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Topic: Justinian plague

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Bubonic plague

Black Death

Justinian I

Byzantine

Pandemic

Medieval demography

Constantinople

Epidemic

Philippi

Alaric I

1350

550

Infectious disease

Viking colonization of the Americas

Battle of Philippi

	PLAGUE - LoveToKnow Article on PLAGUE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Plague was formerly divided into two chief varieties: (I) mild plague, pestis minor, larval plague (Radcliffe), peste fruste, in which the special symptoms are accompanied by little fever or general disturbance; and (2) ordinary epidemic or severe plague, pestis major, in which the general disturbance is very severe.
		Plague in Sicily in 1743.An outbreak of plague at Messina in 1743 is important, not only for its fatality, but as one of the strongest cases in favor of the theory of imported contagion.
		In 1853 plague appeared in a district of western Arabia, the Asir country in North Yemen, and it is known to have occurred in the same district in 1815, as it did afterwards in 1874 and 7879.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PL/PLAGUE.htm (15727 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Justinian
		Justinian and Theodora hoped for children; indeed years later Theodora was to ask for the prayers of Mar Saba that she might conceive, but the saint refused to beseech God on behalf of a Monophysite.
		Justinian respected his wife's beliefs; he promised her when she was on her deathbed in 548 that he would continue to protect the Monophysite heretics whom she sheltered in the palace of Hormisdas in Constantinople.
		In the midst of the plague of 542, Constantinople was shaken by an earthquake.
	www.roman-emperors.org /justinia.htm (9963 words)

	Bubonic Plague
		Plague pneumonia, or pneumonic plague, is caused by the same bacteria as bubonic plague but the victim becomes infected by inhaling infected droplets from the lungs of someone whose plague infection has spread to the respiratory system.
		Bubonic plague is transmitted by the bite of any of numerous insects that are normally parasitic on rodents, and that seek new hosts when the original host dies.
		Untreated bubonic plague is fatal in 30 to 75 percent of all cases, pneumonic plague 95 percent of the time, and septicemic plague is almost always fatal.
	hhtml.tripod.com (1193 words)

	Medical History --- Plagues and Epidemics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Plague of Justinian (6th Century A.D.), the Black Death (14th Century A.D.), and the Bubonic Plague (1665-1666, which coincided with the Great Fire of London) caused an estimated 137 million dead in a world much more sparsely populated than it is today.
		The Emperor Justinian, defeated by the cataclysm of the bubonic plague, saw with horror the disease demolishing his once invincible armies and killing his generals and soldiery alike faster than the wounds inflicted on the battlefield.
		In the case of the Plague of Justinian, the epidemic ravaged the populace for five decades between A.D. 540 and 590 and, although precise figures are not possible to ascertain, it may have caused the death of one-third of the population.
	www.haciendapub.com /faria4.html (2208 words)

	An Empire's Epidemic
		By the time Justinian's plague had run its course in AD 590, it had killed as many as 100 million people -- half the population of Europe -- brought trade to a near halt, destroyed an empire and, perhaps, brought on the Dark Ages.
		Plague is caused by a bacillus called Yersinia pestis, identified in 1894 by the Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin.
		Some authorities recognize two other forms of plague, one called pulmonary or pneumonic, in which the lungs are affected, and one called septicemic, in which the organism invades the bloodstream, but all are the same disease, Little said.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/anempiresepidemic.html (1450 words)

	eMedicine - Plague : Article Excerpt by: Robert D Schremmer, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Competency of the flea to serve as vector for transmission of plague to humans depends on its willingness to feed on a human host and its tendency to regurgitate intestinal contents during a blood meal.
		Pneumonic plague occurs when pneumonia results from either hematogenous spread (secondary pneumonic plague) or inhalation (primary pneumonic plague) of organisms transmitted from animals or other humans.
		Plague is considered endemic in all western and southwestern states.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/plague.htm (615 words)

	ORB Bibliography: The Sixth-Century Plague of Justinian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A Bibliography on the Sixth-Century Plague of Justinian and its Effects
		Allen, P. `The "Justinianic" Plague', Byzantion 49 (1979): 5-20.
		Bratton, Timothy L., "The Identity of the Plague of Justinian," in Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 3 (1981): 113-124, 174-180.
	www.nipissingu.ca /department/history/MUHLBERGER/ORB/JUSTPLAG.HTM (325 words)

	Triangle.com \| Book Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		"Plague" is a beautifully rendered account of how this rodent-borne infection shaped history, bookended by a look at how science's modern warriors toiled to transform the causative microbe into an agent of mass destruction.
		Though the plague germ's most notorious animal hosts are rats, Orent suggests that these burrowing rodents -- the oldest known plague reservoirs in the world -- harbor the most virulent and contagious strains of the disease.
		Unlike Justinian's Plague, the Black Death was largely the pneumonic -- and highly fatal -- form of infection.
	www.triangle.com /books/bookreview/story/1330743p-7453871c.html (950 words)

	TED Cast Study BUBONIC
		Justinian's Plague was quite terrible - between years 541 and 542 about 40% of Constantinople, the central trading port of the Mediterranean world then, died of the plague.
		Plague could move into the hinterland with only slightly more difficulty than traveling by sea, as urban rodents would share their infected fleas with their rural cousins, and sometimes infected livestock would be driven from a town into the countryside.
		Plague was particularly severe in Scandinavia, perhaps because the cold weather caused pulmonary complications, and thus facilitated the deadly pneumonic plague.
	www.american.edu /TED/bubonic.htm (3453 words)

	American Academy in Rome - Justinianic Plague Conference
		The first conference ever held on the Justinianic Plague, a pandemic of bubonic plague that was present all around the Mediterranean basin, Europe, and the Middle East for two and a quarter centuries, 541-767 AD, took place at the American Academy in Rome December 13-15, 2001.
		Although bubonic plague was known about earlier, for example by the Greek physician and writer Hippocrates in the fifth century BC, the so-called Justinianic Plague was the first historically documented pandemic of plague.
		By 1899 the steamship brought it to Honolulu and to San Francisco, and today one of the largest reserves of the disease is found among the wild rodent population of the southwestern United States.
	www.aarome.org /events_past/2001_02/plagueconf.htm (977 words)

	Bubonic plague - Art History Online Reference and Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague which is characterized by swollen, tender inflamed lymph glands (called buboes); other forms are Septicemic plague which occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the blood and Pneumonic plague which occurs when the lungs are infected.
		In this account, the Philistines of Ashdod were struck with a plague for the crime of stealing the Ark of the Covenant from the Children of Israel.
		The Plague of Justinian is the first known pandemic on record, and it also marks the first firmly recorded pattern of bubonic plague in A.D. 541–542.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Buboe (1821 words)

	Molecular insights into the history of plague
		The etiological agent of plague was discovered at the beginning of this pandemic, opening the door to the modern study of the disease.
		Plague, then, remains a significant public health concern in some countries and is now classified as a re-emerging infectious disease because of an increase in the number of cases reported to the World Health Organization
		J.J. van Loghem, The classification of the plague bacillus, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeck.
	www.macalester.edu /~cuffel/molecularplague.htm (3692 words)

	CDC Plague WHO-CC
		Plague is a bacterial zoonosis that causes high mortality (>50%) in untreated cases and has epidemic potential.
		In some instances plague outbreaks in developing countries have spread to urban areas, including port cities, which increases the risk of large epidemics and further spread of the disease.
		Increase the capacity for GIS and remote sensing studies of the landscape ecology and epidemiology of plague.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvbid/plague/who_cc (938 words)

	eMedicine - Plague : Article by Robert D Schremmer, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Plague bacillus can be cultured from sputum, and disease transmission is thought to occur up to 2 meters from a coughing patient.
		Differentiation of patients with septicemic plague from patients with other types of gram-negative sepsis is often difficult due to the similarity of signs and symptoms.
		A wild animal contracts plague through infected fleas, then is handled by humans as a result of hunting or accidental discovery of the carcass.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1819.htm (3143 words)

	Black Plague (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first was Justinian's Plague that began in 542 and lasted until 662.
		Bubonic plague is the most common, and, without antibiotics, is fatal 50-60% of the time.
		Pneumonic plague is less common, is extremely contagious, and is fatal 95% of the time.
	killeenroos.com /2/BlackPlague.htm (115 words)

	Special Topics (Justinian, Theodora and Procopius) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Currency in the Age of Justinian and Heraclius from Kenneth Harl's Tulane course "Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades"
		A Bibliography on the Sixth-Century Plague of Justinian and its Effects compiled by Steve Muhlberger from contributions to the list LT-ANTIQ in September 1999.
		The Emperor Justinian and Jerusalem, on Justinian's architecture and city-planning, from The New Jerusalem Mosaic, which includes a nice image and description of the sixth-century mosaic, the Madaba Map.
	www.isidore-of-seville.com /justinian/7.html (1105 words)

	American Academy in Rome - Justinianic Plague Conference
		The plague cost the Mediterranean world and Europe massive population loss and had a profound impact on Christian and Muslim culture and society, yet it has been little studied and written about even less.
		The plague, a fearsome contagious disease known popularly as bubonic plague and technically as yersinia pestis, is fatal to about 50% of the persons who contract it.
		The first historically documented plague epidemic broke out in Egypt in 541 A.D. By the next year it had hit Constantinople and soon it had spread throughout the Mediterranean basin, constituting a major pandemic that lasted for 225 years.
	www.aarome.org /press/plague__press.htm (404 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 2004040378 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Seven hundred years earlier, the Justinian Plague destroyed the Byzantine Empire and ushered in the Middle Ages.
		Plague helped bring down the Roman Empire and close the Middle Ages; it has had a dramatic impact on our history, yet we still do not fully understand its own evolution.
		Plague is chilling reading at the dawn of a new age of bioterrorism.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/simon051/2004040378.html (422 words)

	THE BLACK DEATH
		Bubonic plague, a "disease of wild rodents and their fleas" (Kiple) is spread by bacillus
		Epidemiologist Hirsch argues Justinian plague "depopulated towns, turned the country into a desert and made the habitations of men to become the haunts of wild beasts." Venerable Bede suggests plague reached the British Isles.
		Plague seen as contagion (person to person) contacted via contaminated air – poison rising from the "plague pits".
	www.strath.ac.uk /Departments/History/barton/ds11.htm (1747 words)

	Yersinia pestis Pandemics \| CDC EID
		Yersinia pestis, a group A bioterrorism agent (1), causes plague, a reemerging zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through flea bites and typically characterized by the appearance of a tender and swollen lymph node, the bubo (2).
		Indeed, historical descriptions were suggestive of bubonic plague in medieval southern Europe; in northern Europe, historical data indicated that the Black Death had a different epidemiologic pattern.
		Genome sequence of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no9/03-0933.htm (4067 words)

	Black Death History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One of the worst plague epidemics in history took place in the sixthcentury empire ruled by Justinian, the eastern Roman emperor who expanded his domains to include Greece, the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, southern Italy, and the eastern Mediterranean basin.
		This plague was documented by the historian Procopius, who described its effects in his work known as the History of the Wars.
		Procopius interrupts his account of Justinian's military conquests with a description of the plague's origins and spread, its terrifying symptoms, and its complete disruption of daily life.
	www.bookrags.com /history-black-death-hf/sub11.html (404 words)

	Death on a Grand Scale - MedHunters
		But perhaps the greatest plague of the (not so) ancient world was the Plague of Justinian (named for the emperor Justinian), which started in the mid-540s CE.
		Nonetheless, the plague ravaged the cities and the army and probably put an end to Justinian's hopes to reestablish the Roman Empire to its former glory.
		The plague is believed to have arisen in Asia and then brought to Europe via the Genoese trading station at Kaffa on the Black Sea.
	www.medhunters.com /articles/deathOnAGrandScale.html (2956 words)

	Justinians Plague
		The plague was most probably bubonic and was spread by rats hidden in the holds of shipping traffic. In heavily populated areas the plague mutated into pneumonic and septicemic plague increasing the numbers of deaths in unexposed populations.
		As the plague spreads throughout Eastern Europe historians estimate as much as 1/3 of the population dies.
		The changes in religious thought and beliefs the long-term effects of Justinian's Plague was the final collapse of the Eastern Roman Empire, the beginning of the Dark Ages in Eastern Europe and ultimately the successful invasion of Islamic forces in 632 AD throughout the Near East and Eastern Europe.
	www.globalterrorism101.com /JustiniansPlague.html (164 words)

	Ranger / Larocque / Brennan / Lachance / McCuaig Timeline of Events
		The relatively small number of survivors of the Justinian Plague are the ancestors of all European peoples today.
		It is impossible for anyone to trace their lineage before the Justinian Plague.
		Some think that the Justinian Plague set the course of history back a thousand years.
	web.syr.edu /~rcranger/timeline.htm (1242 words)

	BIOL 103 Lecture 14 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		plague virus became endemic in the rat population of Europe
		pneumonic plague is very contagious and is spread by aerosols from coughs or physical contact
		today plague occurs, is endemic in some wild rodent populations, but can be treated with antibiotics or vaccines
	webs.wichita.edu /mschneegurt/biol103/lecture14/lecture14.html (749 words)

	Plagues, Natural Disasters, and Environmental Observances
		664-8 Great plague in Britain and Ireland; Solar eclipse May 3; first recorded Anglo Saxon pestilence killed Bishop Tuda and King Eorcenberht of Kent, Bede records that it traveled at least as far north as Lastingham, Northumbria.
		812 "Fortress of Degannwy [Gwynedd, Wales] is struck by lightning and burnt" AC 814 "There was great thunder and it caused many fires" AC 825 Plague and famine in Ireland
		Vermin like moles with two teeth fall from the air and ate everything up; they were driven out with fasting and prayer." (AC); Plague and murrain ravaged the Anglo-Saxons (ASC)
	members.aol.com /michellezi/timelines/nature.html (634 words)

	Bio 118: Bubonic Plague
		epidemiology and speed make it most likely all the same plague
		Lack of mention of a die-off of rats before the plague
		Establishment in the US by 1900 some cases of Plague in US soon it became established in the rodent population of the West (prarie dogs, ground squirrels, etc.)
	www.biology.lsa.umich.edu /courses/bio118/plague.htm (680 words)

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