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Topic: Pit fired pottery

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	Pottery
		A pottery shard found in an archeological dig can tell the archeologist what materials were used in a given region, where the pottery clay came from, what the firing techniques were and the possible cultural purpose for a given piece.
		Pottery covered with hard glazes developed adjunct with glass technology (the earliest glass beads were found in Egypt their date estimated to 3500 BC).
		For a glaze to fuse with a given piece of pottery, the glaze must have certain elements which vitrify and are tolerant to the heat of the firing.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/ancienttech/pottery.html (1462 words)

	Pottery - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Due to the large number of pottery factories, or colloquially 'Pot Banks', the City of Stoke-on-Trent in England became known as The Potteries; one of the first industrial cities of the modern era where as early as 1785 200 pottery manufacturers employed 20,000 workers.
		Pottery that is fired at temperatures in the 800 to 1200 °C range, which does not vitrify in the kiln but remains slightly porous is often called earthenware or terra cotta.
		Firing is an essential stage in the manufacture of pottery, during which chemical and physical reactions occur which causes the material to be permanently altered.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Pottery (3877 words)

	NativeTech: NATIVE AMERICAN POTTERY OF THE EASTERN FORESTS
		Before the use of pottery, sturdy stone bowls were used, but because of their great weight, the bowls were often left (cached) at a village site that would be returned to in subsequent seasons.
		Pottery is assumed to have been made by women, there are few early historic references to men making pottery.
		Pottery was fired outside in a shallow pit, without the use of an enclosed kiln.
	www.nativetech.org /pottery/pottery.htm (1639 words)

	Pottery - CeramicWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pottery is a ceramic material, where the clay mixed with other minerals is formed into vessels, generally with utilitarian purposes in mind.
		The formed clay, or piece, may be "bisque fired" in a kiln to harden it, and then fired a second time after adding a glaze or a piece may be once fired by applying appropriate glaze to the dry unfired clay and firing in one cycle.
		Pottery is an ancient technology, and is one of the key technologies in the formation of civilization.
	serv01.siteground118.com /~ceramicw/index.php?title=Pottery (2558 words)

	Pit fired pottery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pit fired pottery is the oldest known method of firing clay-- and the ultimate source of all the modern firing variations used by potters.
		Unfired pots are nestled together in a pit in the ground and are then covered with burnable materials such as wood shavings, leaves, metal oxides, salts, sawdust and dried manure.
		Other traditional pottery processes which have been revived or modified by modern potters include the Asian technique of raku, the use of saggar boxes in gas and wood fired kilns, and the use of salt as a glaze element.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pit_fired_pottery (310 words)

	Pit Fired Pottery by Joann Cassady
		The pit firing takes place in the earth in a sawdust lined pit.
		The colors on each piece were created spontaneously by the swirling action of the fire and the combustible elements that were added to the pit.
		Since the patterns and colors are created by the random action of the fire and the influence of the surrounding materials, each pit fired piece is uniquely original.
	www.imakepots.com /pitfire.html (205 words)

	local color gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pit firing is an ancient tradition of low-fired pottery.
		No glazes are used; the colors and patterns are the result of the type of clay, the burnishing of the pot's surface and the combination of materials used in the firing.
		Pit fires are often done at the beach where the items are placed on a bed of sawdust sprinkled with seaweed or other color-producing materials, then covered with dry cow dung and mixed woods.
	www.localcolorgallery.com /pitfire_raku.htm (222 words)

	Southwest Pit or Barrel Fired Pots
		Borrowed from ancient man, these pots are fired in a “pit” in the earth.
		The fire is instrumental in forming the unique designs on the piece since there is no glaze applied to the pottery.
		Pit fired pieces are used decoratively or in ceremonies.
	www.earthandwheel.com /swpit.asp (116 words)

	Pit firing
		The pit should be about 2ft (60cm) deep, 3ft (1m) wide and long enough to fit all the pottery and firewood.
		You could probably pit-fire any pottery, but the ideal pot would be a large piece made of a white or light clay body that will show the darker colours of the chemical stains, and with large smooth areas to show off the swirls, smudges and splatters.
		The pieces must be bisque fired before the pit firing, since the pit firing will be too fast and uneven and greenware is likely to get broken while packing the pit.
	www.swiss.ai.mit.edu /~adams/Pottery/pit.html (758 words)

	Firing Techniques Khnemu Studio Raku-fired, Pit-fired and Smoke-fired pottery by studio artist Dawn Soltysiak
		The red-hot pieces of pottery are immediately removed from the kiln with special tongs and placed into reduction containers that are filled with combustible materials such as straw, sawdust and paper.
		This starves the fire of oxygen from air, leaving the combustion no choice but to utilize molecular oxygen from the glazes and clay body, leaving bright metallic ion and irridescent luster behind.
		This firing method is very stressful to the vessel (as well as to the artist), as many pieces are lost during this final stage of creation.
	members.ispwest.com /rsolty/FiringTechniques.html (626 words)

	Ellison Bay Pottery, Door County Wisconsin \| Pit-fired and functional pottery
		Years ago, a fire pit was dug and dried pots were tumble stacked in a mound in the pit.
		Pottery shards were placed on or near the pots to protect them from the direct flames and cold drafts which cause the pots to break.
		Pottery is left unglazed, as in ancient times, but we occasionally cover some of our pieces with a very thin clay slip coating (terra sigillata) and then burnish (polish with a soft cloth) when dry.
	www.ellisonbaypottery.com /pitfired.htm (277 words)

	local color gallery
		Nan shapes her pots on a wheel or by hand, burnishes it with a smooth, tumbled stone 3 or 4 times until a glossy surface is achieved, and then bisque fires at a very low temperature.
		She then pit fires, often at the beach, placing the pots on a bed of sawdust sprinkled with seaweed or other color-producing materials, then covers it with dry cow dung and mixed woods.
		When the ashes are cool and the pots removed, she cleans them with a very fine steel wool and lightly buffs using a clear paste wax and soft cloth.
	www.localcolorgallery.com /cruisin.htm (361 words)

	Claygirl of California...Raku/Pit Fire
		Once the pottery has cooled, the pottery is then ready to be washed thoroughly as a film of tar has accumulated on the piece during the reduction process.
		A tunnel is dug in the sand underneath the pit for ventilation.
		The pottery is hot for at least an hour after removing from the pit and handling should be kept to a minimum until cooled.
	www.claygirl.com /raku.html (2103 words)

	[No title]
		Pit firing is one of the most primitive methods for firing ceramic ware.
		The pit is fired for four to six hours, reaching temperatures of approximately 1850°F (orange—red glowing embers) and allowed to cool naturally.
		Pit fired pottery is not intended to by used for food or water.
	www.eduardolazo.com /pitfired.html (335 words)

	Pit Firing Raku fired, Pit fired and Smoke fired pottery by studio artist Dawn Soltysiak. Fine art and Craft Gallery
		Pit Firing Raku fired, Pit fired and Smoke fired pottery by studio artist Dawn Soltysiak.
		The fire is ignited and burns for several hours.
		When the fire burns down to red hot embers, the pit is covered and left to cool.
	www.khnemustudio.com /PitFiring.html (175 words)

	Pit Fired Pottery
		Before pit firing a piece it must first be burnished to make it smooth.
		A pit is a shallow hole in the ground big enough to hold as many pieces as necessary.
		Once completely cooled, the pieces are removed from the pit, thoroughly scrubbed clean, and either polished with floor wax or sprayed with enamel to give them their semigloss finish.
	www.potterybygenez.com /pit-fired.htm (262 words)

	Ratliff Smokeware
		Originally, it was used to protect the ware from the falling debris in a wood fire.
		Pit Firing is done as the name implies...
		Ceramic Wares are placed into a fire pit and a wood fire is carefully built around and on top.
	www.ratliffpotteryandtile.com /Smokeware.htm (212 words)

	Rock Island Pottery
		My pots are individually hand thrown and fired in a pit amidst sawdust and local woods.
		As the fire burns down, powdered copper is thrown in the pit creating an atmosphere for chemical reaction with the fire, wood and sawdust.
		Pit-fired pottery is fired at a low temperature so it is not waterproof or food safe.
	www.rockisland.ca /rockislandpottery.htm (249 words)

	Pit Fired Pottery, Smoke Fired Pottery and Copper Work at Ed Gray Studio / Primative Pit Firing
		Preparing for a pit firing requires attention to a particular and time-honed process.
		The material in the pit is lit around the outside edges, which slowly burns and increases in temperature to approximately
		When there is nothing left but charred embers, I put the cover on the pit for the cool down period.
	www.edgraystudio.com /html/studio/primative_pit_firing.html (158 words)

	ClaynGlaze Smoke Fired Pottery
		Smoke-fired pottery, sometimes called pit-fired pottery, is the oldest pottery known to man. Any pot fired in a pit, as were the most ancient of pots, will have flashes of dark smoked areas where the smoke has been absorbed into the pottery from the firing.
		After the electric firing, the smoke firing is carried out in a steel dustbin of the type used for burning garden rubbish.
		The outcome of a good firing however, is a range of light and dark areas, some deeply flened contrasting with almost white areas where the clay has been covered in slurry and the smoke has not penetrated.
	www.claynglaze.co.uk /smoke_firing.htm (1576 words)

	directopedia : Directory : Arts : Crafts : Pottery
		Pottery is a form of ceramic technology, where the clay is formed into vessels, generally with utilitarian purposes in mind.
		Complex extremely high-fired ceramics, where the glaze and body fuse completely, are generally referred to as "products of ceramic technology." Ceramic technology is used for items such as electronic parts and Space Shuttle tiles.
		The temperature within the kiln is often identified using small triangular Pyrometric cones of carefully formulated chemical mixtures which melt within a specific temperature range and begin to bend slightly—hence the term "cones" being used to denote temperature.
	www.directopedia.org /directory/Arts-Crafts/Pottery.shtml (2925 words)

	Pit-fire \| Firing Guide \| Technical Resources
		Pit Firing Techniques with Mark Lancet (ClayStation) A comprehensive explanation of the pit-firing process, written by Andy Clift.
		Pit firing Pictures (Stephen Adams) from a pit firing in May 1997.
		Pit Fire (Mark L. Hessenflow) photos from a group pottery firing coordinated by Kathryn McBride.
	www.claystation.com /technical/firing/pit.html (635 words)

	Pit Fired Pottery Created by Phil Garaas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The pottery was decorated using colorants they prepared from plants and finely ground minerals.
		His creations are fired in primitive kilns he constructs in the ground and are fueled by locally available dried woods.
		Phil's smoke fired pottery is an alliance between himself and the fire.
	www.dyeartist.com /primitive_pottery.htm (247 words)

	Pit Fired Pottery
		In the spring of 2002 a pottery class from The Pottery School in the Pioneer Square neighborhood of Seattle attempted their first pit fire.
		Since the low fire clays will be more vitrified they will be stronger, but they will also be less porous so they may not take up the colors as readily.
		Since the clay wasn't fired as hot as it would be in a modern kiln, the pots are still fairly porous.
	www.mathin.com /pottery/pitfire (1036 words)

	Geoff Searle, pit-fired pottery
		The pot is then fired to approximately 1700 degrees Fahrenheit reaching a "biscuit" stage.
		Once cooled the pot is wrapped in an assortment of organic materials and metallic salts, which are fumed during a second firing inside a saggar (a box made of fireclay) in a pit, dug into the ground.
		The combination of burnishing clay and firing in a ground pit is not a new idea.
	www.whiterockgallery.com /Geoff_Searle.htm (390 words)

	Ceramics Today - Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Her hope is to pass on a simple pleasure to those who also feel drawn to this ancient and inviting connection to the earth.
		The Raku Museum in Kyoto, Japan, is a unique specialist museum of Raku wares with a collection of Raku pieces handed down by the Raku family, a ceramic dynasty of 450 years history.
		Pottery on the Hill - hand thrown raku vessels, urns and plates.
	www.ceramicstoday.com /links/raku2.html (345 words)

	Smoke-fired Claywerk by V M Arts - Smoke-firing
		Smoke-fired pottery, sometimes called pit-fired pottery, is the oldest pottery known to man. Smoke-fired shards dating back 10,000 years have recently been discovered in Japan.
		After the clay pots have been thrown, trimmed and hand burnished, they are bisque fired in an electric kiln.
		During the firing the carbon, from the smoke, deposits on the surface of the clay producing unique, uncontrolled designs and patterns.
	home.cogeco.ca /~mrehill/Fire.html (326 words)

	Kat Morrell Ceramics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		I feel that the transformative power of fire is captured in my work and evokes a primitive, primal sense of the forces of nature.
		As the fire burns, flames of turquoise, purple and blue lick the vessels and leave their memories on the surfaces.
		Because these vessels are crafted in the fire and emerge from the ashes, they are also used as funeral urns to provide safe harbor for loved one’s ashes.
	home.comcast.net /~katmorrell/ceramics.htm (494 words)

	Brigantia - Home Page
		Established in 1982 the pottery's styles and designs reflect images of the South Western United States where Laureen grew up and studied.
		The pottery now employs a number of assistants to create a wide range of products including customised tiles, brightly coloured majolica ware, house plaques, garden planters and commemorative plates.
		Blackburn's Yard is located on the east side of Whitby off the old part of the Church Street which leads up to the Abbey.
	www.brigantia.co.uk /members-pages/wash-house-pottery.htm (108 words)

	Acoma Pottery - Presenting both traditional and contemporary pottery by Acoma artists.
		She was taught by her mother, Delores Aragon, and in turn, Marie taught the art of traditional pottery to her daughter, Delores Aragon.
		Rachel specializes in hand coiled, hand painted, pit fired pottery featuring complex designs and often images of parrots, flowers, deer with heartlines and spirals.
		Her work is included in Pueblo and Navajo Contemporary Pottery by Berger and Schiffer; Pueblo Pottery: 2000 Artist Biographies by Gregory Schaaf; and Southwest Pottery: Anasazi to Zuni by Hayes and Blom.
	www.pueblopotteryme.com /acoma6.htm (1075 words)

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