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Topic: Pitot probe

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	Apex Instruments, Inc. - Type "S" Pitot Tubes
		The Apex Instruments Type ‘S’ 2-Dimensional Probe is used in Method 2G to measure the velocity pressure and the yaw angle of the flow velocity vector in a stack or duct.
		The average gas volumetric flow rate in the stack or duct is then determined from the average near-axial velocity.The four foot type “S” pitot with thermocouple well is constructed from heavy wall 3/8 inch stainless steel tubing and sheathed with 1inch tubing.
		The pitot tube must be calibrated in accordance with Method 2G prior to use.
	www.apexinst.com /products/typespitot.htm (650 words)

	Pitot tube Details, Meaning Pitot tube Article and Explanation Guide
		A Pitot tube, invented by Henri Pitot and modified to its modern form by Henry Darcy, is a measuring instrument used to measure fluid flow.
		Pitot tubes are commonly found on aircraft and are used to measure the speed of the aircraft through the air.
		A pressure transducer contrasts the pressure from the pitot tube with the static pressure (which is input through a small hole that is usually on the side of the aircraft and facing perpendicular to the wind) to compute the relative air speed of the aircraft.
	www.e-paranoids.com /p/pi/pitot_tube.html (219 words)

	pitot tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pitot tubes were invented by Henri Pitot in 1732 to measure the flowing velocity of fluids.
		The probe must be inserted to a point in the flowing stream where the flow velocity is the average of the velocities across the cross-section, and its impact port must face directly into the fluid flow.
		Pitot tubes are generally used for flow measurements of secondary importance, where cost is a major concern, and/or when the pipe or duct diameter is large (up to 72 inches or more).
	saba.kntu.ac.ir /eecd/Ecourses/instrumentation/projects/reports/Flowmeter/pitot.htm (1515 words)

	PITOT-STATIC ANEMOMETER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The pitot-static probe is mounted at the top of the observation tower to be clear of any man-made obstructions which may influence or interfere with the wind speed measurement.
		Due to the extreme weather conditions experienced at the summit of Mount Washington, both the pitot-static probe and mounting assembly are heated to prevent the formation of ice on the probe assembly.
		The pitot probe measures the total pressure (static pressure + dynamic pressure) caused by the air flow coming to a halt at the opening of the pitot probe (the pressure builds up at the tip of the pitot probe because there is no air flow through the pitot probe).
	www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de /climusa/projectmtw/pitot.htm (1135 words)

	An Instrument That Reads Drag!
		The dimensions given in Figure 1 for pitot hole spacing are expressed as fractions of the wing chord length at the span wise location where the probe is to be mounted.
		By substituting the wing drag probe pitot pressure for the drag-measuring ASI's static pressure, one obtains a qualitative measure of the wing profile drag at the probe chord station.
		The probe system appears to be an excellent indicator of the optimum flap setting needed to minimize drag at each test CAS of the Ventus A, and this is summarized in Figure 4.
	www.soaridaho.com /Schreder/Technical/Drag_Rake/Dick_Johnson.htm (2172 words)

	s02
		The first accident involved a large commercial airplane and was suspected to be caused by a blocked pitot probe, which measures total pressure (the pressure of the freestream airflow for a specific airplane airspeed and altitude) and provides it to the air data computer for airspeed and altitude calculation.
		The red streamers and orange barricade tape are highly visible indicators to maintenance and flight crews during the preflight airplane walk-around that the pitot probes and the static ports are covered and not in flight-ready condition.
		The red paper tags serve as secondary reminders to the maintenance and flight crews that the pitot probes and static ports are covered and are therefore not airworthy.
	www.boeing.com /commercial/aeromagazine/aero_04/s/s02/side2.html (756 words)

	pressure-probes
		When designing a pneumatic probe that is to be used in flow measurements, the effects of blockage, frequency response, pressure hole size and geometry, the local Mach and Reynolds numbers and the relative scale of the phenomena under investigation must be addressed.
		Since the accurate use of static pressure probes requires that the flow is parallel to the axis of the probe, their use is best restricted to flow fields where the gradients and turbulence are small.
		Pitot probes, beside being influenced by a variation in flow angle, turbulence, pressure gradients, and probe nose geometry are also affected by Mach number and by probe support body geometry and by fluctuations in the flow field (Grant).
	www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk /whittle/current-research/hph/pressure-probes/pressure-probes.html (1561 words)

	Aero 23 - Erroneous Flight Instrument Information-Situations and Guidance
		When a pitot probe is completely plugged, the airspeed indication remains pegged at its lower stop during the takeoff roll.
		Pitot probes or static ports are blocked by volcanic ash.
		Pitot probes or static ports are blocked by insects.
	www.boeing.com /commercial/aeromagazine/aero_23/EFII_story.html (1742 words)

	October archieves
		This solution is based on a new "head" class flowmeter concept that combines the strengths of a pitot probe and isolating flow conditioner technology to achieve a performance of +/-.75 percent under field piping configurations for Newtonian fluids.
		Its pitot probe measures the differential between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure.
		The disadvantage of the pitot is its ability to measure flowrate only at a single point, its sensitivity to the angle of impact, and its susceptibility to clogging in dirty fluids.
	www.oildompublishing.com /PGJ/pgj_archive/archie32.htm (1737 words)

	Electronic Code of Federal Regulations:
		Therefore, whenever a standard pitot tube is used to perform a traverse, adequate proof must be furnished that the openings of the pitot tube have not plugged up during the traverse period.
		The static tap of a standard type pitot tube or one leg of a Type S pitot tube with the face opening planes positioned parallel to the gas flow may also be used as the pressure probe.
		Type S pitot tube assemblies that fail to meet any or all of the specifications of Figures 2–4, 2–7, and 2-8 shall be calibrated according to the procedure outlined in Sections 10.1.2 through 10.1.5, and prior to calibration, the values of the intercomponent spacings (pitot-nozzle, pitot-thermocouple, pitot-probe sheath) shall be measured and recorded.
	ecfr.gpoaccess.gov /cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=474f779beade290997e4611971d078f4&rgn=div9&view=text&node=40:7.0.1.1.1.0.1.1.1&idno=40 (10839 words)

	FlowKinetics LLC - Using a Pitot-Static probe
		A Pitot Static tube allows the direct measurement of dynamic pressure allowing calculation of the gas velocity in ducts, pipes, wind tunnels etc. A typical Pitot Static tube is shown in Fig.
		The Pitot Static tube measures the total pressure (or impact pressure) at the nose of the Pitot tube and the static pressure of the gas stream at side ports.
		When selecting a Pitot Static tube to be used in conjunction with the FKT Series, it is necessary to select a tube with a constant close to unity, if errors in velocity are to be avoided.
	www.flowkinetics.com /measurement.htm (1467 words)

	Modular Rake of Pitot Probes
		In addition to pitot tubes visible in the figure, the probe modules contain (1) high-frequency dynamic-pressure transducers connected through wires to remote monitoring circuitry and (2) flow passages that lead to tubes that, in turn, lead to remote steady-state pressure transducers.
		Repair or replacement of individual probes was difficult, costly, and time-consuming because (1) it was necessary to remove entire rakes in order to unbraze individual malfunctioning probes and (2) the heat of unbrazing a failed probe and of brazing a new probe in place could damage adjacent probes.
		The connections between the probe flow passages and the tubes leading to the remote pressure sensors can be made by use of any of a variety of readily available flexible tubes that can be easily pulled off and slid back on for removal and installation, respectively.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Jan04/LEW17272.html (422 words)

	Deaerator usable in a system for a steam powered torpedo and deaerating method - Patent 4516987
		A stationary pitot probe 60 is located within the rotatable drum and has a base 61 which is fitted onto the end of the pipe 44.
		The pitot probe has an entry end 62 opening in a direction which is opposed to the direction of rotation of the rotatable drum 32, as shown by the arrow in FIG.
		The pitot probe receives or draws water under pressure from the rotating liquid annulus 54, with the water flowing through the interior of the pitot probe and through the pipe 44 which connects with the line 27 leading to the main system pump 20.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4516987.html (1751 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions
		Pitot pressure comes from a small hole in the front of the probe.
		Either the probe diameter was too large, or the o-ring seat within the probe socket was too small.
		However, when the probe is held firmly in place, the third O-ring does make a seal against the tapered end of the probe's 8 mm diameter tube.
	www.cambridge-aero.com /FAQlnav.htm (1986 words)

	Flow Meters \| Make the most of averaging Pitot tubes \| Chemical Processing
		Often, the multi-port averaging Pitot tube is an appropriate and economic choice as the primary element for measuring liquids, gases or steam.
		The Pitot tube is a “square root device,” meaning the square root of the DP is proportional to the flow rate.
		Among the reasons for this are percent blockage of the probe in the pipe and shedding vortices that cause a suctioning effect at the downstream static pressure ports, producing a larger measured DP than the theoretically predicted value.
	www.chemicalprocessing.com /articles/2005/505.html (991 words)

	Pitot-Static System and Instruments
		The pitot tube is a ram air pressure-sensing device usually mounted near the leading edge of the wing and connected to the back of the airspeed indicator case by a tube.
		Due to its location, the pitot tube is susceptible to foreign matter such as dirt, water and ice.
		The probe compresses the impacting air to zero speed, thus producing and measuring a stagnation temperature.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /aero/PSSI.htm (1666 words)

	Heated Pitot
		It is possible for pitot plumbing & wiring to interfere with the aileron pushrod, not to mention that this may be close to the prop wash. Additionally, the fuel tank could be accidentally lowered onto the pitot during fuel tank removal.
		The possibility of dragging the probe or snagging it on something is higher, service access requires removal of the entire wing tip instead of a relatively small cover, longer tubing lengths are required, and the probe may not be as accurate due to spanwise flow (especially at low speed / high angle-of-attack).
		The aluminum tubes must first be fed through the pitot mount (Gretz bracket) from inside the wing and then connected to the pitot fittings (while holding the pitot outside of the wing).
	www.cafes.net /leo/RV-6/Pitot/Pitot.html (969 words)

	Thermochem Pitot Tube
		The measurement principle is similar to that of an annubar, however, the pitot tube can be easily inserted and removed through a 1 inch valve on the steam or brine flowline.
		The pitot tube probe assembly is shown in Diagram 1.
		This pitot tube is referred to an S-type due to the shape of the tip where the velocity pressure tube bends into the flowstream and the static pressure tube bends downstream.
	www.thermochem.com /tcipitot.html (449 words)

	Consult von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
		Measurement techniques for the local velocity and temperature in the plasma jet by combined measure-ments of the transversal tube probe (TTP) and the Pitot probe were examined in detail this year.
		Pitot measurements have been studied by comparison with numerical calculations to examine various effects on Pitot tubes used in plasma flows: viscosity, com-pressibility and probe displacement [MP20] (Fig.
		The combination of LDV with Pitot probe measure-ments, in the same situation allowed the characterisa-tion of the plasma jet by determination of plasma den-sity and temperature profiles, assuming local thermo-dynamic equilibrium (LTE).
	www.vki.ac.be /research/themes/mt99/3.html (665 words)

	Differential Pressure Flowmeters
		An averaging pitot tube is provided with multiple impact and static pressure ports and is designed to extend across the entire diameter of the pipe.
		The pressures detected by all the impact (and separately by all the static) pressure ports are combined and the square root of their difference is measured as an indication of the average flow in the pipe (Figure 2-12).
		Sensing ports in averaging pitot tubes are often too large to allow the tube to behave as a true averaging chamber.
	www.omega.com /literature/transactions/volume4/T9904-07-DIFF.html (8955 words)

	CALIBRATION OF THE "PLASMATRON" WIND TUNNEL
		The instruments consist of a Pitot probe and a calorimetric, steady-state, heat flux probe.
		The heat flux probe measures the steady-state heat flux from the flow on a sensing element of 14 mm diameter through the temperature increase of the water used to cool the sensing element.
		The probe is considered as yielding an accurate representation of the heat flux actually delivered by the flow to a catalytic cold wall, since internal heat flux leaks and heat flux radiated from the surface are both negligible quantities.
	www.vki.ac.be /research/themes/plasma99/2.shtml (573 words)

	eFunda: Theory of Pitot Static Tubes
		The Pitot tube (named after Henri Pitot in 1732) measures a fluid velocity by converting the kinetic energy of the flow into potential energy.
		Converting the resulting differential pressure measurement into a fluid velocity depends on the particular fluid flow regime the Pitot tube is measuring.
		When a Pitot tube is exposed to a subsonic compressible flow (0.3 < M < 1), fluid traveling along the streamline that ends on the Pitot tube's stagnation point is continuously compressed.
	www.efunda.com /designstandards/sensors/pitot_tubes/pitot_tubes_theory.cfm (401 words)

	United Sensor Corporation Pitot Static Probes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		United Sensor Pitot - Static probes are of the modified Prandtl type.
		Probes are installed in the fluid stream with the impact
		where the probe is to be inserted from the outside.
	www.unitedsensorcorp.com /pitot_frame.html (786 words)

	High Temperature Pitot Probe Cover
		withstands temperature to 950 degrees F when installed on the pitot tube.
		High Temperature Pitot Probe Cover installed on the pitot tube, and the heat inadvertently activated, there will be :
		Meets or exceeds fluid susceptibility per RTCA/DO-160D, Section II, Spray Test for, Jet A1, Hydraulic Fluid, Lubricating Oil, Isopropyl and Denatures Alcohol, Ethylene Glycol.
	www.navaidsltd.net /Pitot-Probe-Cover-High-Temperature.html (69 words)

	FlowKinetics LLC: Pitot Probe - What's New - Air Conditioning, Heating & Refrigeration NEWS
		The RAP is a rugged, lightweight, hand-held averaging Pitot probe.
		The probe works by measuring and averaging the velocity pressure across a duct so that the user does not have to survey the duct point by point to accurately determine the average velocity.
		The probe is considerably more accurate than using a vane-type anemometer to measure the average of an airflow, claims the manufacturer.
	www.achrnews.com /CDA/Articles/Products/5c6fd5895216a010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____ (147 words)

	products
		The common probe is comprised of a single cylindrical body with five or seven holes at its tip as shown in Figure 1.
		When the probe is placed in a stream of air or water, the pressures recorded can be interpreted by our software to return the air speed and its direction.
		By embedding the sensors in the tip of the probe and drastically reducing the distance between sensor and flow, we have greatly improved frequency response.
	www.aeroprobe.com /products.html (882 words)

	Pitot Static, Total Pressure, Static Pressure, Airspeed, Altitude, Pitot Tube, Static Port (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Stagnation pressure is measured using a probe with a hole that faces upstream.
		Such a probe is called a stagnation pressure probe or pitot tube (Henri Pitot, 1732).
		Insertion of the probe produces a perturbation to local static pressure so the probe must be constructed to lessen this problem.
	www.pitotstatic.com /vitem04.htm (588 words)

	Pitot Probe Test From Laversab
		Laversab is a leader in Pitot Probe Test.
		A Pitot Probe Test from aviation develops a dependable monitor.
		For example, a reliable Pitot Probe Test indicates that the keyboard recognizes a digital pressure.
	www.laversab.com /pitot-probe-test.html (398 words)

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