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Topic: Pixel geometries

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Dot pitch

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	Liquid crystal display - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Each pixel (picture element) consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other.
		In color LCDs each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are colored red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters.
		Color components may be arrayed in various pixel geometries, depending on the monitor's usage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liquid_crystal_display (1848 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Five cameras are arranged in a geometry such that each camera lens is placed equidistance from a central point and aligned on a radius from the point such that the subtended angle between each lens/sensor 12 is 45 degrees.
		The geometry between each image is defined by the distance, d, between the centroid of the lenses and the angle, alpha, between them.
		Some pixels on both the top and the bottom of the resulting"bow tie"will be lost when the picture is cropped in a standard rectangular format.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/87929.031023&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4268 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is important to characterize the signal to noise, readout time, and resolution on several different pixel sizes so that the vertex detector can be optimized for cost and speed.
		Larger pixels result in a faster data acquisition, while smaller pixels have better resolution.
		We will present studies of 5, 10, 20 and 30 µm square pixel geometries that measure charge distribution and collection.
	www.lbl.gov /Education/CSEE/cup/abstracts/SU04_King.html (220 words)

	Dot pitch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A display with a horizontal dot pitch of 0.25 mm has four dots per linear millimetre, and a 0.20 mm dot pitch display has five dots per linear millimetre.
		The exact difference between horizontal and diagonal dot pitch varies with the design of the monitor (see Pixel geometry), but a typical entry-level 0.28 mm (diagonal) monitor has a horizontal pitch of 0.24 or 0.25 mm, a good quality 0.26 mm (diagonal) unit a horizontal pitch of 0.22 mm.
		Some modern manufacturers quote dot pitch measurements made on the horizontal, others on the diagonal, and many use both.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dot_pitch (335 words)

	Sound Vision, Inc - A Practical Guide to Sensor Selection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pixel sizes of approximately 3.5 to 4 microns are possible in CCD technology.
		However, as the geometry gets smaller the noise gets larger and CMOS manufacturers are battling the same noise floor problem that their predecessors fought when designing CCDs.
		One of the biggest issues relating to the development of new sensors is that the size of the pixel and sensor, and the potential inclusion of micro-lenses, has caused the need to constantly re-design the optics.
	www.soundvisioninc.com /Sensor_Selection.htm (1839 words)

	Answer Template for the 2003 Geog 373 Mid-Term (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		For this, it would have to be transformed into a raster GIS file with attributes for each each pixel.
		Geometries (beyond pixels) do not exist because there are no objects until the users classifies the image and then uses either an automated routine or heads-up digitization to create object outlines.
		In unsupervised classification, the computer groups pixels into classes based on degrees of dis/similarity, after which the user has to go out into the field to determine what kind of real world feature matches the identified classes.
	www.geog.umd.edu /gis/courses/GEOG373/373addon/midtermanswers.htm (1236 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040091084
		A projected planar view of a selected view level image plane is formed at the alpha blend plane by transferring the image pixel cell value at the intersect of the ray trace and the selected view level plane to the image pixel cell at the intersect of the ray trace and the alpha blend plane.
		One pixel unit is the distance between pixels on rows or columns of the image plate.
		The first pixel of the image plate is coincident with the coordinate axis origin and the plate is parallel with the XZ plane.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040091084".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040091084&RS=DN/20040091084 (14019 words)

	600.457 Lecture Week 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		For each polygon (or any other geometry), for each pixel, we compute the Z coordinate (in the camera coordinate system) of the point on the polygon projecting to that pixel.
		Of all projections at a given pixel, then, it is straightforward to choose the one with the maximum Z in front of the eye.
		This means any geometry known to reside in those hidden octants cannot occlude any geometry known to lie in the octants in the front.
	www.cs.jhu.edu /~subodh/457/visibility.html (2247 words)

	Beyond3D - Which was nice. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The only change to the light shader due to using 3D geometries rather than quads is that the we must use projective texture lookups to access the G-Buffer as the uv coordinates are now being interpolated in 3D space.
		The correct pixels will also be covered if you are rendering back faces and clipping the near plane but not the far plane and if you are rendering front faces and clipping the far plane but not the near plane.
		Its means some pixels run the pixel shader unnecessarily but it’s very cheap on the CPU and the actual difference is usually only a few pixels.
	www.beyond3d.com /articles/deflight/index.php?p=6 (1009 words)

	skymap
		SKYMAP computes the required spatial transformation by matching the logical x and y pixel coordinates of a grid of points in the input image with the logical x and y pixels coordinates of the same grid of points in the reference image, using celestial coordinate information stored in the two image headers.
		The pixel and celestial coordinates are written using the xformat and yformat and the rwxformat, rwyformat, wxformat and wxformat parameters respectively.
		The transformation computed by the "general" fitting geometry is arbitrary and does not necesarily correspond to a physically meaningful model.
	stsdas.stsci.edu /cgi-bin/gethelp.cgi?skymap (2354 words)

	Liquid Crystal Display -- LCD's
		Many LCDs are driven to darkness by an alternating current, which disrupts the twisting effect, and become light or transparent when no current is applied.
		pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are colored red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters.
		integrated circuits, LCD panels with a few defective pixels are usually still usable.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/lcd.htm (1310 words)

	wcsmap
		Physical coordinates are pixel coordinates which are invariant with respect to linear transformations of the physical image data.
		WCSMAP computes the required spatial transformation by matching the logical x and y pixel coordinates of a grid of points in the input image with the logical x and y pixels coordinates of the same grid of points in the reference image, using world coordinate information stored in the two image headers.
		The transformation computed by the "general" fitting geometry is arbitrary and does not correspond to a physically meaningful model.
	stsdas.stsci.edu /cgi-bin/gethelp.cgi?wcsmap (2392 words)

	Encke Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		I decided to plot a cross-section of the pixel values as I had seen done by Sylvain Weiller to document his detection of the Encke Division using an Celestron 8 in.
		As can be seen in the graph, there is a definite pixel value minimum at exactly the location of the Encke Division (78% out from the inner edge of the A-Ring).
		The pixel values at the location of the Encke Division are approximately 10% lower than the adjacent pixel values.
	homepage.mac.com /joanlvh/Astronomy/EnckeDivision.html (397 words)

	MBARI-BOG CoOP95 Calibration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The images were acquired at a variety of viewing geometries, from 3 different satellites.
		Compute pixel temperatures from AVHRR channel 4 data using onboard calibration and standard NOAA coefficients.
		Determine an adjustment offset, which is the mean of the temperature differences between each ground truth point and its corresponding image pixel.
	www.mbari.org /bog/projects/centralcal/coop/avhrr/calibration.html (136 words)

	Selecting a TFT LCD Monitor for Gaming
		These screens have a fixed amount of pixels built into the display and are therefore designed to operate at a specific resolution; this is termed the native resolution of the display.
		But changing pixels takes time to alter from one state to another, this is commonly called rising and falling.
		The time the pixels take to rise or fall is then referred to as the response time.
	www.d-silence.com /feature.php?id=249&pn=1 (1831 words)

	mike king - Development of an Integrated Computer Art System
		However, because one can never anticipate all the possible needs of the user, and because some geometries are difficult or clumsy to control interactively, it is intended that ICAS should include a scripted component, which would manipulate the image through the creation of small 'scripts' or programs.
		I have found with some of my students that both classical and recursive geometries hold little interest for them at first; they find the expressive capabilities of TV resolution 8-bit painting quite sufficient, and sufficiently different from conventional media to be exciting.
		However, the point of ICAS is to extend the paint system to include techniques that are unique to the computer, either because the technique allows increases of orders of magnitude in speed of execution (object-oriented manipulations, pattern-making and tesselations), or because the technique is in practice impossible to realise by hand (for example fractals).
	web.ukonline.co.uk /mr.king/writings/technical/cgintern.html (3112 words)

	Sensors Unlimited, Inc. - Focal Plane Arrays
		Linear arrays are available in various sizes, defined by the detector height, pixel pitch and the number of pixels in the array.
		Pixel height, pixel pitch, number of pixels, and number of output taps are options selected by choosing between three major linear multiplexer models, the LX, LD and LE or their variations.
		This design serves applications with wide variations in intensity by preventing saturated pixels from affecting adjacent pixels; this is at the expense of higher power consumption by the array, of concern for battery operated applications.
	www.sensorsinc.com /arrays.html (766 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The scheme is as follows: for a given pixel of interest, polar % coordinates relative to this pixel are assigned to each other pixel in the image.
		% The pixel in each bin with the highest angular elevation is taken to be the horizon % elevation for that azimuth bin.
		The shielding factor for each bin is then calculated % by integrating over an obstructed sector of 5 degrees width and this angular % elevation in height (see http://depts.washington.edu/cosmolab/math for more info).
	depts.washington.edu /cosmolab/matlab/shielding.m (354 words)

	VIMOS Exposure Time Calculator / Image Simulator
		Where yp is the pixel coordinate, pixel_size is the linear size of the pixel, mw is the wavelength corresponding to the pixel yp (due to dispersion), Lambda_c is the grism central wavelength.
		The dispersing element is defined as the range in lambda covered by one pixel at Lambda_c, thus this range is affected by the pixel size which, in turns, is affected by the detector binning.
		Thus, CCD for one IFU pseudoslit we fixed the number of pixels in the spatial direction on the to be 5.
	www.eso.org /observing/etc/doc/ut3/vimos/etc_um_new-Title.html (6560 words)

	[No title]
		However, because one can never anticipate all the possible needs of the user, and because some geometries are difficult or }{\plain \lang2057 clumsy to control interactively, it is intended that ICAS should include a scripted component, which would manipulate the image through the creation}{\plain \lang2057 of small 'scripts' or programs.
		I have found with some of my students that both classical and recursive geometries hold little interest for them at first; they find the expressive c}{\plain \lang2057 ap}{\plain \lang2057 abilities of TV resolution 8\_ bit painting quite sufficient, and sufficiently different from conventional media to be exciting.
		Imagery from chaotic functions (one of the recursive geometries in my classification) could be generated by scripts of }{\plain \lang2057 a few lines.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /mr.king/writings/technical/download/CGINTERN.RTF (3480 words)

	Poor Man's Bryce Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The details of working with the four mesh geometries were discussed in a develop #28 article by Philip J. Schneider ("New Quickdraw 3D Geometries"); I won't rehash any of that material here.
		This geometry was designed from the outset to be (and remains, today) the most powerful and flexible of QD3D's freeform geometries.
		Adding new attribute types at runtime, or enabling interactive editing of geometry, can require memory reallocation and bookkeeping; and the risk of explosive data growth at runtime is significant because of the uniform-attributes requirement.
	www.mactech.com:16080 /articles/mactech/Vol.14/14.10/PoorMan'sBrycePartI (6388 words)

	Optimizing Dreamcast Microsoft Direct3D Performance (Windows CE 2.12) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Then this pixel is rendered to the screen by following the process of completing the interpolations, reading the texel, and so on.
		Test the on-screen pixel with a set of volumes, and apply a specific operation to the pixels inside or outside of the volume (color modification, transparency, or the texture ID).
		It is very important to choose the right method for each kind of geometry (humans, animals, cars, and so on) and to train artists to create clean geometries that use just a few different textures with texture coordinates that can be shared by the vertices.
	msdn.microsoft.com /library/techart/hiperflegal.htm (3171 words)

	COLLIMATED HOLES, INC.
		Thus, an image focused on one end is transferred fiber by fiber (pixel by pixel) to the other end.
		Fiber optic windows generally have extremely demanding optical specifications because of the small pixel size of the device receiving the transmitted image.
		With a substantial inventory of optical glasses ready for use, CHI is able to deliver the specific solution to the most challenging optical design that are available (round, hexagonal, rectangular, square, and custom)and fused.
	www.collimatedholes.com /fused.html (532 words)

	VISOR: Previous projects
		In some applications, however, only a portion of the imaging area is of interest at any one time, so significant improvements in throughput can be achieved by reducing the quantity of data transmitted by the camera.
		A CMOS active pixel sensor is proposed for this application, owing to their low-cost, high levels of integration and radiation tolerance.
		The additional complexity of this system is only now becoming practically feasible as the number of metal layers in the CMOS fabrication technology is increasing (from three for 0.5µm technology to six for 0.18µm).
	www.cs.yorku.ca /~visor/prev.html (1485 words)

	Back-Illumination Tutorial-Multiple (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		For the reasons described in the section above, we are rapidly approaching the limits to decreasing the noise spectral density of on-chip CCD amplifiers using smaller amplifier geometries.
		The CCD was found to have no blemishes greater or less than +/- 20% of the average response at an illumination equivalent to half of the pixel full well value.
		As can be seen from the plot, signal increases linearly up to at least 140,000 electrons, at which point overflow of the adjacent pixels causes the shot noise to decrease as a function of increased light exposure.
	www.pvinc.com /tutorial/tutorial-illum-multiple.htm (573 words)

	From the Cover: Paper-like electronic displays: Large-area rubber-stamped plastic sheets of electronics and ...
		The electrodes in B are bonded to a sheet that connects to the electronic ink on one side and to the backplane circuit on the other.
		Each transistor controls the switching of electronic ink that lies above a pixel electrode that is electrically connected to the drain side of the transistor.
		The rectangle of gold on the right is generated by a raised support feature on the stamp that prevents mechanical sagging in the recessed regions during printing.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/9/4835 (4102 words)

	Raw Pixel (.IMG) Files (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The cylinders occupy a small portion of the total image; cropping should be applied before conversion to MCNP geometry.
		The MCNP geometry is written as a lattice.
		The dialog is also used to enter dimensional information (such as the absolute size of pixel) required for the MCNP geometry.
	www.whiterockscience.com /scan2mcnp/raw.html (496 words)

	Construction of Cartographic Symbols - Version 4.6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Buffer areas may provide ideal geometry for ambitious cartography, this should be possible as soon as the GEOS library is implemented in MapServer.
		If the cartographic symbol is to contain a centered line with a width of 1 pixel, then the SIZE parameters have to be reconfiguredfor example to 7 and a 5 pixel.
		Then the x-value defines the distance from a parallel to the original geometry, for which the selected symbol is used (what a pity this wasn't documented anywhere!).
	mapserver.gis.umn.edu /doc/cartographic-symbols.html (4230 words)

	EEBE540 - Digital Computer Processing of Images
		The image model, the light intensity and reflectance functions, the gray scale, image sampling and quantization, sampling geometries and image visualization using intensity, contour and perspective displays.
		Sampling theory, rectangular and nonrectangular sampling geometries, interpolation in the spatial and frequency domains, the reconstruction of a continuous image from its samples, direct and fast algorithms.
		The pixel carryover and pixel filling approaches, gray level interpolation, spatial transformation using control grids, introduction to cartography.
	www.ee.ualberta.ca /courses/EEBE540.html (242 words)

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