To the vigorously stirred pinene at 25°C is added the KAPA (0.1 mol) prepared in part A, using a double-ended needle, over 15 min.
The crude pinene is decanted from the calcium chloride through a plug of glass wool and distilled at reduced pressure from lithium aluminium hydride (Note 8) and (Note 9).
It was purified before use by distillation from lithium aluminium hydride; small increments of hydride were added to pinene stirred under nitrogen until an excess was present as determined by observing gas evolution on addition of a few drops of methanol to an aliquot of the slurry.
It is also important that the chemical structure of pinene has the same "handedness" as the taxol molecule, a feature that is crucial to developing a synthetic source of taxol with the same powerful anti-cancer effect.
In addition, pinene, a monoterpene, contains 10 of the carbons that are required in the 20-carbon skeleton of taxol, a diterpene.
So far, by building on pinene, the Stanford group has assembled the three rings of the core molecule of taxol and has put together all of the key functional groups on the first two of these three rings.
The pinene polymer that is usable in the present invention is either a pinene polymer obtained from.alpha.-pinene or a polymer obtained from.beta.-pinene, which has a molecular weight of 500 to 10000.
Pinene polymers which are preferably used in the present invention have a softening point of 60.degree.
Such a pinene polymer is dissolved in a solvent, e.g., xylene, toluene, benzene, chloroform, dichloroethane, n-hexane, etc. and coated on an electrode by a coating method, for example, blade coating, dipping, spinner coating, etc. The film thickness of the pinene polymer after drying is preferably from 0.1.mu.m to 5.mu.m.
Alpha- and/or beta-pinene polymers are manufactured by various processes that increase the molecular weight beyond that of alpha- or beta-pinene and include formation of a dimer (two ``pinenes'' in a single molecule), formation of a trimer (three ``pinenes'' in a single molecule), or polymerization.
Given the relationship of turpentine to alpha-pinene, and the relationship of alpha- to beta-pinene, by extrapolation, there could be neurotoxicity concerns for pinene chemicals from dermal and inhalation exposures.
Polymers composed of alpha and beta-pinene monomers are of a low molecular weight, and thus cannot be exempted from the requirement of a tolerance using the criteria specified for defining a low-risk polymer in 40 CFR 723.250.
The three pinene synthases (cyclases) from common sage (Salvia officinalis) found to catalyze the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to the bicyclic olefins, cyclase I, II, and III, in addition to smaller amounts of monocyclic and acyclic monoterpene olefins.
Sulfonium analogs of two putative carbocationic intermediates of the cyclization sequence were shown to be inhibitors of the conversion of the acyclic precursor to the bicyclic monoterpenes (+)-alpha-pinene and (+)-bornyl pyrophosphate by partially purified cyclase preparations from sage.
Both the (4R)- and the (4S)-thia and -aza analogs of the alpha-terpinyl cation were prepared and tested as inhibitors with the antipodal pinene cyclases from Salvia officinalis, both in the absence and in the presence of inorganic pyrophosphate.
In the present work, the chromatographic separation of all monoterpene products formed in the catalytic isomerization of @a-pinene, using the capillary column CP-Wax 52 CB, is reported.
The enantioselective analysis of the @a-pinene isomerization products was performed by use of a @c-cyclodextrin capillary column.
These analyses provide us with the necessary information about the composition of the isomerization products, which is required for a proper understanding of the reaction mechanism and the selectivity pattern in the catalytic isomerization of @a-pinene over natural clinoptilolite.
Synergistic effect of ethanol to a-pinene in primart attraction of the larger pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda
The low release rate of ethanol together with a-pinene attracted a significantly higher number of beetles than a-pinene alone in 1995, April of 1996, and in 1997.
pinipeda to ethanol and a-pinene at various release rates and proportions may be due to the temperature dependent nature of beetle antennal sensitivity.
Amazon.com: pinene(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
Acidity effects on the formation of @a-pinene ozone SOA in the presence of inorganic seed [An article from: Atmospheric Environment by N.M. oschke and M. Jang (Jul 1, 2006)
The fractionation of American gum spirits of turpentine and evaluation of its pinene content by optical means (Technical bulletin / United States Department of Agriculture) by S Palkin (Unknown Binding - 1932)
Catalytic hydrogenation of pinene derivatives over heterogeneous palladium and platinum catalysts: The use and mechanism of NMR shift reagents in sterochemical elucidations by Walter Alvin Boyd (Unknown Binding - 1972)
A preferred formulation of the composition of the invention that is particularly suited to reduce pain associated with menstruation, comprising, 90% calendula oil mixed with 45% of one or more of alcohol, mineral oil, glycerin or water; and 10% cornmint oil.
The topical analgesic used in the method may further comprise, an effective amount of components selected from a group consisting of: orange oil; pennyroyal oil; rosemary Spanish oil; corianda oil; menthyl acetate; alpha pinene; beta pinene; camphor white oil; calendula oil; mineral oil; and almond oil.
The analgesic is best applied using an applicator bottle that enables the user to dispense small amounts of the analgesic to targeted areas of the skin.
The cotyledon and early seedling leaf composition, when compared with that of mature leaf from the same chemical variety, was found to be biased toward pinene and terpinolene biogenetic pathway constituents.
Hence pinene and terpinolene biogenesis commences prior to the onset of sabinene hydrate and terpinen-4-ol formation.
Consequently early seedling leaf microanalysis is not a good indicator of mature tree quality unless the sequential onset of the biogenetic pathways in tea tree is taken into consideration.
Isomers of pinene inhibited activity to different extents.
The initial culture densities (OD) were 0.12 (for pinene and terpinene additions) and 0.03 (for myrcene additions).
The results for isolate HH1 (A) are representative of the results obtained with isolates HH3, HH4, HH6, and the results for isolate D1 (B) are similar to the results obtained with isolate D3 (see text).
α-Pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class, one of two isomers of pinene.
For many years 6b (also called "artificial camphor") was referred to as "pinene hydrochloride", until it was confirmed as identical with bornyl chloride made from camphene.
Both 8 and 9 are stable compounds containing an intact four-membered ring, and these compounds helped greatly in identifying this important component of the pinene skeleton.
Gambliel H, Croteau R (1984) Pinene cyclases I and II: two enzymes from sage (Salvia officinalis) which catalyze stereospecific cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to monoterpene olefins of opposite configuration.
Geron C, Rasmussen R, Arnts RR, Guenther A (2000) A review and synthesis of monoterpene speciation from forests in the United States.
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3.6 Stock Standard Solutions: Prepare a stock solution of a mixture of a- pinene and a- terpineol at a concentration of approximately 20g/100 mL (corrected for impurity) each in ethyl acetate.
Prepare a 3 to 5% solution by weighing 3- 5 g of both alpha- pinene and alpha-terpineol in a 100mL volumetric flask and ringing the volume to the mark with a soap detergent that does not contain more than 0.03% of terpineol.
(C) and (D) Mirror images of NES and Pinene Synthase (PINS) expression in ripe fruits of wild and cultivated strawberry species detected by RNA gel blots.
The numbers (1) and (2) mark two different wild species or cultivated varieties of strawberry (see Methods).
ananassa Pinene Hydroxylase (FaPINH) gene in different tissues of cultivated (top pair of blots) and the wild strawberry in leaf, root, and red ripe fruit tissues (bottom pair of blots).
