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Topic: Planck force

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	Planck unit of energy - The Hyperspace Forums
		Planck force c4/G is obvious everywhere in the universe since it connects the curvature of a region to the concentation of mass-energy there.
		Indeed Planck force is the central constant in one of the principal equations of GenRel.
		Indeed Planck force is the central constant in one of the principal equations of General Rel.
	www.mkaku.org /forums/showthread.php?p=1143 (2259 words)

	Planck force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Planck force is the derived unit of force resulting from the definition of the base Planck units for time, length, and mass.
		This follows from the fact that the Planck length is a reduced Compton wavelength equal to half the Schwarzschild radius of the Planck mass:
		Planck force is often useful in scientific calculations as a ratio of electromagnetic energy per gravitational length.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planck_force (300 words)

	Biography of Max Planck
		Planck entered the University of Munich in the fall of 1874 and transferred to the University of Berlin in 1877 where his intellectual capacities were brought to a focus as the result of his independent study of Rudolf Clausius' writings on thermodynamics.
		Planck was a revolutionary in a sense because he became a theoretical physicist at a time when theoretical physics was not yet recognized as a discipline in its own right.
		Planck was considered to be a man of such high personal integrity and wisdom that he was once allowed to speak directly with Adolph Hitler and convey his opinions against Germany's racial policies.
	wwwchem.csustan.edu /chem3070/Raul1.htm (801 words)

	SparkNotes: Max Planck: The Early Years
		Planck's great grandfather, Gottlieb Jakob Planck, was a professor of theology at the famed University of Göttingen, and his son followed suit.
		Planck believed that all physical processes could somehow be traced back to the laws of thermodynamics, and he was convinced that the keys to understanding these processes lay in entropy.
		But at the end of the nineteenth century, when Planck turned his attention to the popular problem of flbody radiation, he had no idea that intellectual transformation and international acclaim were to follow.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/planck/section1.html (613 words)

	SparkNotes: Max Planck: The Golden Age
		Planck, who was usually rather reserved in public, apparently could only truly relax in the company of his family.
		Planck was disgusted by this line of argument, believing that it eliminated the possibility of scientific laws independent from human observers.
		Planck had fame, prestige, a happy family, and a fulfilling professional life, but none of it was enough to insulate him from the turmoil that was to follow.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/planck/section4.rhtml (623 words)

	Planck's Hypothesis
		Planck, who was a colleague of Wien's when he was carrying out this work, later, in 1900, based quantum theory on the fact that Wien's law, while valid at high frequencies, broke down completely at low frequencies.
		Planck himself in [7] explains how despite having invented quantum theory he did not understand it himself at first:- I tried immediately to weld the elementary quantum of action somehow in the framework of classical theory.
		Planck was also the first to succeed in getting, by means of the said relation, a highly accurate value for the number in question, the so-called Avogadro constant.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/modern/planck (1064 words)

	Max Planck
		Planck became permanent secretary of the mathematics and physics sections of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1912 and held that position until 1938; he was also president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (now the Max Planck Society) from 1930 to 1937.
		Told in plain language, in the questions of religion Planck was neither flesh nor fowl: in public lecture he expressed himself so as to cause the listeners think that he is exactly such believer as they are, but in a private letter he confessed that nevertheless he was in a sense different.
		Planck was quite satisfied with being able to "prove" consistency of views of science and religion about the world order and that this order is "equally" incomprehensible in both.
	www.angelfire.com /folk/infidel/MaxPlanck.html (9004 words)

	Department of Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Planck's conjecture that the fundamental equations of physics should contain as free parameters only the Planck length, mass and time, requires to replace differentials by rotation - invariant finite difference operators in R3.
		In its lowest state the Planck mass plasma has dilation and quantized vortex states, with Maxwell's and Einstein's field equations derived from the antisymmetric and symmetric nodes of a vortex sponge.
		In additions, the Planck mass plasma has excitonic quasiparticle states obeying Dirac's equations with a maximum of four such states and a mass formula of the lowest state in terms of the Planck mass, permitting to compute the value of the finestructure constant at the Planck length, in surprisingly good agreement with the empirical value.
	physics.unr.edu /grpsp.html (245 words)

	FUNDAMENTAL PLANCK UNITS
		In [Planck 1899] fundamental units of mass, length and time, and therefore all mechanical quantities, are expressed in terms of the physical constants
		This essential Planck level quantization is a fundamental idea in Loop Quantum Gravity as pursued by Lee Smolin, which owes its genesis to a formulation of QCD due to Kenneth Wilson, in terms of loops.
		The Schwarzschild diameter for the Planck mass is the Planck length.
	graham.main.nc.us /~bhammel/PHYS/planckunits.html (2415 words)

	the Planck force: c^4/G
		It is the force needed to give the unit mass the unit acceleration that goes with Planck length and time.
		Planck force is the basic tension in string theory and in that context is described as approximately 10
		In general relativity this force is the conversion factor between spacetime curvature and the energy density giving rise to it.
	www.planck.com /planckforce.htm (261 words)

	Planck length
		The planck units are the planck units, ignoring minor jiggling factors, and they are getting more and more used as the years go by.
		If the planck length is the smallest measureable distance, and that distance smaller than this would have no meaning, then any line between two points perhaps has a finite number of points between the end points, measured in planck length units, each "point" becoming a unit one planck length in size.
		Indeed as it happens the formula for the planck unit of area is slightly simpler than for length, and so the area is "closer" to the fundamental constants c, hbar, and G. Sorry this is so vague but just wanted to say that your intuition is not alone about this.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=262388 (2221 words)

	Four Forces- Ranges and Carriers
		The four forces of nature are considered to be the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, which has residual effects, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force, which also has residual effects.
		The weak force, as its name implies, is weaker than the electromagnetic or strong nuclear force, about five factors of magnitude smaller than the strong nuclear force distances in an atom's nucleus.
		In reality, the strong force is so strong that all color-charged gluons and quarks are bound tightly together into color neutral hadrons, either the mesons which consist of a quark and antiquark with corresponding color and anticolor, or the baryons, which consist of three quarks of the three colors, which cancel to color-neutrality.
	www.phy.duke.edu /~kolena/modern/forces.html (1191 words)

	[No title]
		In nether theory, the force caused by the motion of the nether in each vortex coupled with the tendency of the vortex to orient itself in the direction of local relative nether flow.
		In nether theory, half of Planck's constant is the fundamental quantum and is merely a measure of the acceleration of nether in the passage of one half-lightwave.
		In nether theory, a force caused by (1) the vortex of a vorticle which extends outward to infinity, (2) the overlapping of the vortices of vorticles interacting as they use common nether, and (3) the energy-conserving tendency of nether action which orients the mouths of vorticles to point in the direction of local nether flow.
	www.softcom.net /users/greebo/gloss.htm (8700 words)

	Planck Units
		This force is the central constant in the Einstein equations describing gravity
		The natural unit or Planck mass is simply the one corresponding to the natural unit of energy×length.
		From a practical standpoint, much of the convenience of using Planck units comes from the fact that the values of the main natural constants, G, h-bar, c, are one when expressed in terms of natural units.
	www.planck.com /planckunits.htm (675 words)

	Big Bang models back to Planck time
		seconds, it is projected by present modeling of the fundamental forces that the gravity force begins to differentiate from the other three forces.
		Before this time the forces other than gravity would be unified in what is called the grand unification.
		Though the strong force is distinct from gravity and the electroweak force in this era, the energy level is still too high for the strong force to hold protons and neutrons together, so that the universe is still a "sizzling sea of quarks".
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/planck.html (805 words)

	Unification and distance
		Planck's constant, in the form of the de Broglie wavelength, tells us when the wave/particle duality of quantum physics becomes measurable in a physical object.
		The combination of Planck's constant with the speed of light and the electron charge means this coupling constant is telling us about the quantum relativistic physics of electromagnetism, that is, it tells us something about electromagnetism at distance scales where quantum mechanics and special relativity are both important to the physics at the same time.
		The strong nuclear force binds quarks into neutrons, protons and other hadrons, and binds protons and neutrons into the nuclei of atoms, but because of quark confinement, the strong force has a very small range as well.
	www.superstringtheory.com /experm/exper3.html (1770 words)

	Hawking Radiation (English Printable Version)
		Therefore, the gravitational force F is proportional to both the masses of the falling body and the earth, i.e.
		In the figure, the gravitational force and the external force are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
		Planck's equation implies the higher the frequency of a radiation, the more energetic are its quanta.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007571/english/printback.htm (1359 words)

	The Casimir Force – Neutral or Electrostatic? - ESD Journal
		The Casimir force is therefore one of electrostatic attraction, the electrical charge produced by the steady conversion of heat from the thermal surroundings mediated by the electrical grounding of the surfaces.
		Upon the evacuation of the gap, the Casimir force loaded the beam, and after a period of time the beam collapsed against the electrode, the contact causing the permanent adhesion of the beam to the electrode.
		However, the measurements of Casimir force are made with real materials that are not perfectly reflective, and further have reflectivity that depends on the frequency of the EM radiation in the gap, the latter suggesting the Casimir force may vanish at VUV frequencies as the surfaces contact.
	www.esdjournal.com /techpapr/prevens/casimir/casimir.htm (2571 words)

	Plank length
		Planck length is basically the distance scale at which quantum effects start warping spacetime.
		The Planck length is the wavelength associated with Planck mass or Planck energy or Planck frequency.
		So it is a fundamental scale of force in nature and this force pushing at the natural unit of speed (c) is a certain power which in turn by Planck's hbar constant is connected to the natural unit of frequency (1 over Planck time).
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=1233 (720 words)

	[No title]
		One attempt to describe the strong force was the S-matrix approach, which was originally founded in quantum field theory, but had since evolved into the boot-strap formulation, which was an anti-field theory approach.
		The planck time after the Big Bang, the Universe had a energy of the planck mass, and at that energy, gravity had the same strength as the other forces, which is the same as the situation today at distances as short as the planck length.
		The planck area is the square of the planck length, and the planck volume is the cube of the planck length.
	www.geocities.com /jefferywinkler/beyondstandardmodel6.html (4472 words)

	The Planck Era
		The electromagnetic force, which causes like charges to attract and dissimilar ones to repel, is transmitted by gauge bosons called photons, the strong force that binds nucleii together is transmitted by gluons and the weak force which causes particles to decay is transmitted by the, recently discovered, W and Z Intermediate Vector Bosons.
		At the Planck scale, we need to extend General Relativity so that it includes not only the macroscopic properties of gravity but also is microscopic characteristics as well.
		During the Planck Era, the 'large-scale' geometry was contorted by wormholes and and infinite number of possibilities were possible.
	www.astronomycafe.net /cosm/planck.html (2388 words)

	INTERPRETING THE PLANCK MASS
		INTERPRETING THE PLANCK MASS Abstract The Planck mass is shown to be a lower bound on the regime of validity of General Relativity.
		Empirically, the Planck mass is greater than the masses of elementary particles in the regime of Quantum Theory, and so the the regimes of validity of GR and QT are disjunct, casting severe doubts on the meaning of quantizing the gravimetric field of the Einstein equations.
		It seems more reasonable and precise then to view the Planck mass as that which provides a lower bound in mass on the validity of GR, and separates GR from the as yet to be unfolded theory of quantum gravity.
	graham.main.nc.us /~bhammel/PHYS/planckmass.html (2958 words)

	Journal of Theoretics
		The resulting object is rather meaningless until a new interpretation is applied on the nature of the electric force and look at it as a gravitational force changing with time, Planck's time, providing the frame of reference is the fl hole itself.
		This process would originate a variable gravitational force but we would be unable to detect such a variation and the only thing left would be a steady field and a sign indicating the direction of the variation.
		We see here that Planck's time is directly related to both permittivity and to the ratio of the gravitational to the electric force in an electron.
	www.journaloftheoretics.com /Articles/2-5/bh-DiMario/DiMario.htm (4221 words)

	May 8: Plank era, spacetime foam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There is the expectation that all the nuclear forces of matter (strong, weak and electromagnetic) unify at extremely high temperatures under a principle known as Grand Unified Theory, an extension of quantum physics of as yet undiscovered relationships between the strong and electroweak forces.
		After the separation of gravity and nuclear forces, the spacetime of the Universe is distinct from matter and radiation.
		The first moments after the Planck era are dominated by conditions where spacetime itself is twisted and distorted by the pressures of the extremely small and dense Universe.
	blueox.uoregon.edu /~karen/astro123/lectures/lec16.html (773 words)

	Physics News Graphics: Measuring Planck's Constant
		This illustration shows the device built by NIST researchers to perform a high-precision measurement of Planck's constant, the number which describes the bundle-like nature of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scales.
		A superconducting magnet produces a magnetic field that is perpendicular to the direction of gravity and two metal coils (labelled as "movable induction coil" and "fixed induction coil").
		In the first step of the measurement, no masses are on the pans, and the researchers apply a small force from the countermass side, by using the auxiliary magnet and running a current through the auxiliary coil to produce a magnetic force.
	www.aip.org /mgr/png/html/planck.htm (467 words)

	Gravitation As A Non Propagating Force - Breakthroughs in Science Forum - ZapFuture
		Gravitational force does not propagate into space, gravitational force is the force that builds up the space.
		Gravitational force is a cement that keeps together the QS, the bricks of the space.
		Gravitational force Fg on material body or on a particle that has a mass m depends on the density G of space.
	www.zapfuture.com /post997.html (1694 words)

	Planck Mass
		The value for the Planck mass given in the Particle Data Group's 1998 review is 1.221 x 10^19 GeV.
		The combinatorial basis of the Planck mass is related to the I Ching.
		the Quaternionic Internal Symmetry Space CP2 is the characteristic manifold of the SU(3) Color Force, whose most stable bound particle is the Proton, while the Quaternionic Spacetime Euclidean S4 is the Euclidean characteristic manifold of Gravity, whose characteristic particle is the Planck-Mass Black Hole, which in the D4-D5-E6-E7 physics model is stable.
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/Planck.html (2014 words)

	[No title]
		Perhaps it could be improved by calling the force unit a "Kram" and keeping the mass unit as the "gram".
		When frequency is introduced, Planck's constant is divided by time and becomes a form of power.
		Perhaps it should be the correct Planck area except that n is peculiar to the electron and would not have the same value if found elsewhere.
	www.softcom.net /users/greebo/plncklen.htm (3996 words)

	HyperDiamond Feynman Checkerboard
		The weak force mass factor is related to the Higgs mechanism.
		Based on the geometric part of the gravitational force being unity, the Relative Force Strengths of G (gravity), C (color force), W (weak force) and E (electromagnetism) are calculated from the formulae:
		The Planck mass is the mass of a condensate of pions at one point, and Gravitational G = (Ggravity)(Mproton)^2 = 5 x 10^(-39);
	www.valdostamuseum.org /hamsmith/HDFCmodel.html (1321 words)

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