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Topic: Pioneer plaque

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Pioneer 11

Pioneer 10

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Pioneer anomaly

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Arecibo message

Voyager 1

Binary numeral system

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	Pioneer 11
		However, because Pioneer 10 had achieved all its main mission objectives at Jupiter, Pioneer 11 was put on a trajectory by mission controllers that used Jupiter as a gravitational slingshot to redirect the probe on a course toward Saturn.
		Pioneer 10 and 11 were recommended by the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences in 1968 as low-cost exploratory missions to the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn, approved by NASA in February 1969, and launched three and four years later, respectively.
		Pioneer 11 is headed in the direction of Aquila and may pass relatively near Lambda Aquila in about 4 million years.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/Pioneer11.html (646 words)

	Pioneer Plaque
		The key to translating the plaque lies in understanding the breakdown of the most common element in the universe - hydrogen.
		This element is illustrated in the left-hand corner of the plaque in schematic form showing the hyperfine transition of neutral atomic hydrogen.
		The plaque was designed by Dr. Carl Sagan of Cornell University and drawn by his wife, Linda Salzman Sagan.
	www.solarviews.com /cap/craft/plaque.htm (140 words)

	Pioneer 10
		Launched on March 2, 1972, Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt, the first spacecraft to make direct observations of Jupiter and in 1983, it became the first man-made object to leave the solar system when it passed the orbit of Pluto.
		Pioneer 10 was eleven light-hours away at this point, and so it was twenty-two hours later when researchers at the network's facility in Madrid, Spain, heard Pioneer's response.
		As of February 5, 2002, Pioneer 10 was 79.66 AU from the Sun.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pi/Pioneer_10.html (456 words)

	Pioneers 6-11
		Pioneer 10 maintained an almost constant view relative to Jupiter for several hours during the closest approach because its direction of travel was the same as the rotation of Jupiter.
		Pioneer 11’s views of the planet were quite different to Pioneer 10, because its direction of travel was the opposite to the rotation of Jupiter, travelling a full circle of longitude of the planet during its observations in the four hours around periapsis.
		Pioneer 10 had some heating problems for several weeks after launch, so the spacecraft was commanded to point slightly away from the Sun so the shadow of the dish antenna shielded vulnerable parts such as the batteries.
	www.honeysucklecreek.net /dss44/pioneer_missions.html (10868 words)

	Pioneer 11
		Pioneer 11 was the second mission to investigate Jupiter and the outer solar system and the first to explore the planet Saturn and its main rings.
		Pioneer 11, like Pioneer 10, used Jupiter's mass in a gravitational slingshot to alter its trajectory toward Saturn.
		Pioneer 11's star sensor gain and threshold settings were modified, based on experience gained from the settings used on Pioneer 10.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pi/Pioneer_11.html (471 words)

	NASA - The Pioneer Missions
		Pioneer 6 was launched on a Thor-Delta launch vehicle on 16 December 1965 into a circular solar orbit with a mean distance of 0.8 AU (Astronomical Unit) from the Sun.
		Pioneer 8 was launched on 13 December 1967 into solar orbit with a mean distance of 1.1 AU from the Sun.
		Pioneer 9 was launched on 8 November 1968 into solar orbit with a mean distance of 0.8 AU from the Sun.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html (4714 words)

	Pioneer Home Page: Describes the missions of Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Pioneers 6 through 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pioneer 10 was featured on the Star Date radio broadcast by the University of Texas McDonald Observatory on 2 March 2002 - the 30th anniversary of its launch.
		Pioneer 6 was featured on the Star Date radio broadcast by the University of Texas McDonald Observatory on 16 December 2000 - the 35th anniversary of its launch.
		Pioneer 6 is the oldest NASA spacecraft extant.
	spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov /Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html (1083 words)

	Pioneer 10
		Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to pass through the asteroid belt, the first spacecraft to flyby Jupiter in 1973 and the first to obtain close-up images of Jupiter and the first to visit the outer solar system.
		Pioneer 10 was launched on March 2, 1972, on a 21-month mission on a three-stage Atlas-Centaur rocket on a direct launch to Planet Jupiter (with no parking in Earth orbit).
		Pioneer 10 carries a gold plaque which was designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /pioneer10.html (542 words)

	Pioneer 10 & 11
		The third stage was required to rocket Pioneer 10 to the speed of 51,810 kph needed for the flight to Jupiter.
		During the passage by Jupiter, Pioneer 10 obtained the first close-up images of the planet, charted Jupiter's intense radiation belts, located the planet's magnetic field, and discovered that Jupiter is predominantly a liquid planet.
		As of February 1996, Pioneer 10 was at a distance of 9.5 billion kilometers from Earth.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/pn10-11.htm (1303 words)

	Tooth Plaque -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In atherosclerosis, atheromatous plaque is a buildup of fatty deposits within the wall of an artery that narrows the artery, reducing blood flow and inducing turbulence in the blood blow.
		Plaque can additionally be used to refer to a (usually) small, disk-shaped growth on the human body, common in some forms of skin cancer.
		The plaque shows the figures of a man and a woman along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/149/tooth-plaque.html (1349 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pioneer 10 demonstrated that this was not the case, thereby opening the door for all future outer planetary missions.
		Pioneer 10 was the first ever to encounter Jupiter survive its intense radiation, and was the first probe to leave the realm of the planets and enter the edges of interstellar space for the first time in history!
		Prior to Pioneers 10 and 11, the effect of the solar wind was thought to extend to the vicinity of Jupiter or perhaps a bit farther.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /pioneer10/mission (1500 words)

	ARRLWeb: NASA Re-establishes Contact with Pioneer 10
		Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to pass through the asteroid belt and the first to obtain close-up images of Jupiter.
		Pioneer 10 is moving in the opposite direction to the sun's motion through the galaxy, shown here as the upstream direction.
		Pioneer 10's weak signal continues to be tracked by the Deep Space Network as it heads toward the constellation Taurus, where it will pass the nearest star in about 2 million years.
	www.arrl.org /news/stories/2001/05/01/4/?nc=1 (808 words)

	NASA's Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Year: 1970 - 1979: Pioneer 10
		Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to travel through the asteroid belt and reach the outer solar system, flying past Jupiter at a distance of about 130,354 km (81,000 miles) from the cloudtops.
		Pioneer 10's objectives were to directly observe and photograph Jupiter and its satellites, and measure the magnetosphere and radiation environment of the Jupiter system.
		Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to fly through the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
	solarsystem.nasa.gov /missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Chron&StartYear=1970&EndYear=1979&MCode=Pioneer_10 (357 words)

	Six billion miles and counting.... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pioneer 10 was launched on March 2, 1972 from Cape Kennedy aboard an Atlas Centaur rocket for a two-year mission to Jupiter.
		Pioneer is so low on power that its transmitter had to be turned off to allow it to execute the turn.
		Pioneer 10 is now exploring the outer limits of the heliosphere, a bubble carved out of the gaseous interstellar medium by the solar wind.
	www.spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast02mar_1.htm (1062 words)

	Pioneer Mission Description Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The third stage was required to rocket Pioneer 10 to the speed of 51,810 kilometers per hour (32,400 mph) needed for the flight to Jupiter.
		Pioneer 11 flew to within 13,000 miles of Saturn and took the first close-up pictures of the planet.
		In September 1995, Pioneer 11 was at a distance of 6.5 billion km (4 billion miles) from Earth.
	spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov /Space_Projects/pioneer/PN10&11.html (1386 words)

	Space Today Online -- The Pioneer spacecraft still are outbound
		Pioneer 10 reached the speed of 32,400 mph needed for the flight to Jupiter, making it the fastest human-made object to leave the Earth — fast enough to pass the Moon in 11 hours and to cross the orbit of Mars 50 million miles away from Earth in just 12 weeks.
		Pioneer 10 is the farthest object from Earth flying in the opposite direction to which the Sun moves.
		Pioneer 11, built to be a backup if Pioneer 10 failed, was launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on April 5, 1973, on an Atlas-Centaur rocket, on a trajectory similar to Pioneer 10.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/ThePioneers.html (1693 words)

	Supragingival plaque MCQ
		Plaque also deposits in temporary sites such as the junction between orthodontic brackets and the tooth surface, you might call this orthodontic plaque is you wished.
		Plaque is highly unlikely to form on the true smooth surfaces of teeth because of the high shear forces generated over these sites by the movement of saliva.
		Mature dental plaque is a complex biofilm with high species diversity in which the contributing species co-exist and co-operate by means of a large number of inter-related metabolic and physical interactions.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /dental/oralbiol/oralenv/mcqs/oralmicro/supraging2.htm (1072 words)

	Pioneer plaque
		It carries an information-rich message, devised by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake, in the event that either of the spacecraft is detected and recovered in the remote future by advanced extraterrestrials.
		At the top left of the plaque is a schematic representation of the energy transition between the parallel and antiparallel proton and electron spins in the neutral hydrogen atom.
		As a check, the plaque also shows the number 8 in binary (1---) between two tote marks, indicating the height of the Pioneer probe.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/Pioneerplaque.html (460 words)

	Pioneer plaque - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The plaque is attached to the antenna support struts in a position that shields it from erosion by stellar dust.
		NASA expects the plaque (and the craft itself) to survive longer than the earth and its sun.
		The first plaque was launched with Pioneer 10 on March 2, 1972, and the second followed with Pioneer 11 on April 5, 1973.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pioneer_plaque (1744 words)

	Pioneer 10 Virtual Conference Transcript (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Pioneer 10 is spinning, and as I said, it's always pointed in the same part of the sky.
		Pioneer 10 and 11 was a segue to a whole exploration era, not just because of where the spacecraft went, but in our whole outlook toward planetary exploration.
		We've got some of the plaques and actually just got in literally hot off the press everybody here is going to get a nice reproduction of the plaque and so you'll be able to take those home with you and their even anodized and they're real nice.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /sso/cool/pioneer10/general/amtwotxt.html (6346 words)

	Spacelink - Pioneer 10 Plaque txt
		It is designed to show scientifically educated inhabitants of some other star system-who might intercept it millions of years from now-when Pioneer was launched, from where, and by what kind of beings.
		The design is engraved into a gold-anodized aluminum plate, 152 by 229 millimeters (6 by 9 inches), attached to the spacecraft's antenna support struts in a position to help shield it from erosion by interstellar dust.
		Pioneer's trajectory is shown as starting from the third planet, Earth.
	www2.arnes.si /~gljsentvid10/plaque1.html (360 words)

	Today in Technology History - Jun 13
		Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to enter the asteroid belt, the ring of giant rocks beyond Mars.
		On June 13, 1983, Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to leave our solar system, by crossing the orbit of Neptune (which was then the farthest planet from the Sun).
		The plaque, designed by astronomer Carl Sagan, was controversial because it depicts naked humans.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2001/jun13.htm (318 words)

	Where in the Universe is Pioneer 10?
		Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to achieve many important milestones in our study of the solar system.
		In 1973, it became the first craft to study Jupiter at close range and was able to obtain close-up images of the planet.
		The engraved plaque measures six by nine inches, and shows the location of Earth and the time the spacecraft was built and launched.
	www.riverdeep.net /current/2001/05/051401_pioneer10.jhtml (410 words)

	Voyager - Frequently Asked Questions
		Pioneers 10 and 11 had preceded the Voyagers to Jupiter and the asteroid belt was a major concern for them.
		In discussing the Pioneer 10 plaque with a friend today, he felt that it would be dangerous to give ourselves away in the event that a civilization that encountered the spacecraft would be hostile and plan to eradicate us as we would wish to eradicate a virus.
		Pioneer 11is headed toward the constellation of Aquila (The Eagle), Northwest of the constellation of Sagittarius.
	voyager.jpl.nasa.gov /faq.html (4093 words)

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