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	Apache - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apache is the collective name for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States, aboriginal inhabitants of North America, who speak a Southern Athabaskan (Apachean) language.
		The Apache were a powerful people, anxious to defend their territory and constantly at enmity with the aggressive European population that was confiscating their living area.
		Apache children were taken for adoption by white Americans in programs similar in nature to those involving the Stolen Generation of Australia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apache (3148 words)

	Apache Nation - Crystalinks
		Apache is the collective name for several culturally related tribes of Native Americans, aboriginal inhabitants of North America, who speak a Southern Athabaskan language.
		The primitive Apache was a true nomad, a wandering child of Nature, whose birthright was a craving for the warpath with courage and endurance probably exceeded by no other people and with cunning beyond reckoning.
		At Apache Pass in 1862, Cochise and Colorado, with 500 fighters, held their ground against a force of 3000 California volunteers under Carleton until artillery fire was brought to bear on their position.
	www.crystalinks.com /apache.html (3320 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Meadows, Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military Societies
		Because of frequent associations with Plains warfare, the term "Dog Soldiers" was often used to refer to all Plains Indian military societies, from an imperfect rendering of one of the Plains' most prominent and widespread forms of military societies (Mooney 1898:229; 1912d:862).
		Hoebel maintains that Plains military societies are similar to American veterans' groups: members perhaps did not fight together in the same units and battles, but, upon returning home, entered the same veteran fraternity of their local residence area.
		Prereservation Southern Plains Indian men's military societies were comprised of members of varying veteran status, who periodically and collectively met for social or semisacred purposes, including the representation of individual and collective war-related performances, provided social and economic services to the larger community, and enhanced tribal integration.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exmeakio.html (10715 words)

	Apache Indian History
		Beyond this code of propriety and family obligations, the Apache shared a rich oral history of myths and legends and a legacy of intense religious devotion that touched virtually every aspect of their lives.
		One author's characterization of the Mescalero Apache people of the past is as follows: They moved freely, wintering on the Rio Grande or farther south, ranging the buffalo plains in the summer, always following the sun and the food supply.
		Many Apache bands were so influenced by the tribes they came into contact that they took on many of their customs and practices.
	www.geocities.com /RainForest/Canopy/8494/apache.html (1350 words)

	HP Apache - For sale by Vintage Llamas and Alpacas (Canada)
		Apache is a wonderful dispositioned young male with great confomation, a very dense fleece with good character and pencilling.
		He is a son of the renown High Plains Amadeus who has produced excellent offspring that have become Grand and Supreme Champions in many shows.
		Apache has always placed in the classes that he has been in.
	www.alpacanation.com /herdsires/03_viewherdsire.asp?name=13465 (94 words)

	Apache Indian Tribe - American Indian Nations
		Apache is the collective name given to several culturally related tribes of Native Americans, aboriginal inhabitants of North America, who speak an Southern Athabaskan language.
		So, it is likely that the Apaches moved into their current southwestern homelands in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
		The Chiricahua Apaches were removed from their reservation in 1876 and sent to prison in 1886.
	www.comanchelodge.com /nations/apache-tribe.html (923 words)

	Melissa Axelrod, Jule G—mez de Garc’a, and Jordan Lachler (University of New Mexico), Plains Apache Language ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Plains Apache Language Documentation--Melissa Axelrod, Jule G—mez de Garc’a, and Jordan Lachler The Plains Apaches, formally known as the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, are centered in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
		Plains Apache is one of the Apachean group of Athabaskan languages, and is part of the Na Dene family.
		As a non-reservationist community, the Plains Apache are surrounded by English and other non-Apachean languages as diverse as Kiowa, Wichita, and Delaware.
	www.ling.yale.edu /~elf/Axelrod.html (348 words)

	Frontier Forts > The Passing of the Indian Era
		The Lipan Apache were among several Plains tribes pushed southward as pressure for land and resources mounted across the western frontier.
		The earliest encounter between Spaniards and Apache groups had occurred in 1541, in either the northeastern portion of modern New Mexico or the panhandle of modern Texas.
		They were accompanied onto the southern Plains by the Kiowa Apache, a group linguistically related to the Lipan of Texas and Apache of New Mexico, but who had earlier migrated to the north and attached themselves politically to larger and stronger tribes.
	www.texasbeyondhistory.net /forts/indians.html (5763 words)

	Emporia State University - Center for Great Plains Studies
		As white travel across the plains and settlement of Kansas increased after the middle of the nineteenth century, the Cheyenne were spurred into bitter resistance against the encroaches.
		Along with other tribes of the southern Plains, the Kiowa were compelled at Medicine Lodge to sign away their claims to Kansas soil and accept a reservation in Oklahoma.
		The Kiowa Apache were brave and proficient warriors, nonetheless, because of the hostile attitude the Kiowa held toward whites, the Kiowa Apache requested and were granted leave from the Kiowa by the Treaty of the Little Arkansas in 1865, and attached to the Cheyenne and Arapaho.
	www.emporia.edu /cgps/tales/o93tales.htm (2381 words)

	THE MILLION ACRE PROJECT – SOUTHERN PLAINS:
		This proposed reserve is to serve as a core protected area for the Southern Plains, as a bookend counterpart for the one in South Dakota, in which buffalo, prairie dogs, antelope, eagles, songbirds, etc. (and eventually even wolves) could have enough restored, sustainable grassland habitat to live, roam, and prosper.
		Gone from the Southern Plains are prairie dog complexes—large mosaics of colonized and uncolonized areas that supported roaming herds of bison in a symbiotic relationship that managed the prairie for health.
		From participating in upcoming Southern Plains national grassland revision plans to bidding on state land leases, we are building momentum for a paradigm shift from unsustainability and divisiveness to well-rounded community support in safeguarding our rich natural heritage for the benefit of the many.
	www.gprc.org /Million_Acre_Project/Southern_Plains.html (3001 words)

	Comanche-Part Two
		By 1716 the Jicarilla had been forced into the mountains of northern New Mexico, while other Plains Apaches had abandoned many of their settlements north of the Arkansas and were rapidly giving way across northeastern New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle, and western Oklahoma.
		Groups of refugee Plains Apache (Lipan and Mescalero) concentrated in southern Texas and New Mexico and began to attack the nearby Spanish settlements.
		The area of the central plains vacated by the departure of the Pawnee and Comanches was soon occupied by groups of Cheyenne and Arapaho.
	www.dickshovel.com /ComancheTwo.html (4288 words)

	White Dove's Native American Indian Site Apache, Eastern
		The Plains Apaches killed bison, deer, and antelope during communal hunts.
		Spaniards colonized the upper Rio Grande in 1598, and Plains Apaches soon acquired horses.
		Early in the nineteenth century the Kiowa Apaches still ranged with the Kiowas on the central plains near the confluence of the Platte and Missouri Rivers.
	users.multipro.com /whitedove/encyclopedia/apache-eastern.html (1071 words)

	El Cuartelejo: High Plains Laws and Identity—
		Colby Community College is in the Central High Plains, a bioregion in the northeast quadrant from Santa Fe, New Mexico.
		Plains Apache people had lived in the area previous to the arrival of the Picuris (Schroeder 1959: 19-29).
		Local histories and county landmarks identify and locate battlegrounds and massacres from the time gold was found in the Rockies in 1859 to the railroad town building of the 1880’s.
	www.angelfire.com /ks2/hipp (2579 words)

	Comanche-Part One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Comanches are believed to have been the first native people on the plains to utilize the horse extensively, and as such, they were the source for other plains tribes of the horses that made the buffalo culture possible, even their enemies.
		Their tepees were distinctive on the southern plains for their use of four (not three) main poles, two of which outlined the entrance.
		After forming an alliance with the Ute, they occupied the central plains of eastern Colorado and western Kansas between the Platte and Arkansas Rivers and began to drive the Plains Apache from the area.
	www.tolatsga.org /ComancheOne.html (3296 words)

	Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Christliebs donated to the Center for the Great Plains Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln their valued collection of western art, library of western Americana, and provided an endowment for the care and maintenance of the Collection.
		The library donated by the Christliebs is an impressive 4,000 volumes, which consists of several Western novels and many other fiction and nonfiction books about the West and the Great Plains.
		The Great Plains Art Collection is the home to many works of art by such artists as Lyman Byxbe, Ray Ellis, Michael Forsberg, Veryl Goodnight, Laurie Houseman-Whitehawk, Keith Jacobshagen, Christina McPhee, Herb Mignery and Grant Wood.
	www.unl.edu /plains/gallery/gallery.html (330 words)

	Plains Apache - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Plains Apache (also Kiowa-Apache, Naʼisha, Naisha) are a Southern Athabaskan group that lived primarily on the plains of North America along the Kiowa.
		Plains Apache is the most divergent member of the subfamily.
		Opler, Morris E; and Bittle, William E. The death practices and escahatology of the Kiowa Apache.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plains_Apache (200 words)

	North American Indians - Plains Culture Area
		The Great Plains (sometimes called the American prairies) fills the very center of the North American continent, stretching some 1,500 miles north to south (from the north central regions of Texas to the southern prairies of Canada) andmore than 1,000 miles east to west (from the Mississippi-Missouri Valley to the Rocky Mountains).
		And while the Plains landscape appears to many to be a vast unbroken treeless anduniform grassland, it is in fact broken by ranges of hills andwooded river valleys, and consists of two subregions, the more humid eastern plains with tall-grass prairies andthe drier western plains or steppe, where short-grass prairies dominate.
		Other Plains hunters, such as the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, andDakota were latecomers to the Plains, abandoning their settled agricultural way of life for one of nomadic buffalo hunting and, as was the case on the southern Plains dwellers, raiding the towns of the native peoples of the Southwestern Culture Area.
	www.cabrillo.edu /~crsmith/anth7_plains.html (8246 words)

	Apache Language (Mescalero, Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Western, Plains, and Kiowa Apache)
		Apache is an Athabaskan (Na-Dene) language of the American Southwest.
		Chiricahua-Mescalero is considered by some people to be a dialect of Western Apache, by others a separate language; the three forms of Eastern Apache (Jicarilla, Lipan, and Plains Apache) are considered by some to be distinct languages and by others to be dialects of a single Eastern Apache language.
		Apache history is interesting and important, but the Apaches are still here today, too, and we try to feature modern writers as well as traditional folklore, contemporary art as well as museum pieces, and the issues and struggles of today as well as the tragedies of yesterday.
	www.native-languages.org /apache.htm (410 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		The Conejero (Conexero) Indians were a Plains Apache band who roamed along the Canadian River valley in northeastern New Mexico and the western Texas Panhandle, as well as in western Kansas and southeastern Colorado, during the seventeenth century.
		These contacts were not always friendly, however; in 1695 some Chipayne Apaches visiting Picurís Pueblo reported that white men from the east had attacked a band of Conejeros in western Kansas.
		After the Comanches invaded the Southern Plains during the early eighteenth century, nothing more was mentioned of the Conejeros; it is possible that they were among the Plains Apache bands that were wiped out or scattered by Shoshonean invaders, although they may have subsequently merged with the Jicarilla Apaches in New Mexico.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/CC/bmc82.html (328 words)

	Ski Apache (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Ski Apache is the southernmost major ski area in the United States and is located 16 miles northwest of Ruidoso, N.M. Ski Apache's high elevation averages more than 15 feet of snowfall each winter.
		Rising from the 4,500 foot floor of the Tularosa Basin to an elevation of 12,003 feet, Sierra Blanca Peak towers above the surrounding valleys and plains.
		Ski Apache provides a variety of terrain for all abilities on 55 trails covering 750 acres, including the huge open Apache Bowl.
	www.skiapache.net (312 words)

	El Cuartelejo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In the Scott State Park Lake of western Kansas are the remains of a small seven-room pueblo and an extensive Plains Apache village.
		Archeologists believe that this is the location of the village of El Cuartelejo referred to in 17th century Spanish reports.
		El Cuartelejo was the name given to a Plains Apache village in the High Plains where Taos Indians fled in 1664 to escape Spanish rule.
	www.kshs.org /portraits/cuartelejo_el.htm (231 words)

	Kiowa-Apache Snake Dance - Sound Clip - MSN Encarta
		The Athapaskan-speaking Native Americans of the North American Plains, also known as the Kiowa-Apache, are located predominantly in Oklahoma.
		The snake dance, heard in this example, serves as the introduction to the war dance and is a chain dance with a running stomp.
		"Snake Dance" from Music of the Plains Apache (Cat.# Folkways AHM 4252) (p)1969 Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461531314/Kiowa-Apache_Snake_Dance.html (129 words)

	National Park Service: Kiva, Cross, and Crown (Chapter 6) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		After more questions, the Spanish governor told the Apache that he would pay him anything he wanted for a piece of the rock, "because it is a remedy for eye and heart disease." The Indian asked for an iron ax to break off a piece.
		When a Plains Apache captain known to the Spaniards, possibly the same one, sent word through the Pecos late in August that eleven tipis were coming to trade, Vargas made no mention of the metal.
		The Apaches arranged a meeting at the mouth of the canyon between Vargas and Francisco Pacheco, governor of the Taos, who suddenly appeared with a menacing number of his men.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/kcc/chap6c.htm (4007 words)

	Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Lands
		This is an Independent site dedicated to the history and genealogy of the Kiowa, Comanche and Apache Peoples that lived and still live in the southwestern part of the now state of Oklahoma.
		The Indian Commission worked with the Kiowa, Comanche and Plains Apache tribes at Fort Sill for several years, and finally the Jerome Agreement was signed.
		Many of the Kiowa, Comanche, Apache men and women were in the Military service during WWI, WWII, Korea and Vietnam during the past century.
	rebelcherokee.labdiva.com /itkiowa-comanche-apache.html (1092 words)

	Apache History
		The Apache's guerrilla war tactics came naturally and were unsurpassed.
		They dressed in animal skins, used dogs as pack animals, and pitched tent like dwellings made of brush or hide, called wikiups.
		The core of the band was a "relative group", predominantly, but not necessarily, kinsmen.
	www.impurplehawk.com /apache.html (1310 words)

	EL CUARTELEJO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The first were Taos Indians who settled here with a band of Plains Apache about 1664 and remained for several years.
		The second were Picuris who joined the Apache in 1696 and were returned to New Mexico ten years later by Juan de Ulibarri.
		A few years later Comanche, Ute and Pawnee attacks forced the Apache southward out of the Plains and El Cuartelejo was abandoned.
	skyways.lib.ks.us /kansas/history/scspark.html (228 words)

	Comanche Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		1728?- Plains Apache settle on Rio Grande with Pueblo Tribes.
		1751 - Pawnee leave the plains and settle in the Platte Valley.
		Estimation taken this year was less than 1500 buffalo left in the Great Plains.
	www.comanchelodge.com /timeline.html (2469 words)

	Horses and Plains Indians
		Plains Indians, including Texas Plains Indians, hunted buffalo on foot before they had horses.
		In a very short time Plains Indians learned to be expert riders.
		The Apache who now live in New Mexico and in Old Mexico used to live way up in the Texas panhandle and north of Texas.
	www.texasindians.com /horse.htm (765 words)

	Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Related Images
		When the Corps of Discovery traveled west, to the south and west of them in the present state of Kansas lived a Native group who spoke a different language than their Plains neighbors.
		The Kiowa-Apaches, informally known as the Plains Apache, were Athapaskan speakers, connected through language to the Apaches of the southwest, yet living much as other Plains Native peoples did: as mobile bison hunters who were seasoned horse riders and lived in tepees.
		After over a century of dwindling numbers and coping with continual assaults on their health, culture, and remaining land, the Kiowa-Apaches, officially known in the twenty-first century as the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, are now devoting much energy to preserving their distinctive legacy and revitalizing their way of life for generations to come.
	lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu /images_Kiowa.html (208 words)

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