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Topic: Planck charge

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Planck mass

Planck length

Planck units

Planck time

	Elementary charge Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The elementary charge (symbol e or sometimes q) is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron.
		Quarks, first posited in the 1960s, are believed to have fractional electric charges (in units of e/3 and 2e/3), but only to exist in particles with an integer charge.
		In 1995, the fractional charge of Laughlin quasiparticles was measured directly in a quantum antidot electrometer at Stony Brook University, New York.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Elementary_charge.html (449 words)

	Max Planck
		Planck was deeply impressed by the law of conservation of energy and he became convinced that the second law of termodynamics was an absolute law of nature.
		Planck based his doctoral dissertation on the second law of thermodynamics and in July 1879, at the young age of 21 he received his doctoral degree.
		Planck was very reluctant to introduce his revolutionary idea on the quantisation of energy, and only by being forced by pure logic did he do so.
	www.crystalinks.com /planck.html (792 words)

	ESD Journal - The ESD & Electrostatics Magazine
		The average charge carried by the steam in the bubbles depends on the charge of the bubble wall given by the background concentrations of hydronium and hydroxyl ions in the droplet.
		The Planck theory of SL [20] differs from other SL theories because the source for producing SL photons is the Planck energy of the stimulated emission from the bubble wall molecules as the bubble resonant frequency during bubble collapse coincides with the dissociation frequency of the water molecules.
		In the Planck theory of SL, the emission is not in equilibrium with the temperature of the bubble wall.
	www.esdjournal.com /techpapr/prevens/article.htm (5152 words)

	Contact electrification by cavity QED
		The Planck energy in the VUV is sufficient to raise electron energy levels in interface surfaces and produce free electrons that are subsequently transferred to the insulator upon contact.
		In the Planck theory of SL, the surface water molecule VUV emission is not in equilibrium with the temperature of the bubble wall.
		In the Planck theory of SL, the source of Planck energy is the EM radiation in the water molecules of the bubble wall that during nucleation and collapse is inhibited from the bubble cavity by QED.
	www.angelfire.com /super/cavityqed/contact.htm (2833 words)

	The Nature of Charge - Aether Physics Model
		Unlike the electrostatic charge, which is the same for both the electron and proton, the strong charge is different for each onn and is directly proportional to the onn's mass.
		Strong charge times 1/2 spin is 1/4pi (steradian) the area of a sphere or, strong charge times 1/2 spin times 4pi is equal to a sphere of electromagnetic (strong) charge.
		The proportion of the electrostatic charge sphere (small ball in center) to the electromagnetic charge sphere (large gray sphere) is alpha, the Fine Structure constant.
	www.16pi2.com /charge.htm (796 words)

	Planck's Hypothesis
		Planck, who was a colleague of Wien's when he was carrying out this work, later, in 1900, based quantum theory on the fact that Wien's law, while valid at high frequencies, broke down completely at low frequencies.
		Planck himself in [7] explains how despite having invented quantum theory he did not understand it himself at first:- I tried immediately to weld the elementary quantum of action somehow in the framework of classical theory.
		Planck was also the first to succeed in getting, by means of the said relation, a highly accurate value for the number in question, the so-called Avogadro constant.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/modern/planck/index.shtml (1064 words)

	Bambooweb: Planck units
		In physics, Natural units or Planck units are a system of units of measurement that goes back to Max Planck; the system is defined only using the following fundamental physical constants and is "natural" in the sense that the numerical values of all those constants become 1 if expressed in this system.
		The Planck mass is credible, indeed many living things (such as some fleas) are smaller than it; the issue is that general relativity predicts that smaller fl holes can exist within an event horizon of radius less than the Planck length, while quantum mechanics predicts that the mass would probably be outside the event horizon.
		The relevant parts of Planck's 1899 paper leave some confusion as to how he managed to come up with the units of time, length, mass, temperature etc. which today we define using Dirac's Constant $\hbar and motivate by references to quantum physics before things like \hbar and quantum physics were known.$
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/p/l/Planck_units.html (644 words)

	Planck units - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With some exceptions (the Planck momentum and impedance, possibly the Planck mass and energy as well), base and derived Planck units are impractical for empirical science, engineering, and everyday use, unless rescaled by many orders of magnitude.
		At a Planck temperature of 1, the four fundamental forces unify and all symmetries broken since the start of the Big Bang are restored.
		Planck units normalize the gravitational constant G in Newton's law of universal gravitation to 1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planck_units (2096 words)

	Planck unit of energy - The Hyperspace Forums
		Planck energy is roughly 2 billion joules, which is about what you take on in chemical energy when you tank up the car.
		Planck force c4/G is obvious everywhere in the universe since it connects the curvature of a region to the concentation of mass-energy there.
		Indeed Planck force is the central constant in one of the principal equations of GenRel.
	www.mkaku.org /forums/showthread.php?p=1143 (2277 words)

	SparkNotes: Max Planck: Context
		Maxwell Planck was born in the midst of what would later be seen as a golden age of Germany.
		Planck joined thousands of his fellow countrymen in loudly singing the praises of the fatherland, certain of triumph, and he joined them four years later in surprised defeat.
		Planck believed that the best way for Germany to win back its former supporters would be for it to excel to such a degree that no one would be able to deny German excellence, and thus no one would be able to deny a place on the world stage.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/planck/context.html (695 words)

	Atoms
		Planck had introduced his constant in 1900 in a formula explaining the light radiation emitted from heated bodies.
		Planck postulated that energy can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete amounts, which he called quanta (the Latin word for "how much").
		Planck's constant has the dimensions of action, which may be expressed as units of energy multiplied by time, units of momentum multiplied by length, or units of angular momentum.
	members.tripod.com /nielsbohr/temp/atoms.htm (1505 words)

	Planck units
		An obvious (unit independent) choice is the magnitude of the charge on an electron, e.
		For instance, the Planck equivalent of the candela would just be the power unit; the lumen equivalent would be the power unit times the steradian, and the lux equivalent would be the power unit times the steradian divided by the square of the Planck length.
		Note that the Planck units are traditionally expressed in terms of hbar, where hbar == h/(2 pi).
	www.alcyone.com /max/writing/essays/planck-units.html (686 words)

	Planck's Constant
		Planck theorized that systems, such as light, had set ranges for energy values, and never varied from those ranges.
		As shown in Equation 3, the slope of the line is equivalent to Planck’s constant divided by the charge of an electron.
		It should be known that the data for the UV filter was left out of the graph because it was assessed that the UV filter was not effective enough for the experiment.
	home.gwu.edu /~jmcdnld/Planck.htm (1632 words)

	[No title]
		These experiments were crucial to Planck's eventual explanation of the fl body radiation spectrum in terms of his quantum hypothesis: that the energy of harmonic oscillators with frequency "f" is parceled out in multiples of a finite elements of magnitude "e=hf", where "h" is the famous constant introduced by Planck.
		This calculation then provided Planck with the essential mathematics which he needed to deduce his famous radiation formula, and he was able to accomplish this result in a matter of a few weeks after having worked on the solution of the radiation problem for over five years.
		Klein also mentioned that Planck emphasized that his new constant "h" together with Newton's constant "G" and the velocity of light "c" allowed, for the first time, the introduction of universal units, now known as Planck scales, for the fundamental variables of physics: length, time and mass.
	physics.ucsc.edu /~michael/planck.html (729 words)

	Planck’s constant the Photoelectric Effect
		The conclusion was drawn that a negatively charged plate emitted negatively charged particles when illuminated with ultraviolet light.
		This emission of negative charges form material as a result of light falling on it is called the Photoelectric effect.
		In normal operation the thin wire A is held at a positive potential with respect to the curved metal plate C. When light of a given frequency strikes the plate C, it ejects electrons from its surface.
	www.starcomm.net /users/mike/Planck.htm (789 words)

	[No title]
		Planck also noticed another fatal flaw in our physics by demonstrating that the electron in orbit around the nucleus accelerates.
		Light, for example, appearing in some respects as a continuous electromagnetic wave, on the submicroscopic level is emitted and absorbed in discrete amounts, or quanta; and for light of a given wavelength, the magnitude of all the quanta emitted or absorbed is the same in both energy and momentum.
		Thus Planck's constant h is the quantum of action, and h/ (i.e., h/2) is the quantum of angular momentum, or spin.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec12.html (2938 words)

	[No title]
		Excluding the unit of charge and Planck’s Constant, h, the current establishment denies that any of the remaining physical constants are quantized.
		It must be concluded from those that the Planck Constant is fundamentally irrelevant to the uncertainty relationship, even if those in the past are accustomed to believing that h appears to determine the amount of uncertainty.
		This is easily confirmed from Planck’s equation or the energy in one single cycle of radiation having one h of energy.
	web2.airmail.net /nptbs/doc/Planck.doc (3541 words)

	Natural Units: technical summary and issues involving coursework
		These quantities are fundamental physical constants--among the most universal and basic features of nature--which constitute a natural system of units (a system useful for particle physics, string theory, and cosmology) but one which is unhandily scaled for application to everyday life.
		A consideration which deters the use of Planck units in calculation at the college physics level is the extreme sizes of some of the units, which are therefore difficult to visualize and remember.
		The number 1.855 (also written 371/200 in some calculations) is exact and chosen to produce a fit with experimental measurements of G as closely as possible given their current degree of precision.
	www.planck.com /technical1.htm (1936 words)

	Unification and distance
		Physical constants like the speed of light and Planck's constant have values that tell us the size or energy where the the observable physics begins to change substantially, and a different way of describing the physics mathematically is called for.
		Planck's constant, in the form of the de Broglie wavelength, tells us when the wave/particle duality of quantum physics becomes measurable in a physical object.
		The combination of Planck's constant with the speed of light and the electron charge means this coupling constant is telling us about the quantum relativistic physics of electromagnetism, that is, it tells us something about electromagnetism at distance scales where quantum mechanics and special relativity are both important to the physics at the same time.
	www.superstringtheory.com /experm/exper3.html (1770 words)

	Centennial Focus: Millikan's Measurement of Planck's Constant
		The kinetic energy of the photoelectrons were found by measuring the potential energy of the electric field needed to stop them--here Millikan was able to confidently use the uniquely accurate value for the charge e of the electron he had established with his oil drop experiment in 1913.
		Shining through it all are Millikan's typical characteristics as experimenter and person: his penchant for experimenting in an area involving the hottest question of the day, his energetic persistence (this paper was the culmination of work he had begun in 1905), and his passion for obtaining results of great precision.
		Indeed, Millikan's paper on Planck's constant shows clearly that he is emphatically distancing himself throughout from Einstein's 1905 attempt to couple photo effects with a form of quantum theory.
	focus.aps.org /story/v3/st23 (912 words)

	Sınırları Aşmak
		By expressing natural constants in terms of Planck units, we found that Universal Gravitation Constant is the inverse of vacuum density matter-equivalent and the square of Planck time, being the former equal to Planck mass divided by Planck volume.
		Planck charge can be understood as 6 strings existing in a Planck volume, equivalent to the 6 dimensions supposed to exist at string level.
		In this sense, the speed of light is the exact value of Planck length divided by Planck time and vacuum energy corresponds exactly to Planck mass divided by Planck volume.
	www.zamandayolculuk.com /cetinbal/StargateLap.htm (3862 words)

	Pentagonal Light & Gravity
		C. Oddly, in most reference sources, the elementary unit of charge is given not in MKS terms, but is defined in terms of centimeters and grams.
		C, then the charge in C is directly proportional to the square root of the product of the resting mass of an electron and its radius [cf.
		The MKS unit of charge is the Coulomb but the elementary unit of charge is approximated using centimeters and grams.
	dgleahy.com /dgl/p28.html (1166 words)

	[No title]
		Thompson measured the charge to mass ratio (e/m) of cathode rays and theorized they were tiny, charged pieces of the atom.
		Planck explained fl body radiation by quantifying the energy of molecular vibrations (E = nhf for n = 1,2,.
		The magnetic force on a charge e, mass m, velocity v particle moving through a B field was F = evB and this was a centripetal force causing the particles to curve in part of a circle of radius r.
	home.insightbb.com /~phys1/notes/notes27.doc (1456 words)

	Planck's Units
		That means a Planck-mass mist drop's proper period is the Planck length (or time, as you wish); this is a factor of 10**30 smaller than the physical dimensions of the mist drop, which has much to do with why one doesn't much notice quantum effects on raindrop-sized things.
		Quite a good unit of charge is the charge on the electron, or a third of it, give or take sign: this is clearly a genuine irreducible quantity of charge, making it ideal as a unit, hence widely used.
		However, the form of Planck's units thus far is based on the constants in the field equations themselves, rather than on the bodies controlled by these: though better (by virtue of its real irreducibility), it is defined in the same spirit as the atomic mass unit, rather than in terms of the field equations.
	www.chaos.org.uk /~eddy/physics/planck.html (2120 words)

	Lank units
		Planck’s units of electric (electrostatic) and magnetic interactions, which are analogous to the known units of gravitation interaction, are obtained.
		The connection of gravitation, electric and magnetic interactions is discovered at a comparison of Planck’s units, which correspond to these interactions.
		Thus the summary inner charge of the closed space is equal to zero
	www.vertushkov.dp.ua /lank_units.htm (576 words)

	Robert Millikan Summary
		Repeated observations revealed that the charge carried by a given droplet was always a multiple of a definite, fundamental value--the charge of the electron.
		By balancing charged oil drops between an electric field and gravity, Millikan proved that the electron was a fundamental particle with a fundamental charge.
		The so-called elementary charge is one of the fundamental physical constants and accurate knowledge of its value is of great importance.
	www.bookrags.com /Robert_Millikan (6215 words)

	Principles of gravity manipulation and ``Stargate``- technology via Quantum Vacuum
		By expressing natural constants in terms of Planck units, we found that Universal Gravitation Constant is the inverse of vacuum density matter-equivalent and the square of Planck time, being the former equal to Planck mass divided by Planck volume.
		In addition, from Coulomb’s constant, we derived the “Planck charge” and the corresponding density of virtual vacuum pairs.
		Planck charge can be understood as 6 strings existing in a Planck volume, equivalent to the 6 dimensions supposed to exist at string level.
	www.quantum-vacuum.com (623 words)

	constants
		Planck was the first to notice this, so these units are called "Planck units".
		There are 6 kinds of quarks, one positively charged and one negatively charged of each generation: up, down; charmed, strange; top, and bottom.
		The point is that the W is charged, and any positively charged quark can emit a W+ and turn into any negatively charged quark, not necessarily of the same generation.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/constants.html (1705 words)

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