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	Exotic atom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus pionium and kaonic hydrogen are interesting probes of the theory of strong interactions, called quantum chromodynamics.
		Pionium, ie, a bound state of two oppositely charge pions are interesting from the point of view of exploration of the strong interaction.
		Understanding bound states of hadrons such as pionium and protonium are also important in order to clarify notions related to hadronic exotic (hadron)s such as mesonic molecules and pentaquark states.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exotic_atom (551 words)

	Pionium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is generally created by the interaction of a proton beam and a target nucleus in a particle accelerator.
		Currently, pionium is under investigation at CERN to measure its lifetime.
		The DIRAC collaboration was able to detect more than 5000 pionium break ups from a total of 6.4 x 108 events, which will allow the lifetime to be determined to within statistical errors of 15%.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pionium (139 words)

	Pionium -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Pionium is an (Click link for more info and facts about exotic atom) exotic atom consisting of a (Click link for more info and facts about π) π
		Currently, pionium is under investigation at (Click link for more info and facts about CERN) CERN to measure its lifetime.
		The result of the experiment is a crucial test of low energy (A theory of strong interactions between elementary particles (including the interaction that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus); it assumes that strongly interacting particles (hadrons) are made of quarks and that gluons bind the quarks together) QCD predictions.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/P/Pi/Pionium.htm (151 words)

	Pionium atoms arrive en masse (October 2004) - News - PhysicsWeb
		Particle physicists at CERN have created large numbers of pionium atoms -- exotic atoms in which positive and negative pions are bound together -- for the first time.
		Since pions have relatively low momenta in pionium, their interaction is described by low-energy QCD.
		The first pionium atoms were created at the Serpukhov U-70 synchrotron in Russia in 1993.
	www.physicsweb.org /articles/news/8/10/2 (447 words)

	Iran Daily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Particle physicists have created large numbers of pionium atoms--exotic atoms in which a positive pion is bound to a negative pion--for the first time.
		The theory predicts that a pionium atom should have a lifetime of about 3 femtoseconds.
		The DIRAC collaboration was able to detect more than 5000 pionium decays from a total of 6.4 x 108 events, which will allow the lifetime to be determined to within statistical errors of 15%.
	www.iran-daily.com /1383/2104/html/science.htm (1261 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This opens the possibility to obtain the difference between the electric and magnetic polarizability of the charged pion from a future measurement of the branching fraction of pionium into two photons.
		For such an experiment the \pi\pi-scattering lengths would have to be known to better than 5% precision.
		We also comment on the contribution of the axial anomaly to the decay of pionium into \gamma\pi^0.
	www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de /cgi-bin/abstracts/hep-ph:9902284 (82 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		The eventual goal is to measure the relative branching ratios of the decay channels.
		The{sup 3}He`s are separated from the primary proton beam by a 6{degree} bending magnet in the storage ring, and focused onto a Silicon-Germanium detector telescope by a magnetic channel.
		In preparation for the pionium search, the D(p,{sup 3}He){pi}{degrees} and D(p,{sup 3} He)2{pi}{degrees} reactions are being studied to elucidate event selectivity, background, and the expected cross-section for free{pi}{sup+}{pi}{sup -} production.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=255578 (250 words)

	Quark Box in Pionium Decay to ... (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: The decay amplitude of pionium into two neutral pions via quark-box mechanism in a phenomenological quark model is considered.
		The main parameters of the model are the pion-quark couplings, which are xed by decay of pion on photon pair.
		With constituent quark masses of 330 MeV for uand d-quarks we estimate the pionium decay width to be 13eV and lifetime 0:05 10 15 s.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /408977.html (185 words)

	\pi\pi, K\pi and \pi N potential scattering and a prediction of a narrow \sigma meson resonance. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Secondly, predictions of the model for pionium lifetime and shift confirm a well known and widely used effective range expression.
		Thirdly, as extension of this confirmation, we predict an unexpected medium effect of the pionium lifetime which shortens by several orders of magnitude.
		The \sigma meson shows a narrow resonance structure as a function of the medium modified mass with the implication of being essentially energy independent.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR97/BAPSDNP97/abs/S900009.html (196 words)

	Experiment DIRAC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In year 2000, it is planned to increase this statistics at least by factor of 3 in order to measure the pionium lifetime to 20% accuracy.
		The planned lifetime measurement to 10%, required to determine the difference of the s-wave isoscalar and isotensor pi-pi scattering length to 5% and thus to submit the understanding of QCD to a crucial test, is expected in 2001.
		The uncertainty in the pionium lifetime determination in DIRAC experiment, related to a finite size of the pion production region (mainly due to pions from omega decays), has been estimated on a negligible percent level.
	www-hep.fzu.cz /~rames/zamer/dirac.html (399 words)

	Citebase - Rare Pionium Decays and Pion Polarizability
		Authors: Hammer, H. Ng, J. We calculate the decay of pionium atoms into two photons.
		The pionium decay width is evaluated in the framework of chiral perturbation theory and the relativistic bound state formalism of constraint theory.
		Pionium lifetime corrections to the nonrelativistic formula are calculated in the framework of the quasipotential-constraint theory approach.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/9902284 (1010 words)

	Argonne News
		Their paper also suggested that measuring the lifetime of a pionium atom could provide information about the behavior of pions that could not be obtained through scattering experiments.
		Pionium can be thought of as an exotic form of hydrogen, Uretsky said.
		They both have a positively charged and negatively charged components (the proton and electron in the case of hydrogen; pionium has oppositely-charged pions), held together by electromagnetic forces.
	www.anl.gov /Media_Center/Argonne_News/2005/an050228.htm (3149 words)

	Eroeffnung in Basel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		-atom (``pionium'') moving at relativistic energy in the screened Coulomb field of a nucleus.
		Moreover it affords determining the contributions to the pionium cross sections for each atomic shell individually.
		``seagull'') due to the relativistic coupling between the pionium and the target.
	www.physik.unibas.ch /eurograd/Abstract20010511/heim.html (394 words)

	Citebase - The pionium lifetime in generalized chiral perturbation theory
		The pionium lifetime in generalized chiral perturbation theory
		Authors: Sazdjian, H. Pionium lifetime corrections to the nonrelativistic formula are calculated in the framework of the quasipotential-constraint theory approach.
		The calculation extends an earlier evaluation, made in the scheme of standard chiral perturbation theory, to the scheme of generalized chiral perturbation theory, in which the quark condensate is left as a free parameter.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/0004226 (1260 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When $\mu_r \alpha \ll m_e$, this function can be Taylor expanded and leads to higher order corrections.
		When $\mu_r \alpha \approx m_e$, as is the case in pionium, the function is of order one and the correction is of order $\alpha$.
		We use an effective field theory approach to calculate this correction and find it equal to $0.4298 \alpha \Gamma_0$.
	www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de /cgi-bin/abstracts/hep-ph:9804201 (139 words)

	DIRAC Experiment - Tests of nonperturbative QCD predictions
		For the first time experimental evidence in favour of or against the existence of a strong quark condensate in the QCD vacuum could be within reach.
		1) has been designed to detect pion pairs and to select pairs from pionium breakup, with low relative momentum, with a resolution better than 1 MeV/c.
		It was installed and commissioned in 1998 at the ZT8 beam area of the PS East Hall at CERN.
	www.nipne.ro /Struct/ExpPhyDep/CosmicsRays/Dirac/interes/node1.html (357 words)

	Observation d'atomes exotiques dans l'expérience NA48 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		L'expérience NA48 au Cern dont l'objectif principal est l'étude de la violation de la symétrie de CP dans les mésons K, vient d’observer la formation d’atomes de pionium dans les désintégrations K
		Le pionium, une version exotique de l’atome d’hydrogène, est un état formé de deux pions de charge opposée (π
		Cette observation, en accord avec la théorie, vient grossir la moisson d’atomes de pionium déjà récoltée par l’expérience Dirac au Cern.
	www-dapnia.cea.fr /Phocea/Vie_des_labos/News/index.php?act=visu&id_news=698 (121 words)

	[No title]
		The Dirac Experiment at CERN Neural network hardware is used in the first level trigger of the Dirac experiment at the CERN PS [2].
		The experiment is designed to detect pionium production on a copper target with a 34 GeV proton beam and to measure the lifetime of pionium.
		The Dirac trigger achieves an overall background reduction factor of 2.5 and is 95% efficient for the pionium events under study.
	conferences.fnal.gov /acat2000/program/papers/plenary/denby_paper_revised.doc (2329 words)

	Theoretical Predictions for Pionium Searches (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: Characteristic properties of pionium A 2 and associated low energy s--wave cross sections oe(0 0 !
		Typeset using REVT E X 1 Like other charged particle pairs the dimesonic + \Gamma system is expected to form a Coulomb bound atomic system known as pionium A 2.
		Consistent description of NN and πN interactions using the..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /437098.html (130 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		New light on electromagnetic corrections to the scattering parameters obtained from experiments on pionium
		These elements can be extracted from experiments on pionium.
		Our calculation uses energy independent hadronic pion-pion potentials that satisfactorily reproduce the low-energy phase shifts given by two-loop chiral pertur- bation theory.
	celestial.eprints.org /cgi-bin/oaia2/arXiv.org?verb=GetRecord&identifier=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/0108116&metadataPrefix=oai_dc (119 words)

	Rare pionium decays and pion polarizability
		Received: 1 March 1999 / Revised version: 31 May 1999 Communicated by W. Weise
		We calculate the decay of pionium atoms into two photons.
		We also comment on the contribution of the axial anomaly to the decay of pionium into
	publish.edpsciences.org /abstract/EPJA/V6/P115 (139 words)

	Research Interest of Kai Hencken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Electromagnetic breakup of Pionium and the DIRAC experiment
		Calculation of excitation and ionization cross sections as input for the analysis of the DIRAC experiment.
		Simulation of the propagation of the Pionium in matter.
	quasar.physik.unibas.ch /~hencken/research.html (285 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The extraction of hadronic parameters from experiments on pionium
		We develop a method for obtaining the isospin invariant quanties a20 - a00 and 2a00 + a20 from a(0c) and a(cc).
		Comment: 17 pages, Revtex, 1 postscript figure, new version of figure which removes ghostscript problems
	celestial.eprints.org /cgi-bin/oaia2/arXiv.org?verb=GetRecord&identifier=oai:arXiv.org:nucl-th/9704017&metadataPrefix=oai_dc (69 words)

	Untitled Document
		The accurate measurement of this quantity will provide a crucial test of Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) predictions.
		• B. Adeva et al.,``DIRAC a high resolution spectrometer for pionium detection'', Nucl.Instr.
		Santamarina, M. Schumann, L.G. Afanasyev and T. Heim, 'A Monte Carlo calculation of the pionium break-up probability with different sets of pionium target cross sections', J. Phys.
	www.infn.it /esperimenti/esperimenti.php?gruppo=3&sigla_naz=DIRAC (289 words)

	QFTHEP'99 - Preliminary Program, June 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On a possible estimation of the constituent quark parametrs from Jefferson Lab experiments on pion form factor
		Quantum and relativistic corrections to pionium decay to photons
		Deep inelastic scattering and Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen
	www.tamm.lpi.ru /confs/qfthep99/99/prog01.html (186 words)

	ElectroServer Message Board
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		Post Edited (pionium) : 9/17/2004 9:42:13 AM GMT
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	www.electro-server.com /forum/?f=5&m=708 (849 words)

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