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	The Pinetree Line Home Page
		Besides the main stations on the Pinetree Line there were a series of "Gap Fillers" planned and built to cover the gaps in radar coverage.
		This is the place to contact those that you served with and to initiate an exchange of memories, information and "what-ever-happened-to" exchanges with others that served on the Pinetree Line.
		This is a "living" register of those that served on the Pinetree Line.
	www.pinetreeline.org /homepage.html (933 words)

	Mid-Canada Line - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Mid-Canada Line, also known as the McGill Fence, was a line of radar stations across the "middle" of Canada to provide early warning of a Soviet bomber attack on North America.
		The majority of Mid-Canada Line stations were used only briefly from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, as the attack threat changed from bombers to ICBMs; the early warning role passed almost entirely to the more capable DEW Line further north.
		The southernmost site along the eastern portion of the line, at Cape Henrietta Maria on Hudson Bay, was used as the main communications point, and three additional repeater stations tranfered data from the line southward to air defense headquarters in North Bay, Ontario.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/McGill_Fence (1528 words)

	Pinetree Line
		The Pinetree Line was a series of radar stations located across Canada at about the 50th parallel, along with a number of other stations located on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
		The line was the first coordinated system for early detection of a Soviet bomber attack on North America, but the early 1950s radar systems quickly became outdated and the line was in full operation only for a short time.
		Nevertheless many of the Pinetree stations were kept operational into the 1970s, as they were useful in a civilian role for air traffic control.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/p/pi/pinetree_line.html (601 words)

	Encyclopedia: Distant-Early-Warning-Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Distant Early Warning Line, also known as the DEW Line or Early Warning Line, was a system of radar stations in the far northern Arctic region of Canada, with additional stations along the North Coast and Aleutian Islands of Alaska, in addition to Greenland and Iceland.
		The DEW Line was the northernmost and most capable of three radar lines in Canada; the joint Canada/US Pinetree Line ran from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, and the Mid-Canada Line ran somewhat north of this.
		A rough map of the three warning lines The Pinetree Line was a series of radar stations located across southern Canada at about the 50th parallel, along with a number of other stations located on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Distant_Early_Warning_Line (1370 words)

	Distant Early Warning Line
		The DEW Line was the northernmost and most capable of three radar lines in Canada; the joint Canada/US Pinetree Line ran from Labrador to Vancouver, and the Mid-Canada Line ran somewhat north of this.
		Improvements in Soviet technology made these two lines inadequate and on February 15, 1954, the Canadian and American governments agreed to jointly build a line of radar stations in the high Arctic.
		In 1987 the DEW Line was merged with other stations into the North Warning System, automation was increased, and a number of additional stations were closed.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/d/di/distant_early_warning_line.html (487 words)

	Pinetree Line -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Pinetree stations were kept operational during this period, and most underwent modifications as a part of the deployment of (Any of various plants of the genus Salvia; a cosmopolitan herb) SAGE.
		By the later (The decade from 1950 to 1959) 1950s some were being mothballed as newer systems came on line to the north.
		Nevertheless many of the Pinetree stations were kept operational into the (The decade from 1980 to 1989) 1980s, particularly on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pi/pinetree_line.htm (462 words)

	Pinetree Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The line was the first coordinated system for early detection of a Soviet bomber attack on North America, but the early1950's radar systems quickly became outdated and the line was in full operation only for a short time.
		The Pinetree stations were kept operational during this period, and most underwent modifications as a part of the deploymentof SAGE.
		Nevertheless many ofthe Pinetree stations were kept operational into the 1970s, as they were useful in a civilian role for air traffic control.
	www.therfcc.org /pinetree-line-275168.html (578 words)

	Early-Warning Radar
		LAURENT's government accepted the advice in June 1954 and proceeded with this all-Canadian Mid-Canada Line project because technology was available in Canada, the line was cheaper than an arctic chain, and the plan avoided the troublesome issue of American presence on Canadian soil.
		Intercontinental and submarine-launched missiles, against which all 3 early-warning lines were useless, began to replace the manned bomber as the main Soviet threat in the early 1960s and a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) was constructed in Alaska and Greenland.
		The development of the Cruise missile, a low-flying weapon that could avoid detection by the DEW and Pinetree lines, reawakened interest in arctic air defence in the early 1980s.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002485 (797 words)

	Labrador - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Today the remaining stations are automated as part of the North Warning System, however the military settlements during the early part of the Cold War surrounding these stations have largely continued as local Innu and Inuit populations have clustered near their port and airfield facilities.
		In the 1980s-2000s the Trans-Labrador Highway was built in stages to connect various inland communities with the North American highway network at Mont Wright, Quebec (which in turn is connected by a Quebec highway running north from Baie-Comeau, Quebec).
		Line B: the boundary demanded by Newfoundland in the 1920s, and now claimed by Quebec today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Labrador (1446 words)

	Mid-Canada Line -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the Pinetree and other pulsed radars, the antenna spent most of its time turned off, listening for the echos, whereas the Doppler system separated the two functions with separate antennas.
		The missions proved that it was possible to build the new line, but only during the winter when the (Click link for more info and facts about muskeg) muskeg was frozen solid.
		The plans also called for the construction of several airbases known as Line Clearance Aerodromes just to the north of the line, where (Click link for more info and facts about interceptor aircraft) interceptor aircraft could operate in times of heightened alert.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/M/Mi/Mid-Canada_Line1.htm (1494 words)

	NJDOT Traffic Regulations - No Parking - Route 18
		All bus stops in (a) of this section are to be the above specified length measured from the curb line of the intersecting street and the prolongation of the curb line of the street which intersects.
		(N) Pinetree Boulevard (southbound) on the westerly side—beginning at the prolongation of the northerly curb line of Ferry Road and extending 105 feet northerly therefrom.
		(B) Pinetree Boulevard (northbound) on the easterly side—beginning at the prolongation of the northerly curb line of Pinetree Road and extending 100 feet northerly therefrom.
	www.state.nj.us /transportation/refdata/traffic_orders/parking/rt18.shtm (748 words)

	MODULE 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Pinetree Line was a radar network built in the early 1950s across southern Canada (near the 49th Parallel).
		The construction of the Pinetree Line was begun in 1951 and it achieved operational status by January 1954.
		This line was far enough away from industrial and populated areas that it would provide a warning time of about four to five hours.
	www.stratnet.ucalgary.ca /elearning/NORAD/Readings/noradformation.htm (1410 words)

	Distant Early Warning Line -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The line consisted of sixty-three stations stretching from (A state in northwestern North America; the 49th state admitted to the union) Alaska to (The 5th largest island and the largest island of Arctic Canada; lies between Greenland and Hudson Bay) Baffin Island, covering almost 10,000 km.
		There were three types of stations: small unmanned ones were checked by aircrews only every few months during the summer; intermediate stations with only a chief, a chef, and a mechanic; and larger stations that had a variable number of employees and may have had libraries, movie projectors, and other distractions.
		In 1985 the more capable DEW Line stations were upgraded and merged with newly built stations into the (Click link for more info and facts about North Warning System) North Warning System.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/D/Di/Distant_Early_Warning_Line.htm (465 words)

	North American Radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		To detect this onslaught, three lines of early warning radar stations were foisted upon the Canadian people: the Pinetree Line, which ran east to west just north of the US border, the Mid-Canada Line, and the arctic Distant Early Warning Line.
		The DEW line, many of the stations on which were built in the most inhospitable region on earth, followed the 66th parallel and was completed by 1961.
		In reaction to a new generation of Russian bombers, and to the threat of nuclear cruise missiles, the DEW Line was upgraded with fifteen new FPS117 phased-array radars between 1985 and 1994, and re-named the North Warning Line.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /nuclear_bunkers/radar.html (312 words)

	Air Force Magazine
		The DEW Line was the largest construction project ever undertaken in the Arctic and one of the most difficult construction projects of any kind, ever.
		On July 31, 1957, responsibility for the DEW Line passed to the Air Force, and, by the end of that year, the first phase of stations was virtually complete.
		The military role of the DEW Line was to detect the approach of Soviet bombers from the north in an actual attack.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Feb2004/0204line.html (2885 words)

	The Pinetree Line Resources
		We are, of course, aware that Frobisher Bay was eventually selected as the location for the 926th AC&W Squadron and that this unit was operational as part of the Pinetree Line between 1953 and 1961.
		Of specific interest to those with background in the Pinetree Line is a section on the radar station which was located at St. Anthony.
		It was one of the forty-four stations in the Pinetree radar line that stretched across Canada.
	www.pinetreeline.org /general.html (4459 words)

	NORAD at 40 Historical Overview
		The first undertaking was the Pinetree Line of 33 stations built across southern Canada and completed in 1954 at the cost of about $50 million.
		By 1957, a Mid-Canada Line, or McGill Fence, was completed about 300 miles north of the Pinetree Line, generally along the 55th parallel.
		Completion of the three-tiered radar defense line gave the population centers of the US and Canada two to three hours warning of bomber attack, sufficient time to identify and intercept the enemy aircraft.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/airdef/norad-overview.htm (2192 words)

	North American Aerospace Defense Command - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first series of radars was the Pinetree Line, completed in 1954, of 33 stations across southern Canada.
		This system was roughly 300 miles north of the Pinetree Line along the 55th parallel.
		But the DEW line sites were still replaced, in a scaled-back fashion by the North Warning System radars between 1986 and 1995.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NORAD (1136 words)

	Block of the Month 2000
		11) Lightly mark a diagonal line on the wrong side of the two 9-1/2" fabric C squares as shown.
		If the Block will be hand quilted, trim away the extra fabric 1/4" away from the sewn diagonal line.
		The completed Pinetree quilt Block should measure 18-1/2" which includes a 1/4" seam allowance on all sides.
	www.quilt.com /BlockOfTheMonth/2000/Pinetree.html (820 words)

	DEW Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Improvements in Soviet technology made these two lines inadequate and on February 15, 1954 the Canadian and American governments agreed to jointlybuild a line of radar stations in the high arctic.
		The line consisted of sixty-three stations stretching from Alaska to Baffin Island,covering almost 10,000 km.
		In 1987 the DEW Line was merged with other stations into the North Warning System, automation was increased, and a number ofadditional stations were closed.
	www.therfcc.org /dew-line-247361.html (473 words)

	Canada's Airforce - Airfield Engineers, Cold War
		Construction of the Pinetree Line began in 1951 and by 1955, 35 stations were operational and 24 were manned.
		This line was constructed by the USAF and was designed to provide a two hour warning against manned bombers for the populated areas of Canada and the US.
		The line was situated 600 miles North of the MCL and extended 2400 miles across the northern rim of the continent from Alaska to Cape Dyer Baffin Island.
	www.airforce.forces.ca /airfield_engineers/history/history_4_e.htm (2401 words)

	NJDOT Traffic Regulations - Turns - Route 17
		(B) All bus stops in (a) of this section are to be the above specified length measured from the curb line of the intersecting street and the prolongation of the curb line of the street which intersects.
		(N) Pinetree Boulevard (southbound) on the westerly side - beginning at the prolongation of the northerly curb line of Ferry Road and extending 105 feet northerly therefrom.
		(B) Pinetree Boulevard (northbound) on the easterly side - beginning at the prolongation of the northerly curb line of Pinetree Road and extending 100 feet northerly therefrom.
	www.state.nj.us /transportation/refdata/traffic_orders/turns/rt18.shtm (839 words)

	Pinetree Line
		However the costs of running such a system in the post-war era was too high, and instead Canada concentrated on the areas around Ontario and Quebec, while the US set up stations in the midwest and along the eastern seaboard.
		In 1949 Congress agreed to a $161 million construction program in cooperation with the RCAF, for a continuous line of stations across southern Canada.
		Of these, 22 of the main stations and all of th gap fillers were paid for by the USAF, leaving 11 to the RCAF.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/pinetree_line (732 words)

	Documents on Canadian External Relations (DCER) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Since the U.S. already operated a chain of radar stations on this coast, as part of the Pinetree project, the proposal really meant the insertion of a number of gap-filler radars at appropriate points.
		The U.S. Air Force had delayed requesting permission to begin construction because it had been waiting for the conclusion of the D.E.W. Line agreement on the assumption that this would serve as a model for the agreement to authorize the construction of these stations in Labrador and Newfoundland.
		This might delay construction of the stations and prevent their being operational by January 1957, when it was expected that the mid-Canada line would be completed.
	www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca /department/history/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=1399 (721 words)

	Sovereignty, What Is It?
		Examples are the Pinetree Line, the Distant Early Warning [DEW] Line, the North American Aerospace Defence system [NORAD] and the long-standing combined operations of the Canadian and American navies.
		The Pinetree Line was a network of 33 radar stations from Vancouver Island, through Alberta, northern Ontario and Quebec to the Labrador coast.
		The purpose of the Line was to warn against possible Soviet long-range bomber attack.
	www.senioryears.com /sovereignty.html (932 words)

	Strategic Air Defense Radars - United States Nuclear Forces
		That data is passed over space and ground based communication lines to the AWACS and ROCC/SOCCs for display and identification.
		In 1952, the Distant Early Warning (DEW) line project was initiated with the Bell System as primary contractor and Western Electric assigned the job as PROJECT 572.
		In 1957, a series of 58 radars in the DEW Line became operational along the arctic circle from Greenland to Alaska.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/systems/airdef-radar.htm (687 words)

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