| | Problems with these hypotheses: |
 | | Similarities were originally explained as due to the African origin of the first subalterns, such that the universally-seen features were supposedly to be found in the African donor languages. |
 | | But these similarities surface in areas even where no African influence can be imputed: Pitcairnese, Chinook Jargon, Nagamese, Bazaar Hindi, etc. |
 | | How to explain similarities where no genetic link is known? |
| ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/540/handouts/pijcreol/node1.html (510 words) |