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Topic: Plains Cree language

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	Cree Nation
		Their ancestral Cree language was once the most widely spoken in northern North America, but now not all Crees are fluent in it.
		Originally inhabiting a smaller nucleus of this area, the Cree Nation expanded rapidly in the 17th and 18th centuries after acquiring firearms and beginning their fur trade with the Europeans, but wars with the Dakota and Blackfeet and severe smallpox epidemics, notably in 1784 and 1838, reduced their numbers.
		With a population of approximately 2,000, Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation is a large and widespread community.
	www.crystalinks.com /cree.html (861 words)

	Cree language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cree was also a component language in two creoles unique to Western Canada.
		Both languages were spoken by Métis voyageurs and settlers in Western Canada.
		Cree is one of the seven official languages of the Northwest Territories, but is only spoken by a small number of people there in the area around the town of Fort Smith.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cree_language (559 words)

	Plains Cree language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Plains Cree is an Algonquian language, often considered a dialect of Cree, spoken by about 34,000 people in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana.
		In the southern parts of its territory it is only still spoken by older people, but in the northern parts language use is still vigorous.
		This Indigenous languages of the Americas-related article is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plains_Cree (119 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Language (Pil-Pm) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pintiini is a language spoken by the aborigines of the north of Nullabor Plain in Australia.
		Pite Saami is a Uralic language spoken in Sweden and formerly spoken in Norway.
		Plains Indian Sign Language was originally used to communicate between different Indian nations in hunting and trading, and for communicating with the white settlers.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /WPF.HTM (453 words)

	Cree
		The major divisions of environment and dialect are the Plains Cree (Alberta and Saskatchewan), Woods Cree (Saskatchewan and Manitoba) and Swampy Cree (Manitoba, Ontario and Québec).
		Following contact with the HUDSON'S BAY CO, some Swampy Cree moved westward to trap in the new territories although many believe that they moved into areas already populated by ancestors of the historic Woods and Plains Cree.
		The Cree lived in small BANDS or hunting groups for most of the year, and gathered into larger groups in the summer for socializing, exchanges and ceremonies.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0002005 (677 words)

	Elderspeak - Cree
		Cree settlements and reservations are scattered throughout Canada from Quebec to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
		Swampy Cree - N - Northern Ontario and Saskatchewan and the interior of Manitoba.
		Fourteen letters of the Roman Alphabet are used to represent the sounds of the Cree language, Compared to the twenty-six letters used for the English language.
	www.horizonzero.ca /elderspeak/cree.html (415 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Cree
		The Cree are sometimes grouped by scholars, east to west, as the Eastern Wood Cree, the Swampy Cree, the Western Wood Cree, and the Plains Cree.
		The Cree were related to other eastern Algonquians and migrated westward before and after contact with non-Indians.
		The Plains Cree, some of whom were allied with the Assiniboine people of Manitoba, hunted deer, caribou, elk, moose, and, on the Northern Plains, buffalo (American bison).
	encarta.msn.com /text_761564434__1/Cree.html (511 words)

	Eastern Algonquian Language Revitalization: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A careful study of the history, both linguistic and social, of a language, the eventual language loss, and present programs and resources are all important issues related to the process of language revitalization through educational and instructional programs, community efforts, literacy and immersion opportunities.
		Language loss is directly related to culture loss, and this concept has been demonstrated clearly by the historical events on the Eastern coast of North America.
		Cree structure and linguistic research is conducted at the University of Winnipeg, Manitoba.
	www.planetspatula.com /archaeological/Native-American/language-revitalization.html (2400 words)

	Ethnologue: USA
		Language is dying out in many areas, but is still spoken on Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron by most adults and some younger ones.
		Language use is vigorous in the west and south.
		Language use is vigorous in some locations, in others only the older ones speak the language.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/USA.html (8257 words)

	AllRefer.com - Cree (North American Indigenous Peoples) - Encyclopedia
		Cree, Native North Americans whose language belongs to the Algonquian branch of the Algonquian-Wakashan linguistic stock (see Native American languages).
		A warlike tribe, the Cree were nevertheless friendly toward French and English fur traders, and their history is closely connected with the activities of the Hudson's Bay and the North West companies.
		In the 1990s, Cree living in N Quebec waged strong opposition to the province's planned massive James Bay hydroelectric project, but in 2002 they negotiated an agreement with Quebec that permitted partial hydroelectric development, mining, and logging in exchange for jobs and $3.5 billion in financing (over 50 years).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Cree.html (412 words)

	Cree - Ethnos - Books about the Cree People (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Their ancestral Cree language was once the most widely spoken in northern North America, but now not all Crees are fluent in it; English or French is more commonly used.
		Cree is the most widely spoken aboriginal language in Canada.
		When buffalo were many on the western plains, when Cree and Blackfoot warred in unrelenting enmity, when the Sun Dance and the shaking tent were still a way of life these were the days of Chief Thundershild (1849-1927).
	www.almudo.com /ethnos/Cree.htm (541 words)

	Cree: Language of the Plains/nehiyawewin: paskwawi-pikiskwewin by Karem Rice (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cree: Language of the Plains/nehiyawewin: paskwawi-pikiskwewin by Karem Rice
		An early lesson a student of Cree learns is that verbs are of four types, divided based on transitivity and animacy.
		The authors reveal that they present `only a brief glimpse of the Cree language,' and caution that to access the `rich and vivid colloquial and idiomatic nature of Cree' a Cree-speaking community is needed.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/utq/701/cree12.html (719 words)

	Encyclopedia of North American Indians - - Cree Language (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Cree language (in Plains Cree, nêhiyawêwin) is spoken by about fifty thousand people in six Canadian provinces and territories and in the state of Montana.
		Cree has two distinct forms: the inclusive kîyânaw, "we (you and I)," and the exclusive nîyanân, "we (but not you)." In the second person Cree has two separate pronouns: kîya, "you (singular)," and kîyawâw, "you (plural)." Some speakers of English similarly contrast you (singular) and youse or you-all (plural).
		Some schools have introduced Cree language programs, but typically only a few hours a week are devoted to Cree; the rest of the time the children hear and speak English at school, and at home they watch English-language television.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_009200_creelanguage.htm (617 words)

	MSN Encarta - Cree
		Cree, Native Americans of the Algonquian language family and of the Subarctic and Great Plains culture areas.
		Soon after European contact, the Cree became involved in the fur trade, trading with the French and working for them as voyageurs (the French word for “travelers”) who traveled in search of furs.
		In 1885 Cree bands, under chiefs Poundmaker and Big Bear, participated in the Northwest Rebellion, a revolt against federal authority.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/refarticle.aspx?refid=761564434 (458 words)

	Cree Language and the Cree Indian Tribe (Iyiniwok, Eenou, Eeyou, Iynu, Kenistenoag)
		The most divergent is Eastern Cree, which some consider a closer relative to the Innu languages Montagnais and Naskapi than to the other Cree dialects--then again, others consider Montagnais, Naskapi, and/or Attikamekw to be dialects of Cree themselves.
		All five Cree dialects (though not Atikamekw or the Innu languages) are written in a unique syllabary which uses shapes to represent consonants and rotates them in the Four Directions to represent vowels.
		Since Canadian nationhood, the Cree people have faced the same problems of self-determination and land control that every aboriginal group has, but they remain better-equipped to face them than most, and the Cree language is one of the few North American languages sure of surviving into the next century.
	www.native-languages.org /cree.htm (903 words)

	Nature's Law - Culture - Understandings of Relations
		We note first of all that the Cree language does not distinguish between the family, the tribe and the nation…the single word used for “one family, one tribe, one bond, one nation” is peyakôskan.
		It is in kinship that divisions dwell in the language.
		Plains Cree kinship terms reflect the important divisions recognized in the Cree kinship system, and identifying those relations that are crucial to maintaining identity are presented in the lists below.
	www.albertasource.ca /natureslaws/culture/relational_understanding_relations.html (1193 words)

	ElderSpeak Cree Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cree settlements and reservations are scattered throughout Canada from Quebec to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
		Swampy Cree - N - Northern Ontario and Saskatchewan and the interior of Manitoba.
		The Quebec Atihkamêk Cree is the one dialect which is very different from the others, however, there are enough similarities that one could get the "gist" of a conversation.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /tales/Cree.htm (432 words)

	Facts for Kids: Cree Indians (Crees)
		We encourage students and teachers to look through our Cree language and culture pages for in-depth information about the tribe, but here are our answers to the questions we are most often asked by children, with Cree pictures and links we believe are suitable for all ages.
		Cree Indians from prairie regions, especially in southern Manitoba and Alberta, are often known as the Plains Cree.
		Cree artists are known for their quilling crafts, woodcarving, and colorful beadwork.
	www.geocities.com /bigorrin/cree_kids.htm (1654 words)

	Classified List of BC Native Languages
		The Athabaskan language family as a whole is fairly closely related to Eyak, a language once spoken in the Cook inlet area of southern Alaska.
		The Tsimshianic languages are spoken on the northwest coast and in adjacent areas of the interior.
		The Tsimshianic languages are not generally considered to be related to any other languages, but there is a long-standing proposal that they belong to a large group of languages spoken along the Pacific Coast from California northward known as the Penutian language family.
	www.ydli.org /bcother/bclist.htm (1153 words)

	Cree on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cree Reports Record Revenue for Second Quarter of Fiscal Year 2004; Reported EPS of $0.17 Per Diluted Share.
		Cree Announces Court Rulings; Court Denies Eric and Jocelyn Hunter's Motion for Preliminary Injunction and Allows Motion to Amend.
		In the taiga forests of northern Quebec, caribou are hunted by the Cree and their meat is salted and dried.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c/cree.asp (846 words)

	The life of the Cree Indians
		Members of the Cree tribe that choose to remain on the reservation must abide by the Cree laws.
		However, there is a Cree language that continues to be spoken by a small percentage of the natives.
		Because of the complexity of the Cree language, it’s difficult to master.
	www.indians.org /articles/cree-indians.html (309 words)

	CPRC Publications Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cree: Language of the Plains explores some of the intricate grammatical features of a language spoken by a nation which extends from Quebec to Alberta.
		The distinction has been made between, on one hand, learning about a language, or building language awareness, and, on the other hand, acquisition of a language or building fluency in it.
		Cree: Language of the Plains contains an appropriate balance of both language learning and language acquisition activities.
	www.cprc.ca /cree_rev.html (192 words)

	Aboriginal languages
		The Inuktitut language (of the Eskimo-Aleut family) is spoken by about two thirds of the 44 000 Inuit who largely populate Canada’s Arctic, from the northwestern part of the Northwest Territories (Inuvialuit) to northern Labrador.
		Athabaskan languages are spoken in British Columbia, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
		Another major group of Aboriginal languages represented in Canada is the Iroquoian family, which is found in southwestern Quebec and southern Ontario, as well as in adjoining parts of the United States.
	www.fp.ucalgary.ca /howed/abor_lang.htm (1009 words)

	NPS Publications: The Blackfoot
		Although the range of the latter extends beyond the plains, it will be seen that the Plains culture area falls within the geographical limits of the great plains, that is, within the region of the greatest bison herds.
		To say that the Blackfoot, like their other neighbors in the plains, were primarily bison hunters, is not to say that they have not many culture traits in common with Indians of other regions.
		Their language, for example, belongs to the Algonkian family, which is spoken throughout southern Canada from the Pacific to the Atlantic and in the upper Mississippi valley.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/berkeley/steward/stewardb.htm (512 words)

	Knife River Indian Villages NHS Northern Plains Tribes page
		The Assiniboine were allied with and culturally similar to the Plains Cree and Plains Chippewa, whom they often traveled and camped with.
		Plains Cree and their close allies, the Plains Chippewa, were often found trading at the Mandan and Hidatsa villages and at the American Fur Company's Fort Union, especially in the company of their other close ally, the Assiniboine.
		The Plains Chippewa (also known as the Ojibwa) frequently traveled with their allies, the Plains Cree and Assiniboine, and were thus often found trading at the Mandan and Hidatsa villages and at various American Fur Company trading posts.
	www.nps.gov /knri/plains_tribes.htm (1579 words)

	The Cree (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Before the arrival of the Europeans, the Cree had long ago mastered the complex technology needed to survive in a wooded and hostile climate that was frozen solid almost ten months of every year.
		The "N" or "Swampy" Cree is spoken at Shoal Lake, Red Earth, Pelican Narrows, Cumberland House and Waterhen Lake on the West side of the province.
		The Cree readily accepted European religions because they quickly observed that it was just a simpler form of their own traditional world of spirituality.
	www.ftlcomm.com /ensign/ensign2/humanAdaptations/skEnthnicity/cree.html (718 words)

	Algonquian Language Family
		She acknowledges how the Cree language is threatened, particularly because young people do not use the language.
		Her hope is that through her lectures she can share the language and culture, and thus increase the vitality of the Cree language.
		Many of the larger language groups will persist, while those language groups with fewer speakers will taper until the language dies, unless there is a great push to sustain these languages.
	www.unh.edu /linguistics/courses/790CS/annotations/HW2/Algonquian.Molly.HW2.htm (528 words)

	Woodland Cree Bands
		Although there is evidence that may indicate the Cree have lived in the parkland regions of the west for some time, the Plains Cree originated in the east and moved to the Plains through their involvement in the fur trade.
		While the term "Cree" most likely originated from a French name of unknown origin, "Kristineaux", their own term is "Nehiyawak" or "exact people." There are many branches of the Cree nation spread across the country and are typically divided into the Plains Cree, Woodland Cree, and Moose Cree.
		By 1800, the Cree were well established in Alberta, from Athabasca-Peace delta in the north, along the Peace River and south as far as the Saskatchewan River.
	www.albertasource.ca /treaty8/eng/Peoples_and_Places/Profiles_of_the_Treaty_Makers/Bands_and_Nations/woodland_cree_bands.html (573 words)

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