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Topic: Pioneer species

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	Revegetation in degraded areas with indigenous species
		It is noteworthy that the high species diversity of tropical forests is given by the rare species and not by the common ones.
		The dichotomy between pioneer species (intolerant) and climax species (tolerant) is common in the literature.
		The pioneer and early secondary species would be full sunlight species (large gaps), the first short living (5 to 15 years), with shade giving crown (dense) and the latter longer living (30 to 50 years), with a narrow crown (monopodial growth).
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5312E/x5312e02.htm (1247 words)

	Species Name
		Species of this weedy genus are often the first to colonize open substrata (Beach et al.
		flexuosa and other pioneering species is in part attributed to the readily available pool of motile unicells that are able to rapidly colonize new areas.
		Spores and gametes of this species are photosynthetically competent upon release into the water column, with unicells remaining motile for up to 11 days.
	www.sms.si.edu /IRLSpec/Entero_flexuo.htm (794 words)

	Bio2 Lecture Notes
		Pioneer species help to improve soil fertility; they are usually small, low-growing plants with a short life cycle and an abundance of seeds.
		Species diversity is self-reinforcing from herbivores to predators and parasites.
		Species numbers increase on new islands and reach a stable number that is a balance between immigration rate for species new to the island and the extinction rate for established species.
	www.anselm.edu /homepage/chieber/itopic22.html (1304 words)

	9(i) Plant Succession
		Pioneer species consist of a variety of annual plants.
		His successional concept suggested that communities of organisms are subject to special laws in which the action of the whole is greater than the sum of the parts, and that this action results in a directional change in the species composition of the community to a climax state controlled primarily by climate.
		In the case of the inhibition model, however, the early species are killed by very local disturbances caused by extreme physical conditions or the action of predators.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/9i.html (2163 words)

	Increased Mortality
		Many species of trees (notably chestnut and elm) have been virtually eliminated as a result of pests that were dispersed by human activity.
		Instead, the forest is dominated by the pioneer species fl cherry, red oak, and white pine.
		Pioneer species are distinguished by their ability to grow quickly in open, high-light areas.
	www.sciencemag.org /feature/data/deutschman/mort.htm (457 words)

	Yale F&ES \| Doctoral Students (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thus the study of ecophysiology and phenotypic plasticity of these pioneer species in response to light as well as the acclimation to change in light are directly linked to understanding their habitat preference and adaptability to the vast changes that occur during canopy opening and closing.
		Pioneer species could be used in reforestaion and restoration is to facilitate the growth of late-successional native species.
		The different leaf and crown characteristics of the pioneer species could be manipulated using specific planting designs to create microclimatic conditions that are conducive to the growth of the late successional species.
	www.yale.edu /sisu/students/goodale.html (468 words)

	hwk1 aswers
		One treatment would be plots where pioneers plant were allowed to grow but were removed prior to planting the climax plants, the other would have never had pioneer species present.
		Plots that have equal numbers of all pioneer plant seeds, and mixed pioneer and climax species seeds should be planted under a canopy of mature pioneer species.
		Given that the density of seeds is equal between the two treatments, pioneer species should grow (the variable) measurably less well in the presence of climax species compared to pioneers growing in the absence of climax species.
	www.msu.edu /user/vieirast/ecohwk1.htm (1300 words)

	Cloudbridge Project in Costa Rica:Cloud Forest Recover
		Pioneer species must be able to tolerate high light intensities and high temperatures (because there is no longer any forest to provide shade).
		Species such as Cecropia are early pioneers, they are light tolerant, and their seeds are dispersed by a variety birds and bats -- an estimated 76 species of birds feed on Cecropia.
		Other pioneer species, such as the Heliocarpus one sees near the Chirripó river, have seeds that are long-lived in the soil, and that can survive a wide variety of soil environments.
	cloudbridge.org /recovery.htm (411 words)

	Pioneer species - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pioneer species are often grasses, such as marram grass which grows on sand dunes.
		The plants will be specially adapted to the extremes that may be experienced, and once they have modified the environment may be out-competed by less specific plants, eventually leading to a climax community.
		Pioneer species can also be found in secondary succession (an established ecosystem being reduced by an event such as a forest fire of a clearing), colonizing newly created open spaces quickly, common examples from a coniferous forest include:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pioneer_plant (203 words)

	Woods in Your Backyard Glossary
		Both are pioneer species that invade disturbed areas, but don’t grow well in the shade.
		The actual species of trees and plants that grow on a disturbed area are influenced by many factors.
		Tend to be secondary species that follow pioneer species during the process of succession.
	www.state.me.us /doc/mfs/pubs/htm/wiyb/glossary.htm (1577 words)

	The influence of disturbance on tropical rain forest biodiversity: End of a controversy in sight
		Pioneer species, highly heliophile (light-loving or shade-intolerant), establish themselves by taking advantage of canopy light gaps opened up by treefalls.
		It states that the presence of a species in a given place is mainly due to the combination of largely chance circumstances.
		Although the intermediate disturbance hypothesis remains to be demonstrated at a scale larger than that studied to date, especially in situations of true-scale commercial logging, the results of the IRD researchers give some better indications of the dynamics of biodiversity in tropical rain forest.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-01/idrp-tio011002.php (666 words)

	Seed production and procurement of indigenous species for revegetation programs
		The diversity of species within each ecological group and the density in which they occur in the natural forest should be a guide for the mixed protection plantations, and this has a direct implication for the seed production programmes of these species.
		Among the most common species, those of the initial phase of succession, the pioneer species, as well as those of the final stage of succession, the climax (or tolerant) species, are predominant.
		It should be stressed that the pioneer species are common in large gaps, whereas the climax species are common in mature forest sites, considering the tropical forest as a mosaic of gaps in different stages of succession.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5312E/x5312e03.htm (578 words)

	Explanation of Ecological succession Bare ground and pioneer species.
		Each species is adapted to thrive and compete best against other species under a very specific set of environmental conditions.
		Pioneer species are often also 'opportunist' species which are able to rapidly exploit a sudden new opening in ground plant cover.
		Pioneer species are often characterized by having light seeds, which are easily transported by the wind.
	www.offwell.free-online.co.uk /successn/intro2.htm (490 words)

	The Nature Conservancy in Brazil - Islands in a Troubled Sea
		The pioneer species, which are expected to survive maybe 20 years, are expendable as they are used only to provide enough shade for the second-tier species to grow.
		Likewise, the second-tier species, which will survive two to four times as long as the pioneer species, will die away and be replaced by the key third-tier species, the ones that will compose the mature forest.
		The Atlantic Forest has such a large and varied number of species — the surviving parts of the forest contain 2.7 percent of the world’s plant species and 2.1 percent of all vertebrate species — that details about some of them are hard to come by.
	www.nature.org /wherewework/southamerica/brazil/resources/art8059.html (1316 words)

	Cordia bicolor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Possessing only a few, long, drooping branches, the crown of this species is made moderately dense by the large size of its foliage.
		The early establishment of a pioneer plant community after environmental damage has taken place is one of the critical first steps nature implements in its effort to jump-start the regeneration of the primary forest.
		The tree, planted along with other pioneer species, produces a non-herbaceous ground cover that protects and enriches the soil with organic matter and that provides shade, increases humidity, and moderates temperatures.
	www.cds.ed.cr /teachers/harmon/page23.html (599 words)

	Shades of Green: Earth's Forests -- Ecological Succession
		These first plants to move in are called pioneer plants, and they need to be tough and grow quickly in order to survive in the often harsh conditions of recently disturbed areas.
		pioneer plants are the first step in changing a disturbed area back into a forest.
		grasses that move in as pioneer species are often thought of as weeds, the subsequent growth of shrubs are considered undesirable "brush".
	library.thinkquest.org /17456/successionall.html (543 words)

	Pioneer Species - plants for re-establishing Woodland - Plants For A Future
		When deciding on which species to use as pioneers, it is important to take all the characteristics of your land and the way you intend to use it into account, and also to understand the habits of the different pioneer plants.
		One real drawback with using this species as a pioneer is that it does not know when to go away and will continue to sow itself around long after the woodland has become established.
		Many species of poplar are fast growing and make good pioneers, though most members of the genus will not thrive in very windy sites and all of them are quite aggressively rooting and so do not help to feed the soil or other plants growing in it.
	www.pfaf.org /leaflets/pioneer.php (4231 words)

	Trees for Life - Species profile: Birch
		As pioneer species, they are short-lived, with typical lifespans being between 60 and 90 years old, although some individuals can live up to 150 years.
		The two species can be distinguished by their leaves, with those of downy birch being rounder in shape than silver birch, and having a single row of teeth on the leaf margin, in contrast to the double row of teeth on silver birch leaves.
		As pioneer species, one of the important functions which birch trees fulfil in ecosystems is that of improving soils.
	www.treesforlife.org.uk /tfl.birch.html (1524 words)

	Species Invasions and Competition
		- an absence of predators on the invading species.
		Bird species bagan to disappear from the middle of the island of Guam in the 1960's, at about the same time the snake started to appear in large numbers.
		The burro example clearly illustrates an adaptive advantage of one species over others in a given environment, while the Brown Snake illustrates the introduction of a new predator among naive prey, and the Oppossum Shrimp illustrates the disruption of a food web with the introduction of a new species.
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /thomas.wolosz/speciesinvasion.htm (1389 words)

	Tree Species
		Ponderosa pine is a "pioneer" species in the life cycle of the forest, meaning that its tolerance to drought and heat make it one of the first conifers to reforest a burn or to come in after a harvest.
		Although the species has attractive growth qualities, SPI does not intend to actively plant more of this species simply because it is not a native plant species where we own land.
		We have confidence in the abilities of species naturally occurring on specific sites to grow well, to be adapted to local conditions, and to be resistant to native diseases and pathogens.
	www.spi-ind.com /Our_Forests/Tree_Species.htm (2234 words)

	Yearn8Transformation in Natural CommunitiesSuccession
		So pioneer plants tend not to be long-term members of any community, unless it’s the artificial community of a suburban lawn.
		The pioneer species survive because their seeds are windborne and prolific and there are always disturbances to restore to health.
		In northern conifer forests where fires are common, many plant species produce seeds that remain dormant within the soil until the heat of a fire stimulates them to germinate.
	www.morning-earth.org /8Yearn.html (1490 words)

	Greening the Desert
		However, nature abhors monoculture almost as much as she does a vacuum, so monocultures of pioneer species eventually give way to a healthy environment filled with a stable mix of organisms, which is called a climax environment.
		Pioneer species are characterised by a high tolerance to environmental extremes in such parameters as heat, salinity, humidity, predation and pH.
		Generally, pioneer organisms are not good to eat, being defended by thorns, dry or tough tissue, toxic compounds internally or as exudates.
	www.sustainableagriculture.org /desert (3548 words)

	P2004 Bottomland Hardwood Management Species/Site Relationships
		Species suitability on these sites would be limited primarily by the typical absence of pioneer species such as yellow poplar.
		Species suitability in these areas is extremely restricted by the water, with baldcypress and water tupelo typical.
		Species composition is extremely diverse on the fronts or natural levees and may include yellow poplar, American beech, sycamore, spruce pine, sweetgum, cherrybark oak, Shumard oak, water oak, swamp chestnut oak, and several species of hickory.
	msucares.com /pubs/publications/p2004.htm (2355 words)

	Ecosystem Lecture 2
		Periodic fires that restart secondary succession are not considered an autogenic factor because fire is not a factor intrinsic to the functioning of a community, it is an outside factor.
		Pioneer species change the environment enriching it so other organisms may find their niche.
		Because most pioneer plant species have short life spans they can be replaced by longer-lived species.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/ecosys3.htm (454 words)

	Tree Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests: A Validation of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis -- Molino and Sabatier ...
		SB: Pioneer species of the seed bank; The pioneer and non-pioneer heliophilic guilds were circumscribed through compilation of earlier independent studies.
		Except for one case (a species listed as pioneer by one author, and as shade-loving by another), we retained in the pioneer guild all Paracou-PSE species that were listed as pioneer in at least one of these earlier studies.
		Studies of seedlings germinating from forest soil that was experimentally exposed to full sunlight resulted in the characterization of a subset of species that are undoubtedly and markedly pioneer, and constitute the core of the pioneer guild (19).
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/294/5547/1702/DC1 (1705 words)

	Lecture 4
		All pioneer species are doomed in their present habitats, and their continued survival depends on escape and establishment elsewhere.
		Pioneer species: The first species to colonize or recolonize a barren or disturbed area.
		Pioneer- shrub and herb species are common in dormant seed bank.
	forest.mtu.edu /classes/fw3020/lectur4.htm (729 words)

	introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pioneering species specialize in growth on previously disturbed land such as areas of clear cutting, damage by the elements or former agricultural land.
		These species are adapted well to nutrient depleted soils and colonize them more easily than other species.
		They are also known as successional species and make the soil more livable for species that are not good colonizers by putting nutrients back into the soil and providing shade for other plants.
	courses.washington.edu /tesc404/amber/index.htm (154 words)

	Ecosystems in Time
		Pioneer species: The first species to colonize an area (usually lichens and mosses but sometimes higher plants), beginning the process of soil formation.
		For example, the red cockaded woodpecker is an endangered species from the Southeastern US that lives only in longleaf pine forests that burn every 2 or 3 years.
		New species of plants displace existing plants because their seedlings are better able to become established in the changed environment.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /bio100/lectures/fall97lects/05f97-succession.html (701 words)

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