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Topic: Pisans

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pisa
		The Pisans obtained great concessions in Palestine and in the principality of Antioch by lending their ships for the transportation of crusaders in 1099, and thereafter people of all nations were to be found in their city.
		The reprisals of Innocent III in Sardinia led the Pisans to espouse the cause of Otto IV and that of Frederick II, and Pisa became the head and refuge of the Ghibellines of Tuscany, and, accordingly, a fierce enemy of Florence.
		The Pisans hoped to retrieve themselves by inviting Henry VII to establish himself in their city, offering him two million florins for his war against Florence, and their fleet for the conquest of Naples; but his death in 1313 put an end to these hopes.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12110a.htm (1373 words)

	Cagliari - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 11th century, the Pisan republic that had previously seized the Sulcis region in the south east, conquered the kingdom of Karalis and re-built the town of Cagliari.
		Pisa was one of the four Italian "maritime republics" that in the middle age fought for control of the Mediterranean sea and its commercial routes.
		Some of the fortifications that still surround the current district of Castello (Casteddu 'e susu in Sardinian language) were built by the Pisans, most notably the two remaining white lime-stone towers designed by architect Giovanni Capula (originally there were three towers that guarded the three gates that gave access to the district).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cagliari (1731 words)

	Architecture - Pisa
		It was plain that the tower must surely fall if more stories of the same size were added at the same inclination, so he designed a narrower belfry, with wide, open arches in its sides, and a flat roof, reached by a curved and very narrow stone stairway.
		It was in part a thirst for greatness that induced the Pisans to build their tower; and though it rose only about half as high as that of their Venetian rivals, their Leaning Tower became a sort of new wonder of the world.
		The causes for the strange effect produced were soon forgotten in the general wonder that a tower, seemingly in the act of falling, should continue to stand through the slow-passing centuries.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles10/famous-buildings-22.shtml (1983 words)

	Elba island isle of elba
		It was built by the Pisans in the XI century and demolished by the Turks in 1534.
		The Pisan Tower of Marciana Marina was built during the XII century to protect the port from Saracen's incursions.
		The Pisans rebuilt it around 1000 after the Saracens' incursions and still today you are able to see the "palmenti" the rocks that the inhabitants dug for the grape harvest.
	www.portale-arcipelago-toscano.com /arci_artemevo.php (903 words)

	Cagliari Cathedral - Churches and monuments of Sardinia - Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Pisans began the construction of the primitive church, dedicating it to Our Lady Assumed into Heaven, the same patronage as the cathedral of their city.
		The original Pisan construction was designed with three naves divided by eight monolithic marble columns, four on each side.
		On the outside, there remain from the Pisan era: the two transept side doors; the architrave of the middle entrance door, decorated with a frame of acanthus and flowers; the bell-tower.
	www.sardinian.net /sardinia/monuments/churches/cathedral_cagliari.htm (1304 words)

	HolidayCity Flash Travel Article - Campo dei Miracoli of Pisa
		Once the Pisans had their spectacular Cathedral, what did they do but decide to build a bell tower nearby, for of course no cathedral would be complete without its bell tower (pictured right).
		The Pisans were determined to have a one too; and since the Venetian tower was of bricks, the Pisans would have one with nothing less than fine white marble.
		The decision to build the Tower was to land the Pisans with a massive headache for the next 800 years.
	www.holidaycityflash.com /italy/campo_dei_miracoli1.htm (1014 words)

	Cagliari History
		In 1257 the Pisans, having allied themselves with the Judgeships of Arborea, Torres and Gallura, conquered the ancient capital of Santa Igia and destroyed it.
		In spite of these efforts, their fate was sealed: the Aragonese troops reached Cagliari in 1324, and after a three-month siege overcame the Pisans' defences, while in the rest of Sardinia they crushed the resistance of their last opponents: the Judgeship of Arborea and the Republic of Genoa which had some possessions on the island.
		The Pisan body of laws was definitely abolished, and the right to reside in the Castle quarter, also elected by the Aragonese as the administrative heart of the city, was reserved to Catalans, Valencians and Majorcans.
	www.casic.it /eng/cenni_storici_en.htm (2133 words)

	Outremer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Surprisingly, the Venetians were able to persuade the Pisans that Genoa was not to be trusted and so caused them to switch sides.
		And two, that these rivalries could be suppressed when there was a strong monarch present, either to rally around or to unite against, or when there was an immediate external threat; but that when the strong hand or external threat was absent, there was nothing to restrain the rivalries.
		When the Pisans defected, Genoa overran their district and took control of it, which included the inner harbor.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /outremer/50.shtml (797 words)

	MELORIA - Online Information article about MELORIA
		The Pisan fleet represented the whole power of the city, and carried members of every family of mark and most of the
		The second line of twenty galleys, under the command of Benedetto Giacaria (or Zaccharie), was placed so far behind the first that the Pisans could not see whether it was made up of war-vessels or of small craft meant to act as tenders to the others.
		Yet it was near enough to strike in and decide the battle when the action had begun.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /MEC_MIC/MELORIA.html (740 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Ugoli’no,
		Giovanni died, but the latter joined the Florentines, and forced the Pisans to restore his territories.
		In 1284 Genoa made was against Pisa, and Count Ugoli’no treacherously deserted the Pisans, causing their total overthrow.
		At length a conspiracy was formed against him, and in 1288 he was cast with his two sons and two grandsons into the tower of Gualandi, where they were all starved to death.
	www.bartleby.com /81/16913.html (188 words)

	www.cagliaridascoprire.it - The history of Cagliari
		Later came the Carthaginians, the Romans, the Vandals, the Goths, the Arabs, the Pisans, the Aragonese, the Spaniards, the Austrians and finally the Piemontese.
		The Pisans were defeated in 1324 and were finally expelled from the city in 1326.
		One of the first acts of the new oppressors was to abolish the Pisan legislation and to approve a new statute, the Coeterum.
	www.cagliaridascoprire.it /storia/history.htm (2406 words)

	Walter Berschin - 6. Pisa
		The translators of Pisa participated "in litteris" in the extension of the "ancient magnificence" of the Pisan generations that designed cathedrals, baptisteries, and city towers on the green plain before the old city in revived classical form as a new focal point of sovereign authority.
		According to a reliable tradition, this Stephan was a Pisan; the Pisan quarter of Antioch, which had existed since 1108, had the same causal relationship with this translator from Arabic as did the Pisan quarter in Constantinople with the later translators from Greek.
		Burgundio died in 1193 at an advanced age and was buried by the Pisans in an ancient sarcophagus in the church of St.Pau1 on the bank of the Arno; they celebrated him in his epitaph, engraved in marble, as a translator, scholar, teacher and commentator of sacred texts.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/Walter_Berschin_36.html (2498 words)

	Cagliari
		The tower was built in 1307 by the Pisans, but it became a symbol of Spanish domination, when its rulers would conduct executions and then hang the severed heads from the tower in cages.
		Originally built by the Pisans in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the Cathedral of Santa Maria was modified several times, and now blends Romanesque, Baroque and Catalan Gothic styles.
		Two pulpits carved in Pisa in 1162 and donated to Cagliari stand near the entrance, and the cathedral boasts many striking sculptures and paintings in its lavish side chapels, in the transept, and at the altar.
	www.sweptawaytravels.com /Cagliari.htm (273 words)

	Italian Romanesque - Influences
		At the commencement of the eleventh century Pisa was the rival of Venice and Genoa as a great commercial and naval power, and took the lead in the wars against the infidels, defeating the Saracens in A.D. 1025, 1030, and 1089 at Tunis.
		The Pisans also captured Palermo in A.D. 1062, and this contact with the Saracens probably accounts for the characteristic Pisan use of striped marbles.
		The Pisans were defeated by the Genoese in A.D. 1284, and this was the beginning of their decline.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles23/architecture-57.shtml (1497 words)

	Tourism in Sardinia: all the routes
		Certainly the whole region, whose name today is Iglesiente, has always lived in relation to the mines, since the Nuraghic age and since the exploitation in Punic and Roman age, by the slaves' work and that one of condemned people.
		After a new decline during the Spanish domination, because of the richer American mines, there was a great mining boom, when tens of mines were opened on the mountains and in the hills.
		It was founded by the Pisans in the 12th century, today there are few traces of the glorious past.
	www.mondosardegna.net /eng/itinerari/iglesiente.htm (610 words)

	...he country, with unlimited authority, to the end that those whom they sus..., P. 72 of 314
		The competitors for the purchase were the Florentines and the Pisans; and in the course of the treaty the Pisans, finding that the Florentines, being the richer people, were about to obtain it, had recourse to arms, and, with the assistance of the Visconti, marched against Lucca.
		Nevertheless, the Pisans continued the siege, and the Florentines used their utmost endeavors to relieve her; but after a long war, loss of money, and accumulation of disgrace, they were compelled to retire, and the Pisans became lords of Lucca.
		The loss of this city, as in like cases commonly happens, exasperated the people of Florence against the members of the government; at every street corner and public place they were openly censured, and the entire misfortune was laid to the charge of their greediness and mismanagement.
	www.passmoore.com /ebook/page.php?book=1&page=72 (428 words)

	Pisa : Attractions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pisans think that's just a bit too much and refer to it, as they always have, as Piazza del Duomo.
		The tower's problem -- that which has been the bane of Pisan engineers trying to overcome it for more than 800 years -- is you can't stack that much heavy marble on top of a shifting subsoil foundation and keep it all on the up and up.
		It was started in 1173 -- the date on the wall of 1174 owes to an old Pisan quirk of starting the year with the date of the Virgin's conception -- by Guglielmo and Bonnano Pisano (who also sculpted the Duomo's original bronze doors).
	www.frommers.com /destinations/print-narrative.cfm?destID=168&catID=0168010029 (2180 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Genoa
		In 1087, the Genoese and Pisans captured Almadia and Subeila in Africa.
		In the First Crusade their fleet transported the crusading armies to the Holy Land, secured many ports in Syria and Palestine for the Christians, and, in return for their services, they were granted important commercial privileges among the Christian principalities of the East.
		Together with the Pisans they aided Innocent II to put down the schism of Anacletus, and, as a reward, the pope divided between the two municipalities the islands of Sardinia and Corsica, retaining, however, his own overlordship.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06419a.htm (2156 words)

	CAGLIARI-[ruv.net : Online Encyclopedia Britannica : 1911 Edition]- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On the edge of the cliffs on the E. is the cathedral, built in 1257-1312 by the Pisans, and retaining two of the original transept doors.
		The Saracens devastated it in the 8th century, but Were driven out, and the island returned to the rule of kings, until they fell in the 10th century, their place being taken by four judges of the four provinces, Cagliari, Torres, Arborea and Gallura.
		The Pisans soon acquired the sovereignty over the whole island with the exception of Arborea, which continued to be independent.
	britannica.ruv.net /C/CA/CAGLIARI.htm (1166 words)

	StoriaEng5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1016 a naval fleet of Pisans and Genoans defeated the Muslims, who, the year before had occupied the Sardinia "massacrating and caturing women and children".
		From then on the Pisans and Genoans, often in contrast between themselves, had more and more influence in Sardinia and the 4 giudicati, deeply conditioning politics and limiting the autonomy of the country.
		In that period new cities by the sea, flourished, and the Sardinians returned to face the mediterranean, protected by the Pisan and Genoans fleets.
	www.sardiniatarget.com /StoriaEng5.htm (693 words)

	Lucca e le sue terre: l'arte, la cultura e gli eventi nella provincia di Lucca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the Middle Ages the castle was involved in the struggle between Pisa and Lucca for the possession of lake Massaciuccoli.
		It was conquered and again lost many times: destroyed by the Pisans in 1164, rebuilt by the citizens of Lucca and again destroyed, like Chiatri, Fibbialla, Massarosa, Gualdo and Ricatro, when Uguccione della Faggiola occupied Lucca.
		The castle of Gualdo stood at the top of the hill, near, or, maybe, in place of the church and dominated the whole plain up to the sea.
	luccapro.cribecu.sns.it /ENG/for/for_s0012/stor.asp (583 words)

	Ischia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Byzantines gave the island over to Naples in 588 and by 661 it was being administered by a Count liege to the Duke of Naples.
		The area was devastated by the Saracens in 813 and 847; in 1004 it was occupied by Henry II of Germany ; the Norman Roger II of Sicily took it in 1130; the island was raided by the Pisans in 1135 and 1137 and subsequently fell under the Suebi and then Angevin rule.
		After the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, the island rebelled, recognizing Peter III of Aragon, but was retaken by the Angevins the following year.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ischia (1165 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The contest of the craftsman with the pillaging soldier is typically represented by the war of the Lombard League with Frederick II.; and that of the craftsman with the hypocritical priest, by the war of the Pisans with Gregory IX.
		Wherefore the said Pisans were put to shame, and the King, both by reason of the florin, and for the words of our wise citizen, made the Florentines free, and appointed for them their own Fondaco, and church, in Tunis, and gave them privileges like the Pisans.
		Aldobrandino dismissed the Pisan ambassador in silence, returned instantly into the council, and without saying anything of the offer that had been made to him, got them to reconsider their vote, and showed them such reason for keeping Mutrona in its strength, that the vote for its destruction was rescinded.
	www.knowledgerush.com /pg/etext05/7arno10.txt (15031 words)

	Citadelle - Un autre regard sur le Moyen Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mais les Pisans stipulèrent, par l'article 13, que leur consul serait admis au moins une fois par mois en présence du roi, et qu'il pourrait traiter des intérêts de ses nationaux en tout temps et directement avec les chefs du gouvernement.
		Le soin que prenaient les Pisans de suivre et de dominer toujours le développement du commerce des Génois en Afrique se reconnaît dans plusieurs dispositions du traité.
		Quant aux Pisans ou protégés pisans qui voulaient séjourner longtemps en Afrique, ils n'étaient tenus d'acquitter les droits qu'à la troisième année seulement après leur arrivée.
	www.citadelle.org /index.cfm?CFID=52088&CFTOKEN=16865647&p=04,00,00,00&scid=11 (5130 words)

	It not only exerted great influence in the regions of Pisa and Lucca
		His contemporaries in painting, the Pisan masters Francesco Traini and the Master of The Triumph of Death (from them name of the unknown painter's fresco cycle in the Camposanto), were greatly influenced by the Sienese, unlike their successors who would fall more under the sway of Florentine painting.
		Then, in 1284, the Pisans, whose fleet had in the meantime eclipsed that of another great sea republic, Amalfi, suffered a serious setback when they were soundly beaten by the Genoese at Meloria.
		Deprived of a fleet of her own, she was forced to helplessy look on as Sardinia was conquered by the Aragonese while, at the same time, she was sucked more and more into the sphere of influence of nearby Florence.
	www.pisa2000.it /english%20version/inglese%20pag.%202.htm (595 words)

	Letter from Lina (?) to Maria, November 12, 1931 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At Pisa too we have had the inauguration of the Fascist Stadium in the presence of the King and the Queen and Princess Maria; the weather ruined the party, but it provided an occasion for the Pisans to show the affection they have for the royal family.
		The royal house sends him a package of illustrated newspapers every day and has arranged for a radio to be placed near his bed to entertain him.
		Queen Giovanna also came to Pisa with Boris, and the Pisans praised them so highly because they have a weakness for Giovanna, who was the angel of San Rossore [district of Pisa].
	www.wetzoollamb.net /jfpp/maria/letters/31nov12n.htm (387 words)

	The Fall of Outremer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Having gone that far, the Genoese (with the Pisans joining) went on down the other side of the hill, sacked a few houses, looted ships tied up at the quay, and generally raised havoc until driven out by the Venetians.
		This incident marks the beginning of a nasty squabble that dragged on for years and is known as the War of St Sabas.
		They were able to persuade the Pisans to switch sides (Genoa and Pisa were often rivals), and they were joined by merchants from Marseilles.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /FallOfOutremer/02.shtml (553 words)

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