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Topic: Pipil

	GeoNative - Pipil
		The Pipil are much more (200,000) or so, but their language will die soon.
		Pipil is a variant of Nawa (Nahuatl, the Aztec language) spoken once in much of Central America, from Guatemala to Panama, as a remnant of the old Aztec Empire.
		There may be 200,000 ethnic Pipils, but the language is virtually extinct, only around 20 speakers remained in 1990.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/9479/pipil.html (251 words)

	Chinese Siege Warfare - Pipil Stone Thrower (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		These catapults were emplaced on hill tops and used by Pipil warriors to fire down at the invading Spanish during battles and skirmishes of the 16th century A.D. Pedro de Alvarado, a lieutenant of Hernan Cortes, led the first effort by the Spanish in June A.D. 1524 to subdue the Pipil.
		The Pipil and their remaining Mayan speaking neighbours, led by a war leader called by the traditional name of Atlacatl defeated the Spaniards and forced them to withdraw to Guatemala.
		The difficulty the Spanish faced in subduing the Pipil might have been in part due to the use of this crude but effective stone thrower, which was sufficiently impressive enough to have been recorded for posterity a century later by Fuentes y Guzman in his historical records of the period.
	authors.history-forum.com /liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/siegeweapons-f-pipilstonethrower.html (277 words)

	Historical Overview: El Salvador \| New Day Films
		In 1833, an uprising of Pipils is defeated.
		The economic and political turmoil leads to uprisings in January of 1932 of primarily Pipil peasants and urban workers led by the Communist party, armed mostly with macheteso and stones.
		Pipil leader Jose Feliciano Ama is hung while his children are forced to watch.
	www.newday.com /guides/mango/20histelsal.html (1741 words)

	Humanities 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Pipil culture did not reach the advanced level of the Maya, but they still had an important influence on the region.
		Although the Aztecs and Mayans may have been considered the most advanced societies in the 14 th century, the Pipil were very important to the political and religious structure of the area.
		Freire would probably say that the Pipil were somewhat of an oppressed group because although they traded with the Aztecs their civilization was not as advanced and they were sometimes conquered by other tribes.
	www.xenobug.com /humanities/hum-2a.htm (709 words)

	Pipil - Pipil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The mythology of the Pipil, while not unrelated to the Toltec/Aztec, more closely approximates the mythology related by the Maya peoples who are their near neighbors.
		Pipil may refer to a branch of the pre-Columbian Toltec civilization, which flourished in Central Mexico around the close of the 1st millennium AD.
		The Pipil have had a strong influence on the current culture of El Salvador, with a large portion of the population claiming ancestry from the indigenous group.
	www.228d.com /Pipil (1560 words)

	Cuzcatlan - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The indigenous Pipil called their land Cuzcatlan, meaning, "land of richness." It was a domain of abundant volcanic soil and lush vegetation, blessed with a natural water system of lakes and rivers.
		Individual or privatized ownership of land was unheard of and all socio-economic life in Cuzcatlan was based on free access to land and produce.
		From inception, El Salvador was characterized by war and genocide as massacres, rapes, and plunder were used to dominate and extinguish the Pipil, Lenca, and Pokoman.
	santabarbara.unclewebster.com /lc/bus/1546/history.shtml (3333 words)

	El Salvador - SPANISH CONQUEST AND COLONIZATION
		The Pipil nation, believed to have been founded in the eleventh century, was organized into two major federated states subdivided into smaller principalities.
		The Pipil were a determined people who stoutly resisted Spanish efforts to extend their dominion southward.
		It is noteworthy that the name of the supposed leader of the Indian resistance, Atlacatl, has been perpetuated and honored among the Salvadorans to the relative exclusion of that of Alvarado.
	countrystudies.us /el-salvador/4.htm (784 words)

	Denver Post Online: Books & Authors
		It is an elegant epic, bordered by the hot politics that have charged El Salvador for decades, intertwining the stories of the families of a Pipil native, a plantation owner and a government soldier.
		And it is political: The families include three generations of the Pipil natives - los indios - who historically have served el patron, El Salvador's landowners and power brokers, and, more recently, have been controlled by la guardia, the soldiers who keep the two classes separated.
		When the Pipil coffee picker is mistaken for a rebel and shot, a compassionate guardia takes his newborn son home and raises him as his own.
	extras.denverpost.com /books/book24.htm (565 words)

	guatemala5
		Probably the Pokoman Maya and the Nahua Pipil populations were intermixed in El Salvador and southeast Guatemala in pre-conquest times, and the Pokoman maintained linguistic superiority in Guatemala, while the language of the Pipil became dominant in El Salvador.
		The dominance of the Pipiles in the Spanish province of San Salvador--that is, the area west of the Lempa River in present El Salvador—may have been a result of friendly trade with the Xinca.
		If the Mexican traders, the so-called Pipiles, lived amicably with the Xinca and Lenca, and such seems to have been the case, they were given an important degree of protection in their province of Cuzcatlan.
	libro.uca.edu /guatemala/guatemala5.htm (4872 words)

	Enemies of War - El Salvador: Before the War
		When Pedro de Alvarado, a lieutenant of Hernan Cortes, arrived in 1524 to explore the land, he met strong resistance from the Pipil and was forced back into Guatemala.
		Two Spanish expeditions followed, and the Pipil finally succumbed to the dominating force of the conquerors.
		The Europeans' appropriation of the land that sustained the indigenous people resulted in the rapid decline of the Pipil civilization.
	www.pbs.org /itvs/enemiesofwar/elsalvador1.html (754 words)

	CENTRAL AMERICA - LoveToKnow Article on CENTRAL AMERICA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Near the frontier of- Honduras are the remarkable ruins of Quirigua, which rival Copan in importance and have suffered less from the ravages of the climate.
		Probably the central and western districts of San Salvador were originally peopled by the same race of Mayas, and these tracts of country were later settled by the Mexican-speaking Pipiles.
		A characteristic feature of the extensive ruins of Zacualpa is that the pyramids and ramparts have perpendicular steps which are higher than they are broad, and this peculiarity may be attributed to the influence of the Maya tribes, who are related to the Mams of Guatemala.
	16.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CE/CENTRAL_AMERICA.htm (6859 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Pipil people live in western part of El Salvador, mainly in the area between Sononate and Santa Ana.
		It is reckoned that the Pipils arrived in El Salvador between 900 and 1300 AD.
		The Pipil dances that remain today mainly originate from the time of the Spanish Conquest.
	www.compapp.dcu.ie /~mward/kabiye/general/html/culture_eng.html (92 words)

	[No title]
		The Pipil were a subgroup of the Nahua's, who came from central Mexico.
		The ancestors of the Pipil were the Toltecs and Aztecs and their culture was very similar to Aztec culture, the main difference being that the Pipil did not perform human sacrifices.
		He was initially repulsed by Pipil troops but returned and conquered the area in 1525.
	web.pdx.edu /~craitn/elsalvador/history_page.html (673 words)

	Humanities 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Tlaloc was the god of rain and fertility in the Pipil mythology.
		Tlaloc would bring water to the Pipil to help their crops grow, but when angered, he could bring a great wrath upon the Pipil.
		Although the Aztecs had a heavy influence on the Pipil, the Pipil tribe had a very distinct style of artwork.
	xenobug.com /humanities/hum-2c.htm (400 words)

	Anthropology
		Pipil resistance waned by 1528, allowing the Spaniards and their indigenous allies to reenter and to found a more permanent settlement, the second villa of San Salvador.
		This new town was built in an area to the north of Cuscatlan Pipil territory that apparently had little or no indigenous settlement at the time of the conquest.
		It is reasonable to suppose that the region served as a buffer zone between the Pipils to the west and south and the Lencas to the east.
	sitemason.vanderbilt.edu /anthro (1104 words)

	XII LOK SABHA DEBATES, Session IV, (Budget) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Shri Mohan Lal Pipil was a Member of Sixth Lok Sabha representing Khurja Parliamentary Constituency of Uttar Pradesh from 1977 to 1979.
		Shri Pipil was a well-known social and political worker.
		Shri Mohan Lal Pipil passed away at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi due to ill health on 13 August, 1998 at the age of 68.
	parliamentofindia.nic.in /lsdeb/ls12/ses4/01250299.htm (366 words)

	Museo Popol Vuh
		Common opinion on the Postclassic peoples of the Pacific Coast of Guatemala tells they were Pipil, who had come from Mexico in several migrations.
		In his research, he has payed considerable attention to the role of mexicanized or Pipil lineages for the formation of the Postclassic highland nations such as the K'iche', Tz'utujil or Kaqchikel.
		According to his work, the Coastal populations were the source of Mexican influence, sometimes called Toltec.The K'iche' and Kaqchikel left important information about the Coastal peoples in their texts, but it is necessary to put together scattered references, and relate them with data from other Colonial sources.
	www.popolvuh.ufm.edu /eng/InvPipiles.htm (311 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Pipil Indian tribe occupied what is now known as El Salvador before the Spanish ventured into Central America from New Spain (Mexico).
		Believed to have originated in the eleventh century, the Pipil were primarily an agricultural center, although they did build some urban centers which eventually developed into present-day cities.
		In terms of their reaction to the Spaniards, the Pipil were not easily persuaded to conform to the Spaniards demands.
	itrs.scu.edu /pmelissa/historytext2.html (262 words)

	Pipil: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Pipil are a loose confederation of Nahuatl (A member of any of various Indian peoples of central Mexico)
		The prehistoric and modern Pipil are from at least three separate cultural and language groups that were loosely joined by conquest and later by culture, Exception Handler: No article summary found.
		The Pipil introduced the cults of Tlaloc (Tlaloc was, in aztec mythology, the god of rain and fertility....)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/pipil (2502 words)

	[No title]
		The Pipils made statues like these and brought them gifts, like flowers or animal sacrifices, to pray that the gods would send rain for their crops.” My father and uncles joined us and we walked down the path to the pool.
		People said that she was pure not because of the rules of her family and tribe, but because she had yet to meet a man that was her equal.
		He had been afraid of the Pipil, for he knew their Great Chief was a powerful leader.
	www.lulu.com /items/volume_1/101000/101208/7/preview/Book_one_Lulu_Preview_revised.doc (24723 words)

	Music of El Salvador - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The largest group of indigenous El Salvadoreans were the Pipils; others included the Lenca, Pok'omame and Chorti.
		The beautiful music of the Pipil and Maya was mainly with drums, rattles and flutes.
		One notable indian music group is Talticpac, which means in Nawat "above the Earth".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador (466 words)

	Reports Submitted to FAMSI - Frederick J. Bove
		The unexpected discovery of large Late Postclassic centers distributed non-randomly on the central Pacific Coast in the past decade are the subject of the contribution to the Shook volume (Figure 1).
		The documentary sources identify a number of Pipil towns occupied in the immediate aftermath of the conquest.
		Were the Pipil migrations causal or epiphenomenal in the collapse of Late-Terminal Classic society at Cotzumalguapa and the lower coastal city-states?
	www.famsi.org /reports/98001/section02.htm (3186 words)

	El Salvador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A BRIEF HISTORY OF El Salvador originally was a home for the Pipil Indians and when the Spanish invaded in 1524 to 1528, the name was changed to El Salvador.
		Spain treated the Pipil Indians like slaves and used them to work the land that was originally the natives'.
		Originally, the Pipil Indians spoke their native tongue, but after the Spanish colonized there, the people of El Salvador spoke mainly Spanish.
	www.georgetown.txed.net /benold/projects/2010latinamericawebs/bencivenga/ss9/abbyh (293 words)

	El Salvador before Columbus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An Elite class emerged and quickly monopolized key functions for the development of these communities such as the redistribution of the wealth created by the trade and the desimination of religious ritual and all the knowledge associated with it.
		The Pipil inhabited all of the land west of the Lempa River, except for a few isolated valleys in the far northwest where small groups of Pokoman remained.
		The Pipil would probably have gone on to extend their influence eastward over the Lenca and the Chortis, but in 1524 newcomers entered El Salvador and quickly overcame the Pipil.
	www.elsalvadorsite.com /banner.html (1188 words)

	El Salvadore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Prior to Spain's conquest, the area of Central America that would become El Salvador was populated primarily by Amerindians of the Pipil tribe, a subgroup of a nomadic people known as the Nahua.
		By about the eleventh century, the Pipil nation was organized into two federated states, each of which were divided into principalities.
		It is noteworthy that the name of the leader of the Amerindian resistance, Atlacatl, has been perpetuated and honored among the Salvadorans whereas that of Alvarado has been virtually ignored.
	www.it4biz.com /omnibus/portofcall/elsalvadore.htm (14595 words)

	Typical Characters and Legends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Is a Salvadoran legend or myth that tells about an apparition in the form of a woman with her face covered by thick, gray-fl hair, white arms with fine, ivory-like, long and thin fingered hand and shiny, pointed nails.
		The legend says that La Siguanaba or Siguamonta (Indian Pipil word that means beautiful woman) only appears at night in trails to single men or men that live out of marriage with a woman, to boys and old men, when they are not wearing blessed medals, crosses or religious insignias.
		To avoid the appearance of the spirit, the advice is to carry in your left pocket a piece of red colored cloth, place on the hat a cross made from pins or say to the apparition: "Mary, take your hen's leg" or "Comadre (godmother of my child), here is your little cigar".
	www.elsalvador.org /home.nsf/0/0d9f34bb52308aa285256b0a00743bce?OpenDocument (661 words)

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