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Topic: Planck epoch

	Max Planck Summary
		Planck's tenure at Münich was interrupted by illness in 1875.
		Planck had many interests; he did well in all his school subjects from science and mathematics to the classics, was a skilled musician with perfect pitch, and enjoyed the outdoors.
		Planck's suggestion was that the heat energy radiated by a fl body be thought of as a stream of "energy bundles," the magnitude of which is a function of the wavelength of the radiation.
	www.bookrags.com /Max_Planck (10135 words)

	PLANCK - SECTION 1.1.0
		PLANCK will far exceed the performance of balloon-borne and ground-based experiments and will be superior to any other proposed satellite mission.
		PLANCK will detect this effect in many thousands of rich clusters, providing information on the physical state of the intracluster gas and on the evolution of rich clusters.
		Using the high sensitivity of PLANCK and the sub-mm bolometer channels it will be possible to disentangle the frequency dependent Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in rich clusters of galaxies from temperature differences caused by their peculiar motions.
	www.rssd.esa.int /SA/PLANCK/include/report/redbook/110.htm (1608 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Planck scale
		At the Planck scale, the strength of gravity is expected to become comparable to the other forces, and it is theorized that all the fundamental forces are unified at that scale, but the exact mechanism of this unification remains unknown.
		Planck scale dynamics is important for cosmology because if we trace the evolution of the cosmos back to the very beginning, at some very early stage the universe should have been so hot that processes involving energies as high as the Planck energy (corresponding to distances as short as the Planck length) may have occurred.
		The nature of reality at the Planck scale is the subject of much debate in the world of physics, as it relates to a surprisingly broad range of topics.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Planck_scale (880 words)

	Astronomical Glossary
		Planck's constant, h, sets the scale of quantization: Energy levels are separated by amounts proportional to h, the amount of spin a particle can have is a multiple of h, etc. Planck originally found that the energy radiated by a heated body was emitted in quanta, rather than emission of any continuous amount being possible.
		Planck's formula was found to be in good agreement with experiment and it permitted the first reasonably accurate measurement of the Boltzmann constant, and hence of related quantities such as the charge of the electron and the masses of atoms.
		Because the Planck scale units are the only universal ones, we expect the fundamental laws of nature to be simple in form when expressed in those units.
	www.angelfire.com /stars5/astroinfo/gloss/p.html (12686 words)

	Max Planck - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Planck was extremely gifted when it came to music: he took singing lessons in addition to playing the piano, organ and cello, and composing songs and operas.
		When the Nazis seized power in 1933, Planck was seventy-four; he witnessed many Jewish friends and colleagues expelled from their positions and humiliated, and hundreds of scientists emigrated from Germany.
		Planck tried to discuss the issue with Adolf Hitler but was unsuccessful.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planck (2746 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The central role played by Planck quantities in modern theories of matter and the formation of the universe (string theory and cosmology) is well summarized in a set of glossary descriptions which can be found at the NED site (NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database) in a section called Level 5.
		Planck length (a) The dimension at which space is predicted to become ``foamlike'' and at which Einstein's theory is supposed to break down.
		Denoted by the symbol h-bar, Planck's constant is a fundamental parameter in quantum mechanics.
	www.planck.com /level5gloss.htm (561 words)

	Thermalphysics.org - Planck Essay
		Max Planck, the father of quantum theory, was born in on the 23rd of April 1858 in the town of Kiel, Germany (Nobel, Planck 1949, Cannon 1989, britanica.com, groups.dcs.st).
		In 1867, when Planck reached the age of nine, his father received an academic appointment at the University of Munich and the Planck family relocated to this city.
		Planck believed that it was possible to move from the relative to the absolute.
	www.thermalphysics.org /planck/planckessey.html (2588 words)

	Scientific FrontLine / Planck instruments ready for integration
		The Planck spacecraft will use a 1.5 meter mirror to systematically collect the cosmic microwave background radiation from the whole sky, and feed it to the two instruments.
		So using Planck's maps, astronomers will be able to place the most stringent limits yet on the quantities of these three universal components.
		There is even a possibility that Planck will detect a slight distortion of the microwave background caused by a suspected period in cosmic history, known as the inflationary epoch.
	www.sflorg.com /spacenews/sn111606_01.html (638 words)

	The Big Bang
		We believe that the four known forces (gravitation, weak, electromagnetic and strong) that describe the behavior of all particles at this current epoch were completely indistinguishable from one another during those first fleeting moments of the early universe.
		We call this epoch --- the Planck epoch, after Max Planck, one of the founding fathers of the theory of quantum mechanics.
		We do know, however, that when this epoch ended, the force of gravity "split off" apart from the remaining unified quantum force and from that point on could be described with great accuracy by Einstein's general theory of relativity.
	www.physics.utah.edu /~cassiday/p1080/lec04.html (2847 words)

	Reflexive Universe
		As the reader is probably aware, the notion of purpose or teleology is forbidden in science, among biologists especially, who, while they must be strongly tempted to invoke it at every turn, avoid it as a reformed alcoholic avoids a drink.
		It was Planck's epoch-making discovery that action comes in wholes, a discovery which in retrospect we can see to be true of human actions.
		Planck's discovery about light touches home: it is true of our own actions.
	www.sourcetext.com /pythagoras/reflexive-universe.html (832 words)

	UPS Department of Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In particular, quantum fluctuations in the geometry of space and time are likely at a sufficiently early epoch and therefore theories of the initial condition must be framed within a quantum theory of gravity.
		Max Planck picked thermodynamics as his specialty because it employed general principles and concepts and avoided special assumptions about the constitution of matter.
		The subsequent investigation, which resulted in the quantum theory, rested on a set of compromises with the Absolute that was the goal and inspiration of his work.
	www.ups.edu /physics/maxplanck (2489 words)

	Big Bang models back to Planck time
		To model the Big Bang cosmology at earlier times than those covered in Weinberg's First Three Minutes, certain time regimes have been proposed with the types of events which would be happening at those times.
		This is the first of the spontaneous symmetry breaks which lead to the four observed types of interactions in the present universe.
		But from the uncertainty principle and the DeBroglie wavelength, we can infer that the smallest scale at which we could locate the event horizon would be the Compton wavelength.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/planck.html (805 words)

	[ The Planck Satellite website ]
		Planck is expected to measure the CMB polarised signal with much better sensitivity allowing us to obtain the power spectrum of the polarised signal and better constrain the epoch and duration of reionisation.
		However, the determination of the optical depth from polarisation is likely to be limited and biased by the lack of knowledge of the reionisation history itself.
		Thanks to its sensitivity, Planck might thus be able to determine the onset of the partial reionisation.
	www.planck.fr /article221.html (588 words)

	The Cosmological Quantum Units and the Planck Units
		The socalled Planck units are not based on a physical theory, and neither are they themselves base for a physical theory.
		The intention of Max Planck was – in 1899 – to find a unit of length, a unit of time and a unit of temperature, independent of specific local systems and the existence of man.
		As I assume that the mass of the Universe –; during its whole existence – is constant, this means that the mass of a uniton decreases gradually as the Universe expands.
	www.rostra.dk /louis/quant_12.html (1045 words)

	May 8: Plank era, spacetime foam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		During the Planck era, the Universe can be best described as a quantum foam of 10 dimensions containing Planck length sized fl holes continuously being created and annihilated with no cause or effect.
		One of the reasons our physics is incomplete during the Planck era is a lack of understand of the unification of the forces of Nature during this time.
		The first moments after the Planck era are dominated by conditions where spacetime itself is twisted and distorted by the pressures of the extremely small and dense Universe.
	blueox.uoregon.edu /~karen/astro123/lectures/lec16.html (773 words)

	Genesis v200x_Epoch-02
		The Quantum Gravitation Epoch is followed by the Inflationary Epoch.
		This period demarcates the so-called the 'Planck Epoch'.
		The strong and the electro-weak forces were then rapidly united into the GUT force as only two forces rule the physical energy-events, namely, gravity and GUT forces.
	hometown.aol.com /eilatlog/cosmos/epoch02.html (476 words)

	Testing Theories of Inflation
		The large expansion during the inflationary phase dilutes the abundance of remnant monopoles and smooths any initial spatial curvature leading to a Universe that is very nearly spatially flat at the present epoch.
		Furthermore, quantum fluctuations produced during inflation are stretched in scale by many orders of magnitude producing density fluctuations that can then grow by gravity to make the galaxies and clusters of galaxies seen in the Universe today (Guth & Pi 1982, Hawking 1982, Bardeen, Steinhardt and Turner 1983).
		An experiment with the sensitivity and resolution of PLANCK can therefore measure the spectral index with an accuracy that is much smaller than the width of the heavy box plotted in Figure 1.8 and can therefore distinguish between different theories of inflation.
	www.rssd.esa.int /SA/PLANCK/include/report/redbook/142.htm (1032 words)

	[ The Planck Satellite website ]
		It is not expected to affect considerably Planck measurements.
		Early forming sources which are likely responsible for the reionisation of the universe must have enriched the universe in heavy elements.
		Planck-HFI is expected to be able to constrain the abundance of the heavy elements and the epoch when first structures formed through the fine structure lines imprints on the CMB.
	www.planck.fr /article223.html (500 words)

	M Theory Visionists - Quantum Geometry
		The gist of it is that the universe seems to have two entirely different mass scales, and we don't understand why they are so different.
		In units of GeV [billions of electron volts], which is how we measure masses, the Planck scale is 10 to the 19th GeV.
		The limitation of LQG are readily apparent when it comes to looking at the planck epoch.
	wc0.worldcrossing.com /WebX?14@219.luvrc4ACB7f.20@.1ddf4a5f/96 (1418 words)

	Dialogos of Eide: 11/04
		That the Planck mass may be regarded as a quantum-gravitational scale was pointed out explicitly by Klein and Wheeler twenty years later.
		Theoretical physicists are now confident that the role of the Planck values in quantum gravity, cosmology, and elementary particle theory will emerge from a unified theory of all fundamental interactions and that the Planck scales characterize the region in which the intensities of all fundamental interactions become comparable.
		The typical string size is the Planck length, which means that, at the length scales probed by current experiments, the string appears point-like.
	eskesthai.blogspot.com /2004_11_01_eskesthai_archive.html (10341 words)

	History of the Universe
		At this age and temperature, matter and antimatter existed in almost equal amounts, but they were both dominated by the background energy of the universe.
		The laws of physics as they are presently understood that make up the so-called "Standard Model" break down as quantum cosmologists try to make sense of what the universe was like at this time, which is known as the "Planck Epoch," in which the laws of quantum gravity (gravity at subatomic scales) should have dominated.
		This epoch is known as "Standard Cosmology," and lasts from when the universe was about a microsecond old through the present day.
	filer.case.edu /~sjr16/advanced/cosmos_history.html (1642 words)

	Chapter 16: The Edge of Time
		Quantum mechanics is generally associated only with the world of the very small, but during the Planck epoch the entire observable universe was tiny.
		When we ponder the Planck era, we are led to questions about the nature of space and time themselves.
		One of the most studied is string theory, in which reality at the Planck scale of distance and time is described by the quantum oscillations of strings and loops.
	www.astro.virginia.edu /~jh8h/Foundations/Foundations_1/chapter16.html (909 words)

	Early Universe
		String theory maintains that the Universe had 10 dimensions during the Planck era, which collapses into 4 at the end of the Planck era (think of those extra 6 dimensions as being very, very small hyperspheres inbetween the space between elementary particles, 4 big dimensions and 6 little tiny ones).
		The first moments after the Planck era are dominated by conditions were spacetime itself is twisted and distorted by the pressures of the extremely small and dense Universe.
		Matter arises at the end of the spacetime foam epoch as the result of strings, or loops in spacetime.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/cosmo/lectures/lec20.html (1418 words)

	The Music Library - "Fearful Symmetry"
		Yet this number in the measurement of time does have a unique name, in honor of a great physicist: it is called the Planck Epoch, and it denotes the moment at which matter and energy as we can know them came into existence.
		From the dawning of the Planck Epoch to this very moment there has been no perfect symmetry left in all the known Universe.
		The Planck Epoch begins the emergence of the "ten thousand things." I hope you can appreciate the beauty of this term invented by a sharply analytical and, yet, strangely artful people.
	www.wholarts.com /music/ed/lect.htm (7971 words)

	Planck instruments ready for integration
		This artist's view shows the Planck satellite and a sketch of the microwave radiation being collected and focussed by the telescope’s primary and secondary mirrors.
		The radiation is then conveyed to the focal planes of the two instruments (LFI Low Frequency Instrument and the HFI High Frequency Instrument).
		The Planck spacecraft will use a 1.5 metre mirror to systematically collect the cosmic microwave background radiation from the whole sky, and feed it to the two instruments.
	www.physorg.com /news82910712.html (840 words)

	Quantum Amature 2000: Overview of Probability Signatures
		The transaction is characterized by a "reciprocal determination" among the "common" probability signatures much like the non-local systemic change predicted by the EPR Paradox.
		Are representative of Wave/particle symmetries formed from the probability pool (space time foam) or more accurately the Planck Epoch of probabilities.
		The "signature" (a common string of probabilities) combined with the "transactional" effect of the wave function resides with the "non existing" 4 dimensional space-time continuum.
	members.tripod.com /QuantumAmature/PS.html (915 words)

	ABSOLUTE SIMULTANEITY AND THE INFINITY OF TIME
		Heisenberg originally interpreted these relations epistemically, but Bohr convinced him in private communications to accept a verificationist metaphysics, with its attendant ontological interpretation of the uncertainty relations; hence was born the orthodox interpretation of quantum mechanics.
		Suppose a clock to have length dimensions of order L. If the clock is to measure a time interval t, the communication time L/c between its parts must be less than t." The author proceeds to characterize the gravitational effect of the clock mass and the energy involved in the workings of the clock.
		Given this, the familiar line that "QM implies that the concept of time ceases to be meaningful near the big bang" does nothing to show that time does not extend infinitely into the past.
	www.qsmithwmu.com /absolute_simultaneity_and_the_infinity_of_time.htm (11631 words)

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