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Topic: Pinwheel calculator

	Stepped-Drum, Pinwheel & Direct Multiplication Calculators
		Stepped-drum and pinwheel calculating machines were advertised principally for use in multiplication and division, particularly multiplication of large numbers and other complex calculations.
		New pinwheel calculators were still advertised in Germany in 1960.
		Presumably the explanation for this is that pinwheel, stepped-drum, and direct multiplication calculators were used largely in scientific and engineering applications, rather than in routine office work.
	www.officemuseum.com /calculating_machines_pinwheel_other.htm (1193 words)

	Early Office Museum Adding and Calculating Machines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A number of calculating machines were invented between 1642 and the late 1880s, when our story begins.
		Large "difference engine" calculating machines, including the Scheutz machine illustrated above, were designed for use in construction of the many types of tables--logarithmic, trigonometric, nautical, astronomical, actuarial, civil engineering, etc.-- that were published and used extensively in the 19th century.
		However, pinwheel and stepped-drum calculators, as well as the available direct multiplication calculators, were not efficient for high volumes of addition and subtraction, and hence they did not play a major role in the typical early business office.
	www.netangola.com /EarlyOfficeMuseum/calculating_machines.htm (1434 words)

	Four Function Mechanical Calculators
		Odhner was one of the two inventors of the pinwheel calculator in 1874.
		Marchant advertised these models as 'the last word in calculators.' HP suggested that the HP 9100A might be the 'first word' in a new breed of calculators.
		This calculator used the rocking segment mechanism commonly found in ten key adding machines but in this calculator it was adapted to all four functions.
	www.hpmuseum.org /ffhand.htm (1987 words)

	How Calculating Machines Worked
		The Pinwheel consisted of the main wheel body which was fixed relative to the shaft and contained pockets large enough to allow the nine moving pins to drop completely into it.
		The pinwheel drove the green gear which drove the blue gear which was attached to the fl disk with numbers printed along its rim.
		There were two sets of pins because on an Odhner machine, the pinwheels were turned in one direction for addition and the opposite way for subtraction and the carries (or borrows) had to be performed after the addition or subtraction.
	www.hpmuseum.org /mechwork.htm (2467 words)

	John Wolff's Web Museum - Pin-wheel Calculators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The "pin-wheel" from which these calculators take their name is a circular disc or wheel which has nine retractable pins extending radially around part of its circumference.
		It is generally acknowledged as the first practical pinwheel calculator, although it is often called the "Baldwin 1875" machine after the year in which it was granted its US Patent (No. 159244).
		Baldwin was a prolific inventor who continued to develop many and varied calculator mechanisms (including that for the Monroe line) until his death (at 87) in 1925.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~wolff/calculators/pinwheel/pinwheel.htm (1433 words)

	Pinwheel Machines
		This type of pinwheel calculator was invented by Willgodt T. Odhner in St. Peterburg in 1874.
		The calculating speed came from a very smooth pinwheel mechanism and an obedient keyboard with Dalton layout.
		Pinwheel calculators were much more popular in Germany than in the US.
	www.calculi.nl /page2.html (415 words)

	Pinwheel calculator
		Pinwheel calculators were invented independently by Frank S. Baldwin in the USA (1872) and Wilgott Theophil Odhner in Russia (1874).
		Pinwheel calculators were more popular in Europe (particularly in Germany) than in the United States.
		In one the accumulation of totals appeared; in the other, there appeared the figure which was added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided." (The Office Appliance Manual, p.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_Pinwheel_calculator (210 words)

	Calculators (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Monroe Company is now located in Levittown PA and still sells calculators, although from 1953 to the early 1960's it also made a series of small computers: MonRobots (I to XI), as part of Litton Industries.
		This calculator replaced the human power required in earlier machines (see the Monroe calculator) with an electric motor, a single on/off relay and a number of mechanical clutches.
		The Friden calculator machine further automated calculation by allowing a multiple digit factor to be entered in the small panel on the left of the main keyboard.
	infolab.stanford.edu /pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/1-Calculators.htm (581 words)

	"Iron Felix" meets the Odhner calculator
		The design was readily available from the St. Petersburg factory founded in 1886 by W.T. Odhner, inventor of the pinwheel calculator, and nationalized after the 1917 revolution.
		The outcome of all these compromises is a calculator with the same four-function capability but less reliability; indeed, the looser manufacturing tolerance of the Felix’s gear trains shows up in a perceptibly larger free play of the mechanism.
		Indeed, one can surmise that Felix calculators were put to good use in the effort that put an equally no-frills artificial moon into orbit in 1957 -– this time ahead of the competition.
	www.nzeldes.com /HOC/IronFelix.htm (493 words)

	The Old Computer Hut - Calculators (1)
		The pinwheel is a much later development and was invented in the late 1870s independently by Frank Stephen Baldwin in the United states (1875) and by Willgodt Theophil Odhner (1878).
		Confusingly, with the Marchant calculator, the opposite is true because its cylinder driven off the crank by a pair of gears and its direction of rotation is accordingly reversed.
		This calculator is the oldest in the collection and dates from the mid 1920s.
	www.oldcomputers.arcula.co.uk /calc1.htm (660 words)

	COMPUTING MACHINES: The revealed grace of the mechanism: computing after Babbage
		By this time, four-function manual digital calculators were already well-established as the cumbersome (but commercially successful) Thomas Arithmometers, developed by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar from a Leibniz 'stepped-drum' design.
		Hand-cranked calculators persisted to the end, with sophistications such as a 'back-transfer mechanism' that copied the output back to the input register.
		In 1620, Edmund Gunter devised a calculation method using dividers on a single log scale, but invention of the slide rule proper is generally credited to the Surrey rector and mathematician William Oughtred.
	www.scientific-computing.com /scwmayjun03computingmachines.html (2605 words)

	Odhner Calculators - Willgodt T. Odhner - Kevin Odhner
		A new Odhner factory was built in 1889(Wassen), and in 1892, Brunsviga was liscenced to produce identical calculators in Germany and elsewhere, suggesting that demand had already reached a level which would support such investments.
		In all, 30,000 Odhner calculators are said to have been produced in Russia between 1890 and 1917, 6000 of these as of 1903(Martin).
		The picture is from a booklet called "Från abakus till Odhner" published in Sweden in 1958....I am told the calculator itself may also reside at the Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm at this time, however, the curator there did not mention it or send a picture of this along with the other two..
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wtodhner/calcs.html (3419 words)

	[No title]
		Prior to the invention and mass marketing of the Odhner pinwheel calculator, scientists and businessmen simply had no way of quickly multiplying or dividing large numbers.
		Depending on date of manufacture and condition, the value of an Odhner Pinwheel Calculator on the antique and collectables market ranges from $100 to $10,000, and in many cases they are now priceless museum exhibits.
		Therefore, all dating of the Russian made Odhner calculators must be derived analytically, by comparing the scant descriptions, photos, drawings, ads, and histories available to the features and the serial numbers of known models.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /wtodhner/odhnermiss.html (752 words)

	Curta Calculator
		It does the same four arithmetical operations done by a pinwheel calculator like my Odhner; but the Odhner and its many clones weighed in at 6 kilograms or so, whereas the Curta sits comfortably in your hand, providing speed, convenience and precision in a mechanism weighing a mere 230 grams.
		Herzstark’s breakthrough was in using a single stepped drum for all the digits, with the digits’ readout gearing surrounding this drum in a circle, instead of the usual linear design that required a row of drums, one for each digit.
		The result of the calculation, 56088, shows in the result readout (fl part of the top), and the multiplier (456) shows in the counter readout (white part of the top).
	www.nzeldes.com /HOC/Curta.htm (494 words)

	[No title]
		Yet, for calculators, their first commercial use began in the early 1970's.
		The German company Grimme, Natalis and Co. of Braunschweig obtained the German patent rights to the Odhner pinwheel calculator in 1982, and produced similar machines under the Brunsviga name.
		The company improved and developed the Brunsviga which became one of the most successful mechanical calculators and was produced up to the early 1970s.
	www.lycos.com /info/calculators-computer.html?page=2 (357 words)

	How to Quilt: Learn to Quilt, Calculate Fabric Requirements with FabriCalc
		This is not some fly-by-night calculator that was created by some guy who cuts wood or pipes and doesn’t understand about diamonds, triangles, half-square triangles, quarter-square triangles, diagonals, and all sorts of fancy cuts.
		Well, it may have been created by an engineer who made a calculator for a guy who cuts wood and pipes, but this calculator was designed specifically for non-engineering quilters and works for all of the complex (and simple) cuts that we quilters want to make.
		And, it’s not like the calculator my engineer son uses – with all kinds of symbols and weird-looking things that mean something if you are a rocket scientist.
	www.how-to-quilt.com /newsletter/fabriCalc.shtml (3356 words)

	whipup.net
		The pinwheel blankie is a delicious pizza of a baby blanket, knit from the center out, with any kind of yarn and any appropriately sized needles.
		Mary Thomas has a few diagrams for making medallions and circular knitted pieces in her books, which can be had for about $10 each.
		I discovered the pinwheel blanket on your blog last year and started one myself in self-striping yarn (the baby came early and I didn’t finish it; when I do I’ll post a picture on your flickr group).
	whipup.net /2006/04/04/to-start-a-pinwheel (1303 words)

	Order Form
		You can also resize this window so the calculator is along side this window.
		Use the calculator at the bottom of the page.
		Calculate and insert the amount in appropriate block, add them up and submit.
	www.quiltingupastorm.com /backup/orderform.htm (165 words)

	Scientific Collectables for vintage calculators Fowlers and Odhner and Brunsviga
		This was the largest circular calculator made by Fowler's and measures 12cm in diameter, and it has a 79" long scale extending over ten circles.
		Model WSR 160, serial no 224407, made in Germany by Walther this is a quality calculator, the pinwheel mechanism being machined from brass.
		This is a MULTO Pinwheel mechanical calculator manufactured in Sweden around the 1950s, and retailed by ADDO Ltd. London.
	www.scientificcollectables.com /page_calculators.htm (734 words)

	Education World ® Lesson Planning: Pinwheels for Peace
		The Pinwheels for Peace project aims to help students make a public visual statement about their feelings about war, peace, bullying, tolerance, cooperation, harmony, unity, and, in some way, maybe, awaken the public and let them know what the next generation is thinking.
		Pinwheels can be made as small as one inch in diameter or as large as desired -- limited only by the creator's materials and motivation.
		Pinwheels for Peace is an art installation project started by two art teachers, Ann Ayers and Ellen McMillan, who teach at Monarch High School in Coconut Creek, Florida, as a way for students to express their feelings about what's going on in the world and in their lives.
	www.education-world.com /a_lesson/dailylp/dailylp/dailylp006.shtml (812 words)

	Monroe Mechanical Calculator
		While pinwheel and stepped drum machines were excellent for multiplication and division, the adding machine was better for addition and subtraction.
		The keyboards of adding machines made for faster data entry than the levers of the pinwheel and stepped drum machines.
		(The design was done by Frank Baldwin who previously invented the pinwheel calculator.) The model shown has a full keyboard for numeric entry.
	www.xnumber.com /xnumber/pic_monroe1.htm (219 words)

	Educational Things (4)
		This educational program teaches you how to add, multiply, subtract, divide, etc. on a real working pinwheel calculator (Ohdner-like machine).
		A small ring, or core, of ferrite (a ferromagnetic ceramic) can be magnetized in either of two opposite directions (clockwise or counterclockwise).
		In 1974 was the 'turn-over' to semiconductor (transistor) memory with the advent of the 4 kbit chip; the cost was 1 cent per bit for both techniques by then.
	www.calculi.nl /page19.html (163 words)

	Calculators' Pages
		Over the years this bug became a monster, slowly it took over from one book shelve, the whole bookcase, than two, three… Now it is taking over one of the bedrooms and part of the hallway, and it is still creeping…
		List of Early Brunsvigas, which is extremely interesting, I received it initially from one of the fellow collectors.
		Brunsviga was selling its calculators in France under the name La Rapide and Brunsvigula.
	www.calculators.szrek.com (1745 words)

	Operating a Pinwheel Calculator
		Instructions for basic arithmetic operations with a rotary pinwheel calculator.
		This is a new article and was not in "The International Calculator Collector".
		Until the coming of cheap electronic calculators in the 1970s, hundreds of thousands of these calculations were performed daily on this type of machine.
	www.vintagecalculators.com /html/operating_a_pinwheel_calculato.html (1045 words)

	Odhner Pinwheel Calculator
		The calculator tolerated all this -- in those days machines were built to stand abuse, not to fear it.
		Later, when I was a student in the mid-70's, there were still such machines in use at the Physics department; but they were gone by the time I'd graduated, casualties of the far more effective electronic calculators.
		W.T. Odhner invented his very successful “pinwheel” four-function calculator mechanism in Russia in 1874, and his invention was cloned by numerous companies, resulting in dozens of similar models that remained in wide use for almost a century.
	www.nzeldes.com /HOC/Odhner.htm (436 words)

	Jim Burnell's CCD Images - Latest Images with the TeleVue "is" series and the STL11000M
		This image is a composite of a stack of 5 eight-minute luminance exposures and stacks of 4 eight-minute color exposures taken through red, green and blue filters using an STL11000M CCD camera on a Tele Vue NP101is 4" f/5.4 refractor.
		This image is a composite of a stack of 8 eight-minute luminance exposures and stacks of 6 eight-minute color exposures taken through red, green and blue filters using an STL11000M CCD camera on a Tele Vue NP101is 4" f/5.4 refractor.
		This image is a color composite of a stack of 10 eight-minute exposures taken through a luminance filter used as the luminance channel combined with stacks of 8 eight-minute exposures taken through red, green and blue filters for the color channels.
	www.jburnell.com /STL1stLight.html (3284 words)

	Computer Museum of America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Willgodt Odhner, inventor of the Brunsviga calculator, sold his patent rights to Grimme, Natalis and Co. A.G. of Braunschweig in 1892.
		Odhner-type calculators were based on a pinwheel mechanism.
		The model in our collection was sold through a Philadelphia distributor in about 1906 and came complete with its own oak base and carry-case.
	www.computer-museum.org /main/collections/brunsviga.shtml (95 words)

	Home
		These days, most Odhners are found in the USA and Sweden, but there are rumors of Odhners lurking everywhere around the world.
		The Odhner pinwheel calculator design dominated scientific number crunching for the better part of a century until a manufacturer (Busicom of Japan) hired a new American firm (Intel) to manufacture a chip to use in an electronic calculator that would replace their line of Odhner pinwheel calculators.
		The resulting chip, the 4004, and later, the 8008, 8086, 8088, 80186, 80286, 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4, can be said to have evolved directly from the Odhner Pinwheel calculator.
	odhner.com (197 words)

	Rider University: Typewriter Collection
		T-023 A.B. Dick developed a duplication process based on waxed wrapping paper which he called the "mimeograph." Thomas A. Edison assisted Dick in his final designs and the machine was eventually marketed as "The Edison Mimeograph" by the A.B. Dick Company from 1890 to 1920.
		T-019 The first motor-driven calculating machine was designed in 1902 by Alexander Rechnitzer of Czechoslovakia.
		T-018 Frank S. Baldwin, inventor of the pinwheel calculator, and James Monroe opened the Monroe Calculating Machine Company in 1912.
	abaris.rider.edu /pages/Typewriter_Collection (832 words)

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