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| | Borgia, Cesare on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18) |
 | | The French having overrun Italy (see Italian Wars), Cesare, with his father's encouragement, subdued (1499-1500) the cities of the Romagna one by one. |
 | | Made duke of Romagna (1501) by the pope, Cesare also seized (1502) Piombino, Elba, Camerino, and the duchy of Urbino, and he crowned his achievements by artfully luring his chief enemies to the castle of Senigallia, where he had some of them strangled. |
 | | By killing his enemies, packing the college of cardinals, pushing his conquests as fast as possible, and buying the loyalty of the Roman gentry, he had hoped to make his position independent of the papacy, or at least to insure that the election of any future pope would be to his liking. |
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