows.
		To the left of the drained pillow is an elongate pillow, and to the left of that, a bulbous pillow.] These types of pillow lavas are quite rare on most submarine volcanoes, yet we saw numerous examples today.
		Other slopes were covered in pillows that had detached from the flow that fed them and rolled down the slope, making a deposit of talus that consisted of large nearly spherical pillow lavas, but none in place.
	www.mbari.org /expeditions/Seamounts04/May12004.htm (1099 words)

	Pillow Basalt Lavas
		The pillow structures allow the way-up of the sequence to be worked out and in this case they seem to young towards the south-east.
		The basaltic lavas and breccias are perhaps ancient remnants of the ocean floor that may have got caught up in the accretionary prism in the subduction zone.
		The pillow lavas at Llanddwyn are as good as it gets in Great Britain and as such they have been designated the type locality for these kind of rocks.
	www.kabrna.com /cpgs/anglesey/pillow_lava.htm (505 words)

	Volcanic events at mid-ocean ridges (Anita's notes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Lava morphology is quantified by a dimensionless parameter y, the ratio of the time required for a solid crust to form on the flow surface to a characteristic time scale for horizontal advection.
		Pillow lavas form at high cooling rates and low extrusion rate or low y; lavas become more sheet-like as the cooling rate decreases relative to a higher extrusion rate, at high y (see Figure 4).
		Lava pillars form where trapped water (or fluid) rises through a flow, increasing the permeability and the local rate of cooling, and remain when lava drains away.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~drt/Oman/anitamorvolcst.html (2388 words)

	Bugs from the deep may be window into the origins of life -- on earth and beyond
		Life on Mars may exist in "pillow lavas," volcanic rocks that are common on and below the terrestrial seafloor, according to Martin Fisk of Oregon State University.
		He and his colleagues have investigated the bacteria that live inside pillow lavas on Earth, and found that the microbes seem to be getting their energy from reactions between the glass in the rock and water.
		Pillow lavas are likely to exist on Mars, Fisk said, and their unusual bulbous shape should make them easy to detect as researchers increase the resolution of photos taken of the planet's surface.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-02/aaft-bft020403.php (1051 words)

	Content
		Lava fountains may burst out of rifts on the main dome, and form cinder cones, which dot the surface of the volcano.
		When lavas from a submarine eruption contact the ocean, they form round balls called pillow lavas, which are one to five feet in diameter.
		Lava had clothed the living tree in a winding sheet that burned it until it smoked at one end and spat a sizzle of juices out of each of its limbs and branches.
	www.fiu.edu /~harveyb/geological1.html (2790 words)

	Franciscan Pillow Lavas, TSAW Project
		Although geologists had long suspected that the pillow structure of these rocks formed underwater, it was not confirmed until the 1970's when divers observed and filmed pillows forming in shallow waters off the coast of Hawaii.
		Evidence found in pillowed exposures in the Marin Headlands supports the idea that hot water bathing these rocks was important in the early history of the pillows.
		The relative age relationship of the pillows in Marin to the rest of the rock layers is shown in this geologic column.
	www.marin.cc.ca.us /~jim/ring/rpillow.html (349 words)

	Day 22. Watching ARGO II. October 17, 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		During my watch, I got quite good at typing "pillow lava," "rubble," and "sheet" or "lobate flows." Pillow lavas are bulbous, pillow-shaped features that are abundant wherever lava erupts underwater.
		Pillow lava on top of rubble indicates that lava from a more recent eruption has buried lava from an earlier eruption.
		Amid the pillow lavas, rubble, and sheet flows, we find larger prizes such as faults, fissures, lava tubes, or grabens that can really tell us what has gone on along the ridge.
	www.punaridge.org /doc/flashes/day22/Default.htm (846 words)

	April 24, 2001
		All the lava flows seen are relatively old, having heavy palagonite alteration of the glass rinds.
		High temperature lavas would be less viscous than lower temperature ones, so might be expected to erupt as sheet flows rather than as pillows.
		These elongate pillows formed "pillow toes": as the lava lobe chills, it might briefly remain hotter where it contacts rock underneath, which causes it to curl upward before stopping.
	www.mbari.org /expeditions/Hawaii/Leg3/April24.htm (633 words)

	Field studies in the Columbia River basalt, Northwest USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The thick lava flows comprising the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) in the US state of Washington, and adjacent parts of the state of Oregon, contain a significant number of pillow lavas and palagonites—all indicative of subaqueous extrusion.
		The observations are consistent with the lava flows being extruded catastrophically, emplaced rapidly and cooled quickly, all during the global Flood recorded in the Bible.
		To the contrary, in most locations, interbeds between lava flows are essentially nonexistent, and, when they do occur, they are thin, uniform in their thinness, and found mainly at the periphery of the flows.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v16/i1/columbia.asp (5171 words)

	Pillow Lava (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Pillow lavas may form by the discharge of lavas into rivers, lakes, ponds or under glaciers, as well into oceans.
		The pillow structures result from the protrusion of elongate lava lobes, which detach from and fall down the moving flow front.
		(b) Pillows vary from a few cm to several m in diameter, and are generally spheroidal, ellipsoidal, or may be flattened in cross-section.
	www.geo.ua.edu /volcanology/lecture_notes_files/pillow_lava.html (215 words)

	Pillow Lavas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Once you have seen one, a pillow lava is a very recognizable rock in the field.
		These beautifully exposed 2.7 Ga (defined) pillows near the gold mining town of Red Lake, Ontario occur on an outcrop planed off by the Pleistocene (defined) glaciation.
		Under the red pencil on this photo you can see a pillow that was starting to form by budding off from the larger pillow in the upper left portion of the photo.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /courses/g115/volcano/pillow.html (289 words)

	Newport News-Times: Microbes from sea floor give clues how to hunt for life on Mars
		Fisk focused on the microbes found in pillow basalts in the spreading regions of the sea floor.
		The "pillow" basalts are volcanic rocks that form when hot magma from deep within the Earth erupts into water, forming bulbous, pillowy shapes with a glass-like texture on the outside.
		"The oldest pillow lavas," Fisk said, "are 3.5 billion years old, and scientists from Norway found tiny tracks very similar to those in present-day, deep sea rocks.
	www.newportnewstimes.com /articles/2004/11/24/news/news19.txt (688 words)

	1
		Basaltic lavas which solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly, producing a sharp-surfaced lava rock named _____.
		The difference between lava and magma is that _____.
		Pillow basalts attain their distinctive blob-like shapes because their parent lavas do not travel far prior to solidification.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~millerm/practicemc1.html (1304 words)

	Geology 1 with Terry J. Boroughs: Volcanism and Weathering for Fri/Sat Section
		A lava flow with a surface of jagged blocks is termed:
		Lavas from cinder cone and shield volcanoes are:
		Pillow lavas form when lava is extruded under water.
	www.arc.losrios.edu /~borougt/FSVolcanismWeatheringHomework.htm (1687 words)

	Virtual Vacationland: Bathymetry
		When lava flows under the sea, its outer "skin" is instantly frozen to form a solid rind of volcanic glass.
		As the lava continues to flow, it breaks outs of its shell, exposing fresh lava to the seawater and forming a new glass rind.
		Pillow lavas form with their rounded, "puffy" side up.
	www.bigelow.org /virtual/bath_sub2.html (1359 words)

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