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	Planck length - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Planck length is deemed "natural" because it can be defined from three fundamental physical constants: the speed of light, Planck's constant, and the gravitational constant.
		Ignoring a factor of π, the Planck mass is roughly the mass of a fl hole with a Schwarzschild radius equal to its Compton wavelength.
		Although quantum mechanics and general relativity were unknown when Planck proposed his natural units, it later became clear that at a distance equal to the Planck length, gravity begins to display quantum effects, whose understanding would require a theory of quantum gravity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planck_length (497 words)

	Max Planck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By interpolating between the laws of Wien and Rayleigh-Jeans Planck found the famous Planck fl-body radiation law which described the experimentally observed fl-body spectrum very well; it was first proposed in a meeting of the DPG on October 19, 1900 and published in 1901.
		Planck and Nernst, in order to clarify the increasing number of contradictions, organised the First Solvay Conference (Brussels 1911); at this meeting Einstein was finally able to convince Planck.
		In 1938, Planck celebrated his eightieth birthday; the DPG held an official celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie - one year before the outbreak of a new war between France and Germany.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Max_Planck (2669 words)

	Planck - Home Page
		Planck was selected as the third Medium-Sized Mission (M3) of ESA's Horizon 2000 Scientific Programme, and is today part of its Cosmic Vision Programme.
		Planck will provide a major source of information relevant to several cosmological and astrophysical issues, such as testing theories of the early universe and the origin of cosmic structure.
		It is planned to launch Planck in the first quarter of 2007 together with the Herschel satellite.
	www.rssd.esa.int /index.php?project=Planck (339 words)

	[No title]
		Thus Planck's constant h is the quantum of action, and h/ (i.e., h/2) is the quantum of angular momentum, or spin.
		However, the observed phenomenon was that the current flow was basically constant with light strength, yet varied strong with the wavelength of light such that there was a sharp cutoff and no current flow for long wavelengths.
		Planck's constant has the dimensions of action, which may be expressed as units of energy multiplied by time, units of momentum multiplied by length, or units of angular momentum.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec12.html (2938 words)

	Planck units (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In physics, Planck units is a system of units of physical measurement, originally proposed by Max Planck, that is an early definition of natural units.
		The Planck units are defined exclusively in terms of the following fundamental physical constants and are "natural" in the sense that the numerical values of these five universal constants become 1 when expressed in units of this system.
		ML The Planck units are often semi-humorously referred to by physicists as "God's units".
	planck-units.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1539 words)

	Photoelectric Effect
		Electrons ejected from a sodium metal surface were measured as an electric current.
		In order to explain the frequency distribution of radiation from a hot cavity (flbody radiation) Planck proposed the ad hoc assumption that the radiant energy could exist only in discrete quanta which were proportional to the frequency.
		According to the Planck hypothesis, all electromagnetic radiation is quantized and occurs in finite "bundles" of energy which we call photons.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/mod2.html (408 words)

	Physics Today March 2001
		A remarkable aspect of this experiment is that the Planck constant, which is the characteristic unit of quantum phenomena, is measured by a two-story-high apparatus, shown in figure 3, that is described by classical mechanics and classical electromagnetic theory.
		The Planck constant enters through the current and voltage calibrations in the electrical power determination, because they are based on two condensed-matter quantum phenomena, the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect.
		This exact value for the Planck constant would be the consequence of the definition of the kilogram, just as the exact value of the speed of light is a consequence of the definition of the meter.
	www.physicstoday.org /pt/vol-54/iss-3/p29.html (3210 words)

	Planck’s constant the Photoelectric Effect
		In normal operation the thin wire A is held at a positive potential with respect to the curved metal plate C. When light of a given frequency strikes the plate C, it ejects electrons from its surface.
		These electrons are attracted to the wire by the positive electric potential and give rise to a measurable current.
		If we gradually reduce the potential and applied to the wire until it becomes negative with respect to the plate, some of the electrons ejected from the plate will not have enough kinetic energy to reach the wire.
	www.starcomm.net /users/mike/Planck.htm (789 words)

	Planck current - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Planck current is the unit of electrical current, denoted by I
		The Planck current is that current which, in a conductor, carries a Planck charge in Planck time.
		Alternately, the Planck current is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-section, and placed a Planck length apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to a Planck force per Planck length.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Planck_current (136 words)

	(Q-4) Planck's constant: Radiation from Hot Objects
		That was first suggested by electrochemistry--electric cells and batteries that created electric currents through chemical action, and the opposite effect, the separation by such current of chemical compounds dissolved in water (or in molten salts).
		It was through Planck's explanation of the fl body spectrum, a somewhat peripheral area of the theory of heat, that physics received its first indication of "quanta" of light with energy hν.
		Max Planck himself was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize for his discovery, but he also suffered personal blows: his wife died in 1906, one son was lost in World War I while another was executed by Nazi Germany for participating in a plot to assassinate Hitler.
	www.phy6.org /stargaze/Q4.htm (1767 words)

	FUNDAMENTAL PLANCK UNITS
		In [Planck 1899] fundamental units of mass, length and time, and therefore all mechanical quantities, are expressed in terms of the physical constants
		This essential Planck level quantization is a fundamental idea in Loop Quantum Gravity as pursued by Lee Smolin, which owes its genesis to a formulation of QCD due to Kenneth Wilson, in terms of loops.
		The Schwarzschild diameter for the Planck mass is the Planck length.
	graham.main.nc.us /~bhammel/PHYS/planckunits.html (2415 words)

	Universal system? - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		If current theory assumes that energy is intrinsic to or contained within a particle, this scenario differs by assuming that a particle is a creation of the field, and that its energy is intrinsic to the field rather than to the particle.
		Similarly, if current theory assumes that mass is intrinsic to a particle, this scenario differs by assuming that mass is an effect of the rotation of the particle by the field’s energy.
		A spherical field of one ‘Planck volume’ - that is, with a radius of ~10^-35 meters - does not appear to have the energy to create a particle (an ‘inner sphere’ with a circumference of ~10^-36 meters) rotating at a frequency of one turn per Planck time i.e., a rotational speed of c.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?p=855595#post855595 (8301 words)

	Evaluation of Usage and Acceptance of Electronic Journals: Results of an Electronic Survey of Max Planck Society ...
		Within the Max Planck Society, the German basic research organization similar to an academy of the sciences, a survey of researchers' use and acceptance of electronic journals was carried out from April 15-May 15, 1999.
		The Max Planck Society encompasses 84 research Institutes of varying sizes plus several additional Working Groups and Research Centers devoted to research in virtually all disciplines ranging from various aspects of physics, chemistry, mathematics and computer science, biological and biomedical sciences, to varied areas of the humanities and social sciences.
		Currently, in September 1999, negotiations are being conducted to expand the offering of journal titles to include major publishers listed by the respondents on the April-May survey.
	www.dlib.org /dlib/october99/rusch-feja/10rusch-feja-full-report.html (7985 words)

	Physics News Graphics: Measuring Planck's Constant
		This illustration shows the device built by NIST researchers to perform a high-precision measurement of Planck's constant, the number which describes the bundle-like nature of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scales.
		Then a one-kilogram mass is placed on and off the mass pan on the right, as the current running through the coil produces an upward magnetic force that exactly balances the weight of the kilogram.
		The resistance used to measure the current running through the coil is proportional to Planck's constant as well.
	www.aip.org /png/html/planck.htm (467 words)

	SPEED OF LIGHT
		The current will cease altogether when eV becomes equal to the maximum kinetic energy with which the electrons leave the photocathode.
		You will measure the dependence of current on V for different wavelengths of light incident on the tube.
		Use multimeters to measure the current drawn by the tube and the voltage across the tube.
	www.phys.ksu.edu /personal/cocke/classes/phys325/planck.htm (549 words)

	Natural Units: technical summary and issues involving coursework
		These quantities are fundamental physical constants--among the most universal and basic features of nature--which constitute a natural system of units (a system useful for particle physics, string theory, and cosmology) but one which is unhandily scaled for application to everyday life.
		A consideration which deters the use of Planck units in calculation at the college physics level is the extreme sizes of some of the units, which are therefore difficult to visualize and remember.
		The precise counterpart to Planck current is I
	www.planck.com /technical1.htm (1936 words)

	The Planck Era
		Therefore, as we extrapolate back in time to the beginning of the Universe, eventually one would reach a state of sufficient temperature and density that a fully quantum mechanical theory of gravitation would be required.
		This is called the Planck era, and the corresponding scales of distance, energy, and time are called the Planck scale.
		However, the Planck scale is so incredibly small that this presumably only had meaning in the initial instants of the creation of the Universe.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/planck.html (313 words)

	Unified Theory: Freespace constants derived
		Planck's work was not about electromagnetic waves travelling in free space, in which euclidean geometry is a good approximation, but on the interaction of such waves with matter.
		Matter plays an important role in all Planck's work, and thus, a non-Euclidian space has to be preferred for all Planck units, and so, a circumference value must be used in favour of a radius value as the shortest length, whether or not normalised to unity.
		This unit is defined as that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 Newton per meter of length.
	www.blazelabs.com /f-u-const.asp (3922 words)

	INTERPRETING THE PLANCK MASS
		Empirically, the Planck mass is greater than the masses of elementary particles in the regime of Quantum Theory, and so the the regimes of validity of GR and QT are disjunct, casting severe doubts on the meaning of quantizing the gravimetric field of the Einstein equations.
		The tenor of current physics research lends credence to the idea that the Schwarzschild singularity is of genuine physical significance, and not merely a removable singularity which can, for all purposes, be ignored, or whisked away by a change of coordinates, and in so doing actually redefine the physical spacetime manifold of theory.
		It seems more reasonable and precise then to view the Planck mass as that which provides a lower bound in mass on the validity of GR, and separates GR from the as yet to be unfolded theory of quantum gravity.
	graham.main.nc.us /~bhammel/PHYS/planckmass.html (2958 words)

	Planck Surveyor - CBR Anisotropy Satellite
		Planck (formerly COBRAS/SAMBA) is an ESA (European Space Agency) mission.
		The primary goal of Planck mission is the production of high-sensitivity (one part per million), high-angular resolution (10 arcminutes) maps of the microwave sky and thus of the cosmic microwave background.
		The Planck mission is designed to map the sky at multiple frequencies to both measure the CMB anisotropies and the various Galactic and extragalactic foreground emissions.
	aether.lbl.gov /www/projects/cosa (1040 words)

	MaxPlanckHome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Max Planck is the father of quantum mechanics.
		Einstein's theories are only applicable with Planck's research as their foundation.
		Then Planck discovered his constant, h, that is multiplied by the frequency to give those quanta.
	www.msu.edu /~wrigh216/Planck_page (144 words)

	Human-scale Planck Units
		The Planck quantities are normally defined in terms of c, h-bar, and G—the speed of light in empty space, Planck's constant, and the gravitation constant.
		In the natural Planck units, temperature and brightness (that is radiant flux or power per unit area) are related by a simple fourth-power (quartic) formula.
		If the currents are running in the same direction, the force is an attraction, while if their flows are opposed it is a repulsion, and what one basically does is multiply them and divide by 137.
	www.planck.com /humanscale.htm (4849 words)

	Measuring the Planck Constant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		J-s, the Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant used in calculations throughout mathematics and science.
		This voltage was proportional to the Planck constant.
		The resistance used to measure the current running through the coil was proportional to the Planck constant as well.
	museum.nist.gov /exhibits/timeline/printerFriendly.cfm?itemId=32 (572 words)

	The Planck scale: relativity meets quantum mechanics meets gravity. (from Einstein Light)
		Anyhow, the Planck length and time are very small, but they are results solely of the values that appear naturally in our physical laws.
		Currently, we don't know much about this interaction, because gravity is so feeble that its influence on things as small as quantum systems is small.
		Which is perhaps not surprising: the Planck scale is a very, very long extrapolation from our current knowledge.
	www.phys.unsw.edu.au /einsteinlight/jw/module6_Planck.htm (1228 words)

	Lab 9 - The Photoelectric Effect and Planck's Constant
		The purpose of this experiment is to use the photoelectric effect, where electrons stimulated by incoming light create an electric current, to experimentally determine the value of Planck's constant (h) which, in turn, allows us to delve into a fundamental understanding of the intrinsic nature of light and mass.
		This, it is found, is due to the quantum nature of electrons and light, and a discussion of it is beyond the scope of this text.
		Continue slightly into a negative current (when the voltage is high enough to reverse the current) and continue to record your measurements.
	www.voyager.com /~jaggy/physics/lab9 (777 words)

	Planck units
		Since these are specialized units that are only intended to be used under extremely narrow situations (this is clear when you look at the definition of the candela), we can make the sweeping generalization that all applications using these units can in fact use the derived units for energy and power (combined with other units).
		For instance, the Planck equivalent of the candela would just be the power unit; the lumen equivalent would be the power unit times the steradian, and the lux equivalent would be the power unit times the steradian divided by the square of the Planck length.
		Note that the Planck units are traditionally expressed in terms of hbar, where hbar == h/(2 pi).
	www.alcyone.com /max/writing/essays/planck-units.html (686 words)

	Planck temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is one of the Planck units that represent a fundamental limit of quantum mechanics.
		The Planck temperature is the fundamental upper limit of temperature; modern science considers it nonsensical to conjecture about anything hotter.
		It is the temperature of the Universe during the first instant (the first unit of Planck time) of the Big Bang according to current cosmology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planck_temperature (156 words)

	Planck time - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is the time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to cross a distance equal to the Planck length.
		According to the Big Bang theory nothing is known about the universe at time=0, though it is presumed that all fundamental forces coexisted and that all matter, energy, space and time exploded outward from a singularity.
		One planck time after the event is the closest that theoretical physics can get us to it, and at that time it appears that gravity separated from the other fundamental forces.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Planck_time (461 words)

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