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Topic: Pitch of brass instruments

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Brass instrument

Transposing instrument

French horn

Saxhorn

Tuba

Violin

	Air Column Use by Musical Instruments
		The brass instruments employ a large number of resonances (harmonics) of their air columns and make use of valves or slides to lengthen the air columns for a downward progression of pitches.
		While the frequencies produced by an air column instrument depend upon the type of column, the timbre of the sound is significantly influenced by the method of excitation of the air column.
		Brass instrument air columns are excited by the action of the player's lips on the mouthpiece.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/music/aircol.html (341 words)

	Brass History
		It does not mean that the instrument is necessarily made of brass, since instruments that are made of other metals, wood, horn, or even animal bone are included in the family of brass instruments.
		Brass instruments, like all other pitched musical instruments, are dependent on the overtone series which was first studied and analyzed by the Greek philosopher Pythagoras.
		The pitch of the instrument was changed by inserting terminal crooks for lower keys and tuning was accomplished by inserting small lengths of tubing to extend the mouthpiece.
	facstaff.unca.edu /dwilken/brasshistory.html (1973 words)

	Brass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Brass instruments make music when you vibrate your lips across a metal mouthpiece, causing the air column inside the instrument to vibrate.
		The difference between brass and woodwinds is that the air blowing through a brass instrument always reaches the bell of the instrument.
		The other way to change pitch on a brass instrument is to change the length of the instrument.
	www.promotega.org /wga30036/brass.html (202 words)

	HNH - Naxos Classical
		The four principle orchestral string instruments are (in descending order of overall pitch) the violins (usually divided into two sections, playing individual parts), the violas, the cellos and the double basses......
		The four principle woodwind instruments of the orchestra all work by means of a system of keys (usually silver-plated) which when variously depressed and released allow air to pass through differing amounts of the instrument resulting in notes of different pitch......
		Brass instruments are also activated by blowing into them, although instead of using a form of reed over which the mouth is placed, the lips are placed against or inside the cup of a metal mouthpiece, and made to vibrate against its inner rim......
	www.naxos.com /NewDesign/fintro.files/instru.htm (233 words)

	The Brass Crest: Generic Brass: Sound
		A brass instrument's sound is produced by the vibrations of a column of air contained within the tubing.
		The overall length of the tube determines the fundamental pitch of the instrument.
		Instruments such as the post horn and the simple bugle are examples of brass instruments with fixed-length tubes.
	www.brasscrest.com /gener/gener001.html (521 words)

	Brass Instruments
		Brass instruments, such as the trumpet, make sound as a result of a musician blowing into them.
		The pitch of the sound is related to the size of the air chamber.
		Brass instruments tend to coil, or have many loops of piping.
	www.kidport.com /RefLib/Music/Instruments/BrassInstr.htm (314 words)

	Musical Instruments
		The clarinet and saxophone are the chief single-reed instruments.
		The chief brass instruments in an orchestra are the French horn, trumpet, trombone, and tuba.
		The best-known keyboard instruments are the piano, harpsichord, and pipe organ.
	www.audioinfo4u.com /Musical_Instruments.htm (895 words)

	Musical Instruments - Brass
		Most modern bands use trumpets that are pitched in the key of B flat and have a tube of four and a half feet.
		The trombone is a brass-wind instrument that is most typically used as the tenor voice in a brass section.
		Tubas are the largest instruments in the brass family and also have the lowest pitch.
	library.thinkquest.org /15413/instruments/brass.htm (962 words)

	Acoustics of brass instruments (lip reeds): an introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is a characteristic of the bright sound of brass instruments: the bell radiates several of the higher harmonics well, so power of the harmonics does not decrease with frequency the as strongly as it does in the woodwinds.
		The 'first' valve, operated by the index finger, lowers the pitch by a tone, the 'second' valve', operated by the middle finger, lowers the pitch by one semitone and the 'third' valve, operated by the ring finger, lowers the pitch by a three semitones.
		We have also mentioned the instruments with tone holes: the cornetto and serpent, in which the holes are covered by the fingers, and the keyed bugle and ophicleide, in which keys are used to cover the holes, in the same way as is done for woodwinds.
	www.phys.unsw.edu.au /~jw/brassacoustics.html (7281 words)

	Orchestral Instruments
		It is a versatile instrument, with a very wide range of notes from low to high, and also a wide range of different sound colors available to it.
		The trumpet is the smallest, highest-sounding orchestral brass instrument.
		It is a transposing instrument that usually reads music in F. The trombone is the only valveless brass instrument in the modern orchestra.
	cnx.org /content/m11897/latest (1772 words)

	A Guide to the Instruments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The cornets are the instruments that usually carry the tune in brass bands.
		Pitch depends on the length of tubing in the instrument.
		Because the pitch of a trombone is changed by a slide rather than valves, the tubing is the same diameter, in contrast to other instruments in the brass band that have conical tubing that gradually enlarges from the mouthpiece to the flared bell.
	www.gabbf.com /abb/instrume.html (447 words)

	instruments
		In these instruments, the function of the reed is to modulate the airstream that enters the air-column of the instrument, exciting and maintaining the vibrations in the bore.
		Reed woodwind instruments produce tones at pitches which are dependent on many factors: the length of the acoustical air-column inside the instrument, the shape of the instrument bore, the sound speed of the air inside the instrument, the natural vibrating frequencies of the reeds and, to some extent, the blowing pressure.
		The shape of the instruments' bore may be roughly approximated to a cylinder in the clarinet and to a truncated cone in the oboe, saxophone and bassoon.
	www.speech.kth.se /music/publications/leofuks/thesis/instruments.html (3204 words)

	Chicago Symphony Orchestra - Brass instruments
		Brass instruments are wind instruments, and although they may be coiled or bent into different shapes, all brass instruments consist essentially of a very long metal tube.
		The TUBA is the biggest, heaviest, widest, and lowest-pitched of the brass instruments, the true bass of the family.
		Although the chamber music repertoire for brass instruments in combination with other types of instruments is not extensive, there is a large and very interesting repertoire of music for brass quintet.
	www.cso.org /main.taf?p=1,1,4,3 (2045 words)

	Instruments
		The instruments played by the band today are the same cornets and saxhorns played by the original band in the mid 19th century.
		The saxhorns can correctly be described as a family of instruments in many different pitches that share the characteristic of having conical tubing which starts small at the mouthpiece and expands throughout the instrument except in the valve section.
		The introduction of the valve to brass instruments, rapidly following the earlier introduction of keyed brass, triggered a creative explosion in the 19th century.
	www.wildcatband.com /instruments.html (1436 words)

	Pitch of brass instruments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Whereas it is usually quite easy to determine whether an instrument is pitched in, say, F or Bb or Eb, it is not always obvious which octave of F or Bb is being referred to.
		The 'normal' range of a brass instrument is from three tones below the 2nd harmonic to the 10th harmonic.
		For transposing instruments this is from written F# below middle C, to E two octaves and a third above middle C. The euphonium differs from the baritone in that it has a wider bore and appears a much larger instrument: the euphonium is a true tenor tuba whereas the baritone is a saxhorn.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pitch_of_brass_instruments (603 words)

	Intro to instruments
		Brass instruments have a reputation for playing loudly, but after some time a student can learn to control the volume and create a beautiful sound.
		These instruments are made to be sturdy, but brass is a soft metal and must be protected from bumping and denting.
		There are other instruments in the brass family that are learned as a second instruments for the more advanced player.
	www.abimusic.com /intro_instruments.htm (666 words)

	Brass Instrument Acoustics
		Besides being a very effective sound radiator, the bell of a brass instrument affects its acoustics by raising the lower resonances from those of a closed tube toward a more useful harmonic sequence.
		The mouthpiece of a brass instument contributes to bringing the resonances into a harmonic sequence by bringing the high resonances down with respect to the resonances of a closed tube.
		It is the note which is at the fundamental frequency of the harmonic sequence of the instrument, but it is not a resonant frequency of the air column.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/music/brassa.html (483 words)

	How Brass Instruments Work - The Method Behind the Music
		Brass instruments are any tube that can be played with the lips.
		They're not always brass, as instruments like the Aborigine digeridoo, and the conch shell, are made of wood, and shell, respectively.
		To overcome the problem, brass instruments have lots of tubes, which can be selected with valves in order to change the lenght of the instrument, and thus the pitch of the note.
	www.numbera.com /musictheory/mechanics/brass.aspx (251 words)

	Tubas, euphoniums, baritones and tenor horns - background brass instruments
		Therefore to change the pitch of a note the length of tubing has to be altered by a relative proportion, rather than an absolute length.
		However, the lengths involved in lower brass instruments means that compensating systems become a necessity for accurate tuning.
		When choosing a Besson model professional instrument however we strongly suggest choosing Silver, as both options are the same price, silver is harder wearing, easier to repair, and less prone to manufacturing finish defects which can be particularly prevalent on larger instruments.
	www.normans.co.uk /html/instruments/brass.html (952 words)

	eBay Guides - Brass Instruments Buying Guide
		New brass instruments allow you to break in your instrument as you grow as a musician.
		Additionally, brand-name brass instruments tend to produce a better tone and are less prone to mechanical failures.
		If a used brass instrument is in poor condition, you may save money in the short run, but pay more for repairs in the long run.
	pages.ebay.com /buy/guides/brass-instruments-buying-guide (1436 words)

	Brass - A brass instrument is a musical instrument that us...
		Brass - A brass instrument is a musical instrument that us...
		Valved brass instruments use a set of valves (3 or 4) operated by the player's fingers that introduce a additional lengths of tubing into the instrument, changing its overall length.
		The main instrument in this famility is the trombone and its ancestor the sackbut.
	www.infoweb.co.nz /brass (352 words)

	Brass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The difference between brass and woodwinds is that the air blowing through a brass instrument always reaches the bell of the instrument, while woodwinds do not.
		The pitch on brass instruments can be changed one of two ways.
		Trumpets are the highest pitched of brass instruments.
	www.promotega.org /wga00020/brass.htm (311 words)

	HyperMusic -- Musical Instruments: Brass
		The trumpet, cornet, French horn, trombone, baritone or euphonium, tuba, and sousaphone are common members of the brass family.
		Most of the brass instruments have a lot of tubing that is curled up.
		The instrument with the most tubing, the tuba, plays the lowest notes; the trumpet, with the least tubing, plays the highest notes.
	www.hypermusic.ca /inst/brass.html (221 words)

	The Brass Crest: Instruments: Percussion
		Percussion instruments in a brass band, as in an orchestra or any other musical ensemble, include drums, cymbals, triangles, bells, chimes, and a variety of other things that are played principally by striking them with a stick, hand, mallet, or another instrument.
		Instruments such as the snare drum and cymbal are of indefinite pitch.
		These instruments have a definite pitch, but the pitch cannot be tuned or changed by the player.
	www.brasscrest.com /instru/instru008.html (329 words)

	Instruments of the Orchestra: The Brass Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Brass instruments are essentially very long pipes that widen at their ends into a bell-like shape.
		Like the woodwind family, brass players use their breath to produce sound, but intead of blowing into a reed, you vibrate your own lips by buzzing them against a metal cup-shaped mouthpiece.
		The brass family members that are most commonly used in the orchestra include the trumpet, French horn, trombone, and the tuba.
	www.orsymphony.org /edu/instruments/brass.html (284 words)

	Salt River Brass Instruments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The tenors are the highest pitched bell-up ("rain catcher") instruments in the band, and serve as a bridge to the baritones and euphoniums, one-half octave below.
		In contrast, all the other instruments in the brass band have conical tubing, gradually enlarging from the mouthpiece to the flared bell.
		Though both instruments play the same pitch, the baritone’s tubing is less conical than that of the euphonium, and has a brighter, less mellow tone somewhere between that of a trombone and a euphonium in sound color.
	www.saltriverbrass.com /instrumt.htm (1034 words)

	Musical Instruments
		The different pitches on most stringed instruments are obtained either by having many strings of different lengths, as on a harp, or by changing the vibrating length of strings by stopping them at different points, as on a violin or guitar.
		Most brass instruments from the Western European tradition really are made of brass, but there are large numbers of brass-type instruments which are made of wood, horn, shell, or other materials.
		The pitch of a brass instrument depends on the volume of air that is vibrating, as well as the speed at which the player's lips vibrate.
	www.exhibits.pacsci.org /music/Instruments.html (1280 words)

	Understanding Brass Instrument Intonation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The universal intonation adjustment on brass instruments is that of "lipping" the pitch.
		Pitch variance of plus or minus five cents from a central pitch is indistinguishable by the ear.
		All other pitches are measured and judged to be correct by the lack of beats between the tonic and interval." When using natural intonation, instrumentalists want to eliminate the beats in a composite sound.
	music.ou.edu /applied/horn/intonation.html (4760 words)

	DNA MUSIC : experimental musical instruments review page 3 :
		Instead of "mapping" or assigning arbitrary pitches to "hear" patterns, the actual vibrational frequencies were collected from the molecular realm.
		Bent pitches of microtones are like being creative standards, like some colourful combinations of disharmonies that are again harmonious through its balanced clusters, which can be heard more often in every kind of real aural depth of musical approaches, and not with the purely idiotically followed -too regular- "melodic" part of music.
		These sounds were used mostly as a colourful instrument, that, like any equally complex acoustic instrument inhabits hidden melodies only because of a good interaction with the performer.
	psychevanhetfolk.homestead.com /dna.html (1925 words)

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