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	Plague of Athens
		Another medical mystery -- the Plague of Athens, which contributed to the end of the Golden Age of Greece -- may have been solved at the fifth annual medical conference dedicated to notorious case histories of the past.
		Both scholars doubt previous theories that the Plague of Athens was caused by ebola, bubonic plague, dengue fever, influenza or measles because the symptoms described in ancient historical records do not match those diseases.
		This plague was of tremendous importance because it signaled the downfall of the Golden Age of Athens, caused the death of Pericles and 25 percent of the population, weakened Athens at the beginning of its 27-year war with Sparta and became the first medical outbreak so thoroughly recorded by historians."
	www.umm.edu /news/releases/athens.html (1334 words)

	Plague of Athens - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The city-state of Athens in ancient Greece was hit by a devastating epidemic, known as the Plague of Athens, during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC) when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach.
		The Athenians pointed to the plague as evidence that the gods favoured Sparta and this was supported by an oracle that said that Apollo himself (the god of medicine) would fight for Sparta if they fought with all their might.
		Plague of Athens, Social implications, Fear of the law, Role of women, Care for the sick and dead, Religious strife, Plague description, Cause of the plague, Epidemic typhus, Typhoid fever, See also, External links, References, Peloponnesian War and Epidemics.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Plague_of_Athens (2036 words)

	[No title]
		Thucydides' himself suffered from the plague and recovered; thus he was an eyewitness to the catastrophe (might this have affected his reportage of it?).
		It was clearly not the bubonic plague of the Black Death in the 14th century, for the characteristic symptom of the bubo is not found in Thucydides' description.
		Thucydides' emphasis on the social and moral effects of the Athenian plague may be augmented by studies of the effects of the Black Death in Europe (for example, Millard Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death, 1978).
	www.indiana.edu /~ancmed/plague.htm (0 words)

	Plague of Athens (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC), when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach, the city of Athens was hit by a devastating Epidemic, known as the Plague of Athens.
		The Athenian plague is a graphic description of the consequences of an epidemic to a society.
		The Athenians pointed to the plague as evidence that the gods had favoured Sparta and this was backed up by an oracle that said that Apollo himself would fight for Sparta if they fought with all their might.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/pl/Plague%20of%20Athens.htm (950 words)

	Plague - Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare: Chapter 23
		The mortality was 33.3% for septicemic plague versus 11.5% for bubonic, thus highlighting the difficulty of diagnosing septicemic plague.
		Plague is a zoonotic infection caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Yersinia pestis.
		Virulence of Pasteurella pestis and immunity to plague.
	www.vaccinationnews.com /DailyNews/2003/February/Plague8.htm (10469 words)

	Istria on the Internet - The Cult of St. Sabastian (the Plague in Istria) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Plague, often represented in a popular tradition as a woman, needed to be confronted with an adequate opposing force.
		The reactions of the population were panicky: the citizens of Koper, under the leadership of count Albert III, arrested the local mayor, took down the flag of the Venetian Republic, and raised the flag of the commune.
		Since the city officials were required to remain in their cities even at the times of epidemics, according to the active regulations, the requests of the mayors of Piran and Groznjan directed to the Venetian Senate, in which they asked for a permission to be treated in Venice, are especially interesting.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/religion/history/plague-sebastian.htm (2687 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bubonic plague is the best-known variant of the deadly infectious disease plague, which is caused by the enterobacteria Yersinia pestis.
		The epidemiological use of the term plague is currently applied to bacterial infections that cause buboes, although historically the medical use of the term plague was applied to pandemic infections generally.
		The Plague by Albert Camus (1947) depicts an outbreak of plague at the Algerian city of Oran.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Bubonic_plague (3691 words)

	THE PLAGUE, by Benjamin Jowett (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The plague was attended by the usual accompaniments of great epidemics, despondency and moral depravity, 2.51.4, 2.53.
		A circumstance mentioned by Procopius but omitted by Gibbon, and not improbable, though at variance with the statement of Thucydides respecting the plague at Athens, is that the physicians or attendants of the sick and dying generally escaped.
		The fever was often accompanied with lethargy or delirium; the bodies of the sick were covered with fl pustules or carbuncles, the symptoms of immediate death; and in the constitutions too feeble to produce an eruption, the vomiting of blood was followed by a mortification of the bowels.
	www.classicpersuasion.org /pw/thucydides/theplague.htm (3253 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Plague of Athens (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Athens under Pericles (from 445 BC) had become a bastion of Greek democracy, with a foreign...
		As a general in the Peloponnesian War he failed (424 BC) to prevent the surrender of the city of Amphipolis to the Spartan commander Brasidas and was exiled until the end of the...
		Pericles and the plague: civil religion, anomie, and injustice in Thucydides.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Plague+of+Athens (661 words)

	The Asclepion
		Thucydides' himself suffered from the plague and recovered; thus he was an eyewitness to the catastrophe (might this have affected his reportage of it?).
		It was clearly not the bubonic plague of the Black Death in the 14th century, for the characteristic symptom of the bubo is not found in Thucydides' description.
		Thucydides' emphasis on the social and moral effects of the Athenian plague may be augmented by studies of the effects of the Black Death in Europe (for example, Millard Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death, 1978).
	www.ablemedia.com /ctcweb/consortium/demandplague.html (1310 words)

	Letters
		The plague of Athens (430-427/425 B.C.) persists as one of the great medical mysteries of antiquity (1-5).
		Sometimes termed “the Thucydides syndrome” for the evocative narrative provided by that contemporary observer (6, 7), the plague of Athens has been the subject of conjecture for centuries.
		In an unprecedented, devastating 3-year appearance, the disease marked the end of the Age of Pericles in Athens and, as much as the war with Sparta, it may have hastened the end of the Golden Age of Greece (3).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol2no2/olson.htm (0 words)

	Scientists solve puzzle of death of Pericles \| Science \| Guardian Unlimited
		The cause of the plague of Athens in 430BC, which devastated the city and killed up to one-third of the population, including its leader, Pericles, was typhoid fever, scientists believe.
		"The profound disagreement on the cause of the plague has been due to the lack of definite microbiological or palaeopathological evidence," write Manolis Papagrigorakis of the dental school at the University of Athens, and colleagues.
		In it were at least 150 bodies interred in more than five layers, many with their heads towards the circumference of the pit, but those on top "virtually heaped one upon the other," they write.
	www.guardian.co.uk /science/story/0,,1693476,00.html (297 words)

	Search Results for "Plague of Athens"
		...the evidence is unsatisfactory, to have taken part in the efforts to check the great plague which devastated Athens at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war.
		Meanwhile a plague (perhaps bubonic) wiped out (430-428) probably a quarter of the population of Athens, and Pericles died....
		plague is copied by Ovid from the account which Thucydides, the Greek historian, gives of the plague of Athens.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Plague+of+Athens (317 words)

	WebWire \| Typhoid fever led to the fall of Athens
		Athens, Greece, January 23, 2006 — Scientists have for many years debated the cause of the Plague of Athens.
		The plague that began in Ethiopia and passed through Egypt and Libya to Greece in 430-426 B.C. changed the balance of power between Athens and Sparta, ending the Golden Age of Pericles and Athenian dominance in the ancient world.
		Despite Thucydides’ detailed description, researchers have not managed to agree on the identity of the plague and several diseases, including bubonic plague, smallpox, anthrax and measles have been implicated in the emergence and spread of this epidemic.
	www.webwire.com /ViewPressRel.asp?aId=8177 (681 words)

	Secret of Ancient Athenian Plague Unraveled (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kerameikos, Athens’s ancient cemetery, has yielded conclusive evidence as to the nature of the plague that decimated a third of the population of the ancient city and influenced the outcome of the Peloponnesian Wars.
		Recent findings from a mass grave in the Ancient Cemetery of Kerameikos in central Athens show typhoid fever may have caused the plague of Athens, ending centuries of speculation about what kind of disease killed a third of the city’s population and contributed to the end of its Golden Age.
		The plague that decimated the population of Athens in 430-426 BC was a deciding factor in the outcome of the Peloponnesian Wars, ending the Golden Age of Pericles and Athens’s predominance in the Mediterranean.
	www.nationalvanguard.org /printer.php?id=7648 (440 words)

	Bubonic Plague
		The term plague is usually defined as a pestilence, an epidemic disease causing a high rate of mortality.
		Plagues of disease are a serious factor in the development of human civilization, impacting and altering the course of wars, migrations, population growth, urbanization, and cultural development.
		During the overwhelming disease outbreaks of the Middle Ages, the single word "plague" became strongly identifed with bubonic plague, the virulent contagious febrile disease caused by the bacillus Yersinia pestis, often known as the Black Death.
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Post/673140 (307 words)

	Biological War Emerging Diseases: The Coming Plague
		The plague then reached Europe in the 14th century, where it proceeded to quickly kill one third of the population.
		More examples: the Athenian plague of 430 B.C. that catalyzed the fall of Athens to Sparta; the terrible Roman plagues of 180 A.D. and 252 A.D., leading eventually to the fall of the Empire; countless Indian and Chinese plagues, some of which set population growth back by centuries.
		Rats suffer from plagues, birds are attacked by influenza and malaria, and insects are afflicted by myriad varieties of poxes.
	www.zkea.com /introduction.html (3889 words)

	Athens (WebBible Encyclopedia) - ChristianAnswers.Net
		Its inhabitants were fond of novelty (Acts 17:21), and were remarkable for their zeal in the worship of the gods.
		The altar of which Paul there speaks as dedicated "to the [properly an] unknown God" (23) was probably one of several which bore the same inscription.
		It is supposed that they originated in the practice of letting loose a flock of sheep and goats in the streets of Athens on the occasion of a plague, and of offering them up in sacrifice, at the spot where they lay down, "to the god concerned."
	christiananswers.net /dictionary/athens.html (0 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Plague
		Plagues of Egypt, the 10 calamities that God inflicted on Egypt in the book of Exodus
		Black Death, also known as The Black Plague, the 14th century pandemic thought to have been caused by bubonic plague, and its reprises until the 18th century
		Plague (wrestler), the stage name of a U.S. professional wrestler
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Plague (166 words)

	OpinionJournal - Five Best
		Accounts of deadly epidemics appear in the earliest written records, but the first canonical rendering of life during plague time is Book Two of Thuycydides' "History of the Peloponnesian War," with its haunting portrait of the plague of Athens (likely an outbreak of typhus fever).
		The meandering narrative of Defoe's novel--which poses as a historical document--brilliantly captures an assault of bubonic plague on the bustling commercial center of London in 1665.
		"Plagues and Peoples" is a sweeping history of human society with microscopic agents of disease as the main protagonists.
	www.opinionjournal.com /weekend/fivebest/?id=110008921 (674 words)

	FirstScience - The Black Death - Modern Nightmare?: Page 4
		Plague of Justinian, originated in Ethiopia, moved down the Nile Valley in AD 541 and thence to Asia Minor and Africa, arriving in Constantinople in AD 542.
		Procopius described the symptoms and there are striking similarities, both with the Plague of Athens and the Black Death.
		The circumstances of human life in the twenty-first century, a world out of balance – so different from those of medieval Europe – would facilitate rather than hinder the progress of such an epidemic and the devastation would be on a vastly greater scale.
	www.firstscience.com /home/articles/humans/the-black-death-modern-nightmare-page-4-1_1284.html (338 words)

	Biologists discover why 10% of Europeans are safe from HIV infection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Around 1900, historians spread the idea that the plagues of Europe were not a directly infectious disease but were outbreaks of bubonic plague, overturning an accepted belief that had stood for 550 years.
		Professor Duncan and Dr Scott illustrated in their book, Return of the Black Death (2004, Wiley), that this idea was incorrect and the plagues of Europe (1347-1660) were in fact a continuing series of epidemics of a lethal, viral, haemorrhagic fever that used the CCR5 as an entry port into the immune system.
		Lethal, viral haemorrhagic fevers were recorded in the Nile valley from 1500 BC and were followed by the plagues of Mesopotamia (700-450BC), the plague of Athens (430BC), the plague of Justinian (AD541-700) and the plagues of the early Islamic empire (AD627-744).
	www.news-medical.net /?id=8335 (641 words)

	[No title]
		The great plague occurred in the 1st years of the Peloponnesian War, which eventually led to Sparta's defeat of Athens.
		At the time, Athens was surrounded on land by Spartans and survived only because its navy controlled the sea through the port of Piraeus.
		On the 7th such attempt, DNA sequences of _Salmonella enterica_ serovar Typhi were identified providing clear evidence for the presence of that microorganism in the dental pulp of teeth recovered from the Kerameikos mass grave.
	www.promedmail.org /pls/askus/f?p=2400:1001:56378::::F2400_P1001_BACK_PAGE,F2400_P1001_ARCHIVE_NUMBER,F2400_P1001_USE_ARCHIVE:1001,20060222.0572,Y (1313 words)

	Greek Islands, greece vacations, greece travel guide, greece holidays, greece hotels, greece tours, greece ...
		ATHENS is the ideal stop over before visiting the Cyclades Islands of Mykonos, Santorini, Paros, Naxos, Ios, Syros, Tinos, Milos or any other Greek Island.
		Athens is a city with a great night life, romantic walks, and many museums.
		As these beaches are located in the south west part of the island they are protected from the north wind which plague the Aegean islands during summer months, the known 'meltemi'....
	www.allgreecetravel.com /destinations.asp (0 words)

	Review - Westminster College, Comprehensive, Private Liberal Arts College - Utah Colleges
		Plagues --- They've changed the course of history; stopping conquerors, decimating entire populations, causing economic collapse of empires, and serving as an early form of biological warfare used by the British when they gave smallpox-tainted blankets to Native Americans.
		It wasn't so different with the bubonic plague, which was clearly linked to the old trade routes.
		In his history of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides described the Great Plague of Athens and its symptoms.
	www.westminstercollege.edu /review/index.cfm?parent=1607&detail=2383&content=2386 (713 words)

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