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	Venus (planet) - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Venus has an atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide and a small amount of nitrogen, with a pressure at the surface about 90 times that of Earth (a pressure equivalent to a depth of 1 kilometre under Earth's ocean).
		Venus was once thought to possess a moon, named Neith after the chief goddess of Sais, Egypt, (whose veil no mortal raised), first observed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1672.
		Venus is brightest when approximately 25% of its disk is illuminated; this typically occurs 37 days both before (in the evening sky) and after (in the morning sky), its inferior conjunction.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /venus_(planet).htm (3880 words)

	Pioneer
		Pioneer 5 returned important data on solar flares, the solar wind, and galactic cosmic rays, and also established a record at the time of 36.2 million km for radio communication in space.
		Pioneer 4 did at least manage to fly past the Moon, but its closest approach of 60,000 km was too remote for any lunar data to be returned.
		Pioneer 5 was placed in a solar orbit which ranged between Earth and Venus and provided the first experience of communicating with a spacecraft at distances of tens of millions of km.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/Pioneer.html (897 words)

	Venus (planet) - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Although all planets' orbits are elliptical, Venus' orbit is the most nearly circular of all, with the Sun located only 0.7% from the true center of Venus' orbit.
		Venus was once thought to possess a moon, named Neith after the mysterious goddess of Sais (whose veil no mortal raised), first observed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1672.
		Venus is also the location of several Starfleet Academy training facilities and terraforming stations in the fictional Star Trek universe, and it is briefly mentioned in Arthur C. Clarke's 3001: The Final Odyssey.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Venus_(planet) (3620 words)

	Pioneer Venus project -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Pioneer mission to (Type genus of the family Veneridae: genus of edible clams with thick oval shells) Venus consisted of two components, launched separately: an Orbiter and a Multiprobe.
		From Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, ((astronomy) the point in as orbit closest to the body being orbited) periapsis was held between 142 and 253 km (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements.
		In May 1992 Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis was held between 150 and 250 km until the fuel ran out and atmospheric entry destroyed the spacecraft the following August.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/P/Pi/Pioneer_Venus_project.htm (1215 words)

	APD PAGE20: VENUS
		Pioneer Venus 2 sent four probes to the surface, while the remaining craft explored the upper atmosphere.
		ATMOSPHERE The surface temperature on Venus is highly uniform and is about 462° C (736 K/864° F); the surface pressure is 96 bars (compared with 1 bar for earth); the atmosphere of the planet consists of nearly all carbon dioxide (CO2).
		Venus lacks a magnetic field of its own, but the solar wind seems to generate an induced magnetosphere, probably by a dynamo action involving its own magnetic field.
	www.angelfire.com /pa5/apdwax/PAGE20.HTML (1290 words)

	Venus Introduction
		Venus is scarred by numerous impact craters distrubuted randomly over its surface.
		The interior characteristics of Venus are inferred from gravity field and magnetic field measurements by Magellan and prior spacecraft.
		This beautiful image of Venus is a mosaic of three images acquired by the Mariner 10 spacecraft on February 5, 1974.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/venus.htm (2376 words)

	UCLA - IGPP Space Physics Tutorial - Pioneer Venus Missions
		The orbiter observed the surface of Venus with a radar altimeter and crude radar imager.
		The radius of Venus is 6052 km versus the terrestrial 6371 km, 95% of the Earth's radius.
		The comprehensive aeronomy package of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter: the neutral and ion mass spectrometers, the Langmuir probe and the retarding potential analyzer, fulfilled their objectives of determining the chemical and physical properties of the Venus ionosphere [Niemann et al., 1980; Taylor et al., 1980; Brace et al., 1980; Knudsen et al., 1980].
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /ssc/tutorial/pvo_mission.html (5610 words)

	Space Today Online -- Solar System -- Planet Venus
		Venus is similar in diameter and mass to Earth, yet that planet has evolved differently, with a surface temperature hotter than a kitchen oven — in fact, hot enough to melt lead.
		Venus is enveloped by a thick atmosphere that is a choking mixture of noxious gases.
		Pioneer 13, or Pioneer-Venus 2, was one big probe carrying four smaller probes to be dropped into the atmosphere of Venus.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Venus/VenusProbes.html (905 words)

	Pioneer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		As a result, the atmosphere of Venus today is left with a large proportion of deuterium-- the ghostly echo of an ocean long gone.
		The Pioneer orbiter relayed to Earth radar data that were then transformed into facts about the altitudes on Venus that were accurate to 660 feet (200 meters).
		Pioneer's orbit permitted it to view 93 percent of the planet's surface.
	www.worldbook.com /features/venus/html/pioneer.html (834 words)

	Tour the Solar System and Beyond - Venus
		Venus hides behind a persistent global shroud of sulfuric acid clouds in an atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide.
		Oddly, Venus rotates in a direction opposite that of Earth, which means that if you were standing on Venus, you would see the sun rising in the west and setting in the east.
		The Pioneer Venus and Venera spacecraft were able to image the surface with radar, thus answering many of our questions about large-scale surface features, many more questions remained unanswered about the extent to which the surface has been shaped by volcanoes, plate tectonics, impact craters, and water and wind erosion.
	spacekids.hq.nasa.gov /osskids/animate/venus.html (751 words)

	Planetary Society: Missions to Venus
		Venera 7 arrived at Venus on December 15, 1970, deployed a parachute and began its descent to the surface.
		Pioneer Venus 2 consisted of 4 separate atmospheric probes; one large probe (1.5 meters or 5 feet in diameter) which deployed a parachute to slow its descent, and three small probes (0.8 meters or 2.6 feet across) which plunged straight through the atmosphere.
		Venera 11 arrived at Venus on December 25, 1978 and soft-landed on the venusian surface.
	www.planetary.org /learn/missions/venusmissions.html (1777 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Pioneer Venus 1, an orbiter launched in May 1978, and Pioneer Venus 2, consisting of five probes launched in August, both reached the planet in December.
		The orbiter mapped nearly the entire surface of Venus, and the probes analyzed the surface temperature and composition, as well as the movement of the atmosphere and its interaction with the solar wind.
		Venus rotates very slowly on its axis, and the direction is retrograde (opposite to that of earth).
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/venus.html (1309 words)

	Artemis Project: Pioneer Missions Summary
		PIONEER 1 was launched on October 11, 1958, PIONEER 2 on November 8, and PIONEER 3 on December 6.
		PIONEER 4 was a Moon probe which missed the Moon and became the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit the Sun in 1959.
		PIONEER 5 was originally designed to flyby Venus, but the mission was scaled down and it instead studied the interplanetary environment between Venus and Earth out to 36.2 million kilometers in 1960, a record until MARINER 2.
	www.asi.org /adb/m/02/01/pioneer-mission-summary.html (367 words)

	Planet Venus [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Venus has very thick, rapidly spinning clouds of sulfur dioxide and sulphuric acid droplets which cover the planet completely, obscuring any surface details.
		Some features appear unique to Venus, and have been given descriptive names: coronae are complex volcano-tectonic features whose morphology suggests they result from mantle plumes; arachnoids have inner concentric and outer radial ridges and fractures; pancake domes are almost perfectly circular, with steep sides and heights of a few hundred metres.
		Venus is the second planet from the Sun, named after the Roman goddess Venus (mythology).
	kosmoi.com /Science/Astronomy/Solar/Venus (802 words)

	The Pioneer Venus Orbiter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Pioneer Venus consisted of two spacecraft to study Venus: the Orbiter and the Multiprobe.
		Its primary objective was to investigate the solar wind in the Venusian environment, map Venus' surface through a radar imaging system, and study the characteristics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.
		The homogeneity of the burst source population in space was studied on the basis of a sample of 225 observed gamma-ray bursts between September 1978 and July 1988 from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/pvo.html (829 words)

	Spacecraft
		Venus in December of 1962, and it returned information which confirmed that Venus is a very hot (800 degrees Fahrenheit, now revised to 900 degrees F.) world with a cloud-covered atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide.
		Pioneer 11 followed it in 1974, and then went on to become the first probe to study Saturn in 1979.
		Giotto was launched by an Ariane-1 by ESA on July 2 1985, and approached within 540 km +/- 40 km of the nucleus of Comet Halley on March 13, 1986.
	seds.lpl.arizona.edu /nineplanets/nineplanets/spacecraft.html (3254 words)

	Pioneer Home Page: Describes the missions of Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Pioneers 6 through 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Pioneer 10 was featured on the Star Date radio broadcast by the University of Texas McDonald Observatory on 2 March 2002 - the 30th anniversary of its launch.
		Pioneer 6 was featured on the Star Date radio broadcast by the University of Texas McDonald Observatory on 16 December 2000 - the 35th anniversary of its launch.
		Pioneer 6 is the oldest NASA spacecraft extant.
	spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov /Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html (1065 words)

	Caniglia #2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		2) There were several different prominent landmarks present.
		2) That the data for this particular area would follow the patterns that occur in most contour maps.
		My major criticisms are (1) you may want to try to articulate more about what you mean by the assumptions; (2) your two maps are not that different.
	carnap.umd.edu /phil250/st_papersS98/Caniglia_2.html (1230 words)

	Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
		The spacecraft was the Bus portion of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe mission.
		On this mission four instrumented atmospheric entry Probes were carried by this Bus to the vicinity of Venus and released for descent through the atmosphere to the planetary surface.
		On this mission four instrumented atmospheric entry probes were carried by a spacecraft bus to the vicinity of Venus and released for descent through the atmosphere to the planetary surface.
	www.ugcs.caltech.edu /~marcsulf/html/pvprobes.html (936 words)

	Pioneer program - InformationBlast
		There were a number of such missions in the program, but the most notable were Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, which explored the outer planets and left the solar system.
		Both carry a golden plaque (see Pioneer plaque), depicting a man and a woman and information about the origin and the creators of the probes, should any extraterrestrials find them someday.
		Pioneer 2 - Lunar orbiter, destroyed in launcher failure
	informationblast.com /Pioneer_program.html (148 words)

	Pioneer Vehicle Descriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Orbit insertion was achieved with an orbit inclination of 105 degrees with respect to the equator and a nominal orbit period of 24 h.
		2) Thermal: The thermal design is based on isolating the equipment from the external solar extremes experienced during the mission.
		Commandable heaters are provided to maintain the orbit insertion motor and safe and arm device within their specified temperature ranges, to prevent possible freezing and hydrazine monopropellant, and to make up heat balance should there occur an inadvertent trip of nonessential spacecraft loads.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/jgreen/pionveh.html (1542 words)

	Pioneer 5 (P 2)
		Pioneer 5 was a spin-stabilized space probe used to investigate interplanetary space between the orbits of earth and Venus.
		Pioneer 5 performed normally until April 30, 1960, after which telemetry transmission became too infrequent for any significant addition to the data.
		Pioneer 5 was originally intended as an Venus fly-by probe, but due to delays in the program, it was launched into a heliocentric orbit.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/pioneer-5.htm (207 words)

	Exploring The Planets - VENUS - Missions to Venus
		The United States and Soviet Union have sent many spacecraft to Venus.
		Some flew by the planet, some orbited it, some descended through the atmosphere and struck the surface (hard-landed), and a few soft-landed on the surface.
		The Pioneer-Venus bus carried and released four probes, which measured the atmospheric composition, temperature, and pressure as they descended toward a hard landing on the surface.
	www.nasm.si.edu /ceps/etp/venus/missions.html (151 words)

	Reese_2.rtf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		For Model #2, list all the assumptions you made in producing the contour map model of the data.
		Some notable differences are the shapes of the peaks in the Southeast corner, and the shape of the depression in the center of the map.
		For Model #2, evaluate whether the landform is more likely to be a real effect or an artifact of your modeling assumptions.
	carnap.umd.edu /phil250/st_papersS98/Reese_2.html (936 words)

	PIONEER VENUS 2 MULTI PROBE IS ENCAPSULATED IN PROTECTIVE SHROUD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Encapsulation of the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe in its protective nose fairing is closely monitored by technicians in Hangar AO.
		Flying a direct path to the cloud-shrouded planet, the Multiprobe will reach Venus five days after the arrival of its sister spacecraft, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, which was launched May 20, 1978.
		Three weeks before the Multiprobe reaches Venus, its four heavily instrumented scientific probes (seen on top of the spacecraft's main body or ""bus"") will be released and will impact at various points on the planet's surface.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /gallery/photos/1978/xml/KSC-78P-0173.xml (138 words)

	Robot Explorers 1 \| Romance to Reality - Moon and Mars Mission Plans \| David S. F. Portree \| Faculty \| Mars Institute - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		On August 8, 1978, NASA launched Pioneer Venus 2 (PV2) on an Atlas-Centaur rocket.
		The 904-kilogram spacecraft, known also as the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe, released a 1.5-meter-wide atmosphere entry probe on November 16 and three 76-centimeter-diameter probes on November 20.
		Pioneer Venus 2 was the last U.S. planetary mission launched until 1989.
	www.marsinstitute.info /rd/faculty/dportree/rtr/rx17.html (1401 words)

	Space FAQ 08/13 - Planetary Probe History
		MARINER 2 became the first successful probe to flyby Venus in December of 1962, and it returned information which confirmed that Venus is a very hot (800 degrees Fahrenheit, now revised to 900 degrees F.) world with a cloud-covered atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide (sulfuric acid was later confirmed in 1978).
		It reconfirmed the data on that planet collected five years earlier by MARINER 2, plus the information that Venus' atmospheric pressure at its surface is at least 90 times that of Earth's, or the equivalent of being 3,300 feet under the surface of an ocean.
		VOYAGER 2 was launched August 20, 1977 (before VOYAGER 1), and flew by Jupiter on August 7, 1979, by Saturn on August 26, 1981, by Uranus on January 24, 1986, and by Neptune on August 8, 1989.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/space/probe (3705 words)

	Pioneer Venus project : Pioneer Venus Orbiter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		From Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, periapsis was held between 142 and 253 km (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements.
		After deceleration from initial atmospheric entry at about 11.5 km/s near the equator on the Venus night side, a parachute was deployed at 47 km altitude.
		It uses material from the wikipedia article Pioneer Venus project : Pioneer Venus Orbiter.
	www.eurofreehost.com /pi/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter_2.html (659 words)

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