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Topic: Placozoa

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	Introduction to Placozoa
		Buchholz, K. and Ruthmann, A., 1995, The mesenchyme-like layer of the fiber cells of Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa), a syncytium, Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung Section C Biosciences, 50, 282-285.
		Grell, K. and Ruthmann, A., 1991, Placozoa, in F. Harrison and W. A (ed.), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol.
		Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora (New York: Wiley-Liss), pp.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /phyla/placozoa/placozoa.html (1027 words)

	Placozoa: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Placozoa
		Placozoa: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Placozoa
		The Placozoa are simple balloon-like marine animals with a body cavity filled with pressurized fluid.
		They have no organs, no mouth, and no digestive tract, and are characterized by hair-like cilia on both the upper and lower surfaces.
	www.encyclopedian.com /pl/Placozoa.html (172 words)

	EVOLUTION: ON PLACOZOA -- THE SIMPLEST KNOWN ANIMAL
		One of the species upon which Placozoa was founded, Treptoplax reptans, has never been seen since its original description, and is assumed not to exist; T. adhaerens, on the other hand, appears to be widely distributed and relatively common in warm marine environments [1].
		Cryptic molecular diversity thus underlies the apparently uniform morphology of placozoans and, as the majority of the cell biological studies to date have been based on a single isolate from the Red Sea, this study highlights the need for further research on this enigmatic group of animals.
		In Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol.2: Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria and Ctenophora.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sw050401-1.htm (1693 words)

	Trichoplax - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trichoplax adhaerens is a simple balloon-like marine animal with a body cavity filled with pressurized fluid.
		It is given its own phylum, called Placozoa; the only other species, Treptoplax reptans, was described in 1896 and has not been seen since, leading to doubts about its existence.
		Trichoplax lacks organs and most tissues, including the nervous system, although evidence suggests that they evolved from species with nerves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Placozoa (275 words)

	Placozoa Are Not Derived Cnidarians: Evidence from Molecular Morphology -- Ender and Schierwater 20 (1): 130 -- ...
		Southern analyses reveal a circular mtDNA molecule in Placozoa and short linear mtDNA molecules in Cubozoa.
		The evolution of the Placozoa: a new morphological model.
		Phylogenetic position of Placozoa in the systematics of multicellular organisms: comparison of the 18S rRNA genes.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/1/130 (2575 words)

	animal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Subkingdom Parazoa * Porifera (sponges) Subkingdom Agnotozoa * Placozoa * Orthonectida * Rhombozoa Subkingdom Metazoa * Radiata Cnidaria Ctenophora - Comb jellies * Bilateria **...
		Sponges are sessile and usually feed by drawing in water through pores all over the body, which is supported by a skeleton typically divided into spicules - the cells are differentiated, but not organized into distinct groups.
		When they were first discovered, the Protozoa were considered as an animal phylum or subkingdom, but as they are generally unrelated and often as similar to plants as animals, a new kingdom, the Protista, was devised to hold them.
	33beat.com /animal.html (1918 words)

	Placozoa
		The mesenchyme-like layer of the fiber cells of Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa), a syncytium.
		Schuchert, P. Trichoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) has cells that react with antibodies against the neuropeptide Rfamide.
		Microfilaments and microtubules in isolated fiber cells of Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa).
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Placozoa&contgroup=Animals (294 words)

	[No title]
		PARAZOA The subkingdom Parazoa comprises two phyla, the Placozoa and the Porifera.
		PHYLUM PLACOZOA Plakos: flat; zoon: animal Only one species is known, Trichoplax adhaerens.
		This organism is considered taxonornically in the phylum Placozoa Grell, 1971.
	www.cbu.edu /~esalgado/BIOL112/Campbell/ch33.doc (4914 words)

	Laboratory 1 – Parazoa, Radiata, Acoelomate and Pseudocoelomate Phyla
		This lab focuses on the more primitive invertebrate phyla including the Parazoan Porifera (sponges) with an aggregate body plan, the Radiata phyla Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora with radially symmetrical blind-sac body plans, and the Bilateria phyla of unknown relationship Mesozoa, Platyhelminthes (Flatworms), Gnathostomulida, Gastrotricha, Rotifera, Micrognathozoa, Ciliophora, and Chaetognatha.
		Placozoa – The Placozoa are an enigmatic small group of animals that are sometimes placed in the Parazoa along with the Porifera.
		Morphology: The Placozoa are small (3mm or less in diameter).
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~efc/classes/biol170/lab/Laboratory-1.htm (1650 words)

	Placozoa Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For now you may want to try Placozoa at [coruwat.com] for information.
		The most likely reason our database doesn't have the information on Placozoa is because our editors haven't gotten around to finalizing it yet.
		If you are in urgent need of finding information on this subject you may want to click one of the links found on this page for Placozoa or do a search at google.
	www.echostatic.com /Placozoa.html (93 words)

	Inhalt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Stephen Dellaporta, should help greatly in identifying a sound hypothesis for the phylogenetic position of Placozoa within Metazoa.
		For the past three decades, German and Russian research groups focused mainly on morphological descriptions, while researchers in the US began fieldwork on placozoans (close to nothing was known about the biology of Trichoplax in its natural habitat).
		Treptoplax reptans Monticelli 1893, the only other nominal species in Placozoa, has never been found again, and its existence is doubted.
	ecolevol.de /tricho.html (641 words)

	Animals
		Please visit the official version of this page, which is available here.
		This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
		Placozoa are not derived cnidarians: Evidence from molecular morphology.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Animals&contgroup=Eukaryotes (1309 words)

	Learn more about Placozoa in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Learn more about Placozoa in the online encyclopedia.
		Enter a phrase or search word in the box below.
		Hint: Play with putting spaces before and after your words to see the different results you get.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/pl/placozoa.html (233 words)

	Cautionary Tales
		They have less DNA than any other animal, and with their only four cell types (sponges, in comparison, has 10-20 different types) they are considered the morphologically most simple animals (Grell and Ruthmann 1991).
		If this is the case, Placozoa must have undergone an extreme degree of reducing selection, losing such non-trivial features as "specialized muscle cells, nerve cells, and a fixed anteroposterior axis" (Jenner 2004, 374).
		K.G. Grell & A. Ruthmann, "Placozoa", in F.W. Harrison & J.A. Westfall (eds.), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, vol.
	www.idthink.net /biot/tales (1756 words)

	Molecular Biological (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The analysis of 28S rRNA suggests that all diploblastic animals, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Porifera, and Placozoa are monophyletic [Christensen EMBO J 10., 499 (1991); Nature 350, 561 (1991)].
		claims that 28S-rRNA strongly suggests that Placozoa and Porifera are rather close and these and Cnidaria-Ctenophora groups make a well defined separate group from other triploblastic animals (SCM 1).
		16S-like rRNA tells us that Placozoa separated after Ctenophora from the Metazoan lineage with Cnidaria; this suggests that a loss of specialized intercellular structures must have occurred [Wainright et al.
	nausicaa.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp /MDS/anima97/node23.html (117 words)

	Animals Scientific classification Scientific classification ...
		Sponges are sessile and usually feed by drawing in water through pore pores all over the body, which is supported by a skeleton typically divided into spicules - the cells are differentiated, but not organized into distinct groups.
		There are also three problematic phyla - the Rhombozoa Rhombozoa, Orthonectida Orthonectida, and Placozoa Placozoa - that have an unclear position with respect to other animals.
		When they were first discovered, the Protozoa were considered as an animal phylum or subkingdom, but as they are generally unrelated and often as similar to plants as animals, a new kingdom, the Protist Protista, was devised to hold them.
	www.biodatabase.de /Animal (1501 words)

	A weird wee beastie: Trichoplax adhaerens
		There are reports of another organism in this group, Treptoplax reptans, but most of those who know this animal think that the second organism described is really Trichoplax.
		In any case, this organism has a whole phylum to itself, viz., Placozoa.
		I was almost certain that this was the right organism, but I still was puzzled about the odd "strung out" forms which I had observed and video-taped.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artoct98/tricho.html (1863 words)

	Characteristics of Placozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There is only one known Placazoan species called a Tricoplax.
		The word Placozoa comes from the words Plat, meaning plate, and Zoon meaning animal.
		A Tricoplax is a soft bodied marine animal, meaning that it only lives in saltwater.
	students.ncwc.edu /bio101/invertebrates/characteristics_of_placozoa.htm (103 words)

	BiologyBrowser: Organism Resources and Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Animal Kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands : Placozoa
		Introduction to Placozoa - The Most Simple of All Known Animals
		Thomson BIOSIS is committed to providing researchers with efficient, comprehensive databases for locating the life sciences information they need
	www.biologybrowser.org /bb/Organism/Invertebrata/Placozoa/index.shtml (105 words)

	[No title]
		Cite unpublished data and manuscripts from one of the authors (Cox, unpubl.
		An ultrastructural and experimental study of locomotion in Trichoplax adhaerens (Placozoa).
		Growth and behavior of Trichoplax adhaerens: first record of the phylum Placozoa in Hawaii.
	www.invertebratebiology.org /ibinstr.htm (851 words)

	ELX.com.au (Australia) - Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates Vol 2: Placozoa Porifera Cnidaria and Cteno, Frederick W. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		ELX.com.au (Australia) - Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates Vol 2: Placozoa Porifera Cnidaria and Cteno, Frederick W. Harrison (Editor), Edward E. Ruppert (Editor) - ISBN 0471562246
		Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates Vol 2: Placozoa Porifera Cnidaria and Cteno
		Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates Vol 2: Placozoa Porifera Cnidaria and Ctenophora
	www.elx.com.au /item/0471562246 (100 words)

	Wiley::Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Volume 2, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora
		Wiley::Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Volume 2, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora
		Wiley > Life & Medical Sciences > Comparative Biology > Zoology > Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Volume 2, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora
		Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Volume 2, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora
	www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100 /WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471562246.html (159 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) e.g Echinococcus (dog tapeworm)¡6\ ªP óó¨34 Animal Phyla¨¡Porifera Nematoda Tardigrada Placozoa* Nematomorpha Arthropoda Monoblastozoa* Acanthocephala Mollusca Rhombozoa Entoprocta Phoronida Orthonectida Gnathostomulida Ectoprocta Cnidaria Priapula Brachiopoda Ctenophora Loricifera* Echinodermata Platyhelminthes Cyliophora* Chaetognatha Nemertea Sipuncula Hemichordata Rotifera Echiura Chordata Gastrotricha Annelida Kinorhyncha Onychophora *
		- 5 óZ’¨34 Animal Phyla¨¡Porifera Nematoda Tardigrada Placozoa* Nematomorpha Arthropoda Monoblastozoa* Acanthocephala Mollusca Rhombozoa Entoprocta Phoronida Orthonectida Gnathostomulida Ectoprocta Cnidaria Priapula Brachiopoda Ctenophora Loricifera* Echinodermata Platyhelminthes Cyliophora* Chaetognatha Nemertea Sipuncula Hemichordata Rotifera Echiura Chordata Gastrotricha Annelida Kinorhyncha Onychophora *
		ó’¯¨34 Animal Phyla¨¡Porifera Nematoda Tardigrada Placozoa* Nematomorpha Arthropoda Monoblastozoa* Acanthocephala Mollusca Rhombozoa Entoprocta Phoronida Orthonectida Gnathostomulida Ectoprocta Cnidaria Priapula Brachiopoda Ctenophora Loricifera* Echinodermata Platyhelminthes Cyliophora* Chaetognatha Nemertea Sipuncula Hemichordata Rotifera Echiura Chordata Gastrotricha Annelida Kinorhyncha Onychophora *
	www.mun.ca /biology/pickavance/2122F04textforstudents.ppt (626 words)

	The SocioWeb: Sociology Books » Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and ...
		The SocioWeb: Sociology Books » Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora (Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates)
		Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora (Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates)
		The SocioWeb » Sociology Books » Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Placozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora (Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates)
	www.socioweb.com /sociology-books/book/0471562246 (63 words)

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