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Topic: Planck particle

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Planck mass

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	Philosophical Reflections in Physics and Math (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Planck's intention had been to use his simplifying assumption during the process of calculating energy values for different particles and, then, to, subsequently, cancel the effect of that assumption by permitting 'h' to fall to zero.
		Planck's study of fl-body radiation in which he introduced the constant 'h', together with Einstein's account of the photoelectric effect as well as Compton's x-ray scattering experiments, all pointed in the direction of light having particle-like properties under certain conditions.
		Furthermore, the momentum of a particle is calculated on the basis of P = hk, where, as previously indicated, k is the spatial frequency of the waveform assigned to the particle.
	amanesis.org /Physics/quantum.htm (3863 words)

	SparkNotes: Max Planck: The Reluctant Revolutionary
		In 1911, Einstein and some of his colleagues convinced Planck that it was time to hold a conference on the issue of radiation and quanta to finally discuss as a group the startling new problems of quantum physics.
		Although Planck was reluctant to accept the implications of his discovery, he was more than happy to accept the accolades it brought him.
		Planck may not have bought into quantum physics in its early years, but he did appreciate his new role as the founder of a new discipline.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/planck/section3.rhtml (677 words)

	Planck epoch - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cosmology, the Planck epoch is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe, from zero to 10
		seconds (one Planck time), during which all four fundamental forces were unified and elementary particles did not exist.
		Likewise, the volume of the universe would start at one Planck length in diameter rather than at zero, and, thus, there was never a singularity of infinite density.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planck_epoch (177 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Elementary-Particle Physics: Revealing the Secrets of Energy and Matter (1998)
		The matter particles that do not feel this strong force are leptons: the electron, e, and its neutrino, ve, as well as their second- and third-generation counterparts, the muon and tau, and their respective neutrinos.
		In contrast, the particles of a single generation cannot be grouped into subgroups or periods of particles with similar properties-Table 3.1 does not have a periodic structure.
		The Planck scale is determined by the three fundamental units of nature: the maximum speed (that of light, c), the quantum of action (Planck's constant, h), and the gravitational coupling constant (Newton's gravitational constant, G).
	books.nap.edu /openbook/0309060370/html/33.html (7425 words)

	Shadows Chapter 6 Planck's length, the uncertainty principal? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In Chapter two the spatial length or "position" of a quantum particle was derived in terms of the "quantity" of the mass component of space contained in the resonant "structures" called the mattercule.
		While the energy or momentum of a quantum particle was derived in terms of the "quantity" of the energy component of space contained in the mattercule.
		The process of measuring the momentum of a quantum particle would effect its position due to the dynamic interaction of the momentum and position componet of a quantum particle.
	home.comcast.net /~jeffocal/chapter6.htm (624 words)

	Particle Nature of Light: Planck's Quantum Hypothesis
		Planck's quantum postulate solved the problem because to emit even a single quantum of ultra-violet radiation would require a minimum energy much larger than the typical available thermal energy of order
		Planck was actually hesitant to assert that light itself propagated in discrete packets: He considered his solution to be only mathematical.
		Indeed it is for his explanation of the photoelectric effect using the photon concept that Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921.
	staff.science.nus.edu.sg /~parwani/htw/c2/node95.html (294 words)

	The Planck Era
		At the Planck scale, we need to extend General Relativity so that it includes not only the macroscopic properties of gravity but also is microscopic characteristics as well.
		During the Planck Era, the 'large-scale' geometry was contorted by wormholes and and infinite number of possibilities were possible.
		Once a few particles were created by quantum fluctuations of the empty vacuum, it became easier for a few more to appear and so, in a rapidly escalating process, the universe gushed forth from nothingness.
	www.astronomycafe.net /cosm/planck.html (2388 words)

	phys
		The precise determination of the rotational speed of such a particle yields accurate numbers, within a known uncertainty, of all quantities, including one of the most critical characteristics of the electron: its magnetic moment and its magnetic moment anomaly.
		The emerging particle has all the characteristics of a fl hole electron and a precise evaluation of gravitational and electric forces is now possible.
		A spinning and charged Planck mass will decrease its mass: at the speed of light we are left with a massless and chargeless particle, which could be identified with the neutrino, and an extension in our macroworld of such mass decrease is investigated.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/5185/phys.html (453 words)

	Science: Physics: Modern: Quantum Mechanics - Open Site
		Then Planck showed that in order to establish a law of heat radiation (Infra red light waves) consonant with experience, it was necessary to employ a method of calculation whose incompatibility with the principles of classical physics became clearer and clearer.
		Albert Einstein (1905) used Planck's relationship to explain the results of the photoelectric effect which showed that the energy E of ejected electrons was wholly dependent upon the frequency f of incident light as described in the equation E=hf.
		Planck's constant h relates the frequency f =E/h to the energy values E. It is therefore sufficient to assign to the system a succession of discrete frequency f values.
	open-site.org /Science/Physics/Modern/Quantum_Mechanics (3645 words)

	The Semiotic Flora of Elementary Particles - Christiansen
		The particle will not rest qiuetly when we keep it in a narrow cage, and therefore we have to perform work by narrowing its limits — a work that adds to the kinetic energy of the particle.
		As a rule of thumb one may assume that the greater mass, the later is the discovery of the particle, because the accessible accelerator-energies have increased gradually from the keV to the GeV range.
		Elementary particles are, for historical reasons, divided in three generations, 1, 2, and 3, whose order corresponds to the order of their discovery, which is connected with the circumstance that the mass (and thereby the necessary accelerator-energy for the production of them) increases from generation 1 to generation 3.
	www.library.utoronto.ca /see/SEED/Vol3-2/Christiansen_3-2.htm (6386 words)

	Planck Particle Vacuum -- Free Space Quantum Vacuum
		the planck vacuum (super-particle vacuum) is a recently discovered theoretical model for the modern free-space vacuum.
		the model development leads to a planck particle (super-particle) from which the vacuum properties emerge.
		the planck vacuum model is a work-in-progress that will eventually appear as a series of publications in the open literature.
	www.planckvacuum.com (256 words)

	Planck Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Our understanding of the Planck era is poor because at this time a theory which encompasses both quantum mechanics and gravity might need to be developed before progress can be made.
		When you measure the position and momentum of a particle, you cannot measure the quantities with infinite precision.
		The upshot of this is that one cannot locate the position of a particle to infinite precision.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~imamura/209/apr5/planck.html (547 words)

	Wave particle duality Article, Waveparticleduality Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		De Broglie's formula was confirmed three years later by guiding a beam of electrons (which have rest mass) through a crystalline grid and observing the predicted interference patterns.Similar experiments have since been conducted with neutrons and protons.
		The Planck constant h is extremely small and that explains why we don't perceive a wave-like quality of everydayobjects: their wavelengths are exceedingly small.
		In quantum mechanics, the wave-particle duality is explainedas follows: every system and particle is described by state functions which encode the probability distributions of allmeasurable variables.
	www.anoca.org /light/electron/wave_particle_duality.html (857 words)

	The Planck Length
		This should be no surprise, since Einstein created general relativity to reconcile the success of Newton's theory of gravity, based on instantaneous action at a distance, with his new theory of special relativity, in which no influence travels faster than light.
		Planck noted that apart from numerical factors there is a unique way to use these constants to define units of length, time, and mass.
		The Planck mass is intermediate between these: about the mass of a largish cell.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/planck/node2.html (1840 words)

	The Planck Units (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		At this stage it should have become physically clear that fermionic particles, namely matter, must be energy-excited quantum mechanical states of space whereby ordinary space is the ground state and consists of the bosonic quanta, namely gravitons and photons, encountered in that state of space over any distance as seen by matter.
		Firstly, the candidate particle must have the property of persistence, in spite of the fact that it is continually emitting gravitons as the ticking of its time.
		The properties of the associated secondary particles and the course of the self-organisation are determined entirely by the numerical properties of the fractal system constituting the actual particle chosen.
	www.ultimate-physics.de /smolin.htm (17395 words)

	ATOMIC BEHAVIOUR AND THE REDSHIFT
		According to this QED model, an atomic particle such as a proton or electron, even when entirely alone in a vacuum at absolute zero, is continually emitting and absorbing these virtual particles from the vacuum [12].
		In the SED approach, the vacuum at the atomic or sub-atomic level may be considered to be inherently comprised of a turbulent sea of randomly fluctuating electro-magnetic fields or waves.
		Planck's constant and mass are two of the quantities which vary synchronously with 'c'.
	www.ldolphin.org /setterfield/redshift.html (11609 words)

	Planck scale physics of the single-particle Schrödinger equation with gravitational self-interaction
		Planck scale physics of the single-particle Schrödinger equation with gravitational self-interaction
		\vec{r},t) is the wave function and m is the mass of the particle.
		We find that such a particle strongly violates the superposition principle and becomes a fl hole as its mass approaches the Planck mass.
	www.ias.ac.in /pramana/aug2002/qt05.htm (131 words)

	Setterfield Simplified (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Planck's constant has been measured as increasing right up until 1970 or so, when some decrease in the measurements was noted.
		As the ZPE built up, atoms and their composite particles would resist the change until it could no longer be resisted, then they would react, absorbing that amount of energy change, and so moving to a higher energy state.
		When the universe was new, there weren't many virtual particles because not much of the expansion energy had yet changed from potential to kinetic, so the amount of ZPE was low.
	www.setterfield.org /simplified.html (2674 words)

	exploring vacuum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Planck’s equation for the radiant energy density of a fl body had the same temperature-dependent term that he had derived in his first theory.
		It should be noted that Planck particles often form the basis for various cosmological theories that are currently under development, such as massive super-strings, 10-dimensional space, and so on.
		With the turbulence at the Planck length level cascading from small scales to large, a hierarchy of such vortices is likely to have played an important role in the aggregation of particles to form planetary and other objects.
	www.setterfield.org /exploringvacuum.htm (11627 words)

	Complete Text
		A quantum particle could not be pinned down to any one path, but it could be treated as a sum of localised components, each following a different trajectory and taking part in a different set of interactions along the way.
		With the rain of virtual particles — and the phase shifts they created — varying from place to place, the paths of highest probability ceased obeying the geometry of flat spacetime.
		The polis was rapidly mutating into a hybrid of every possible particle type; what governed their future would not be the theory of any one force, but the nature of quantum mechanics itself.
	gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au /PLANCK/Complete/Planck.html (10369 words)

	Planck particle/wave relationship in 4 dimensions.
		In fact, = establishing these relationships for all relativistic particles, = be they massive or massless, was the basis of Louis de Broglie's Thesis.
		Actually, both of these relations are true for ALL relativistic particles moving at ANY velocity, whether they are massive or massless.
		In fact, establishing these relationships for all relativistic particles, be they massive or massless, was the basis of Louis de Broglie's Thesis.
	www.pych-one.com /new-5207644-4388.html (2662 words)

	Quantum Physics: Quantum Theory / Mechanics: The Wave Structure of Matter
		In the year nineteen hundred, in the course of purely theoretical (mathematical) investigation, Max Planck made a very remarkable discovery: the law of radiation of bodies as a function of temperature could not be derived solely from the Laws of Maxwellian electrodynamics.
		Albert Einstein (1905) used Planck's relationship to explain the results of the photoelectric effect which showed that the energy E of ejected electrons was dependent upon the frequency f of incident light as described in the equation E=hf.
		Albert Einstein is correct that there are no discrete particles, and that the particle can only appear as a limited region in space in which the field strength or the energy density are particularly high.
	www.spaceandmotion.com /Physics-Quantum-Theory-Mechanics.htm (11052 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Conflict in the Cosmos: Hoyle Biography (2005)
		For example, the square of the ratio of the strengths of the electromagnetic and gravitational force is equal to the number of particles, 1080, in the Eddington-Lemaître universe.
		Three important fundamental constants—the gravitational constant, the Planck constant, and the velocity of light—can be combined to yield a length known as the Planck length.
		A Planck particle has the mass required for the Planck length to equal the radius of a fl hole of that mass.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309093139/html/349.html (4747 words)

	Lank units
		Planck’s units of electric (electrostatic) and magnetic interactions, which are analogous to the known units of gravitation interaction, are obtained.
		Gravitation interaction of real masses is the process of spontaneous transition of the substance into more stable state.
		The connection of gravitation, electric and magnetic interactions is discovered at a comparison of Planck’s units, which correspond to these interactions.
	www.vertushkov.dp.ua /lank_units.htm (576 words)

	planck
		During the Planck Era, the 'large-scale' geometry was
		particle dominates the activity of this age (Gravitons).
		anti-particles and the universe emerged from the Planck Era.
	webplaza.pt.lu /public/fklaess/html/PLANCK.HTML (1999 words)

	Wavelength : De Broglie wavelength (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Louis-Victor de Broglie discovered that all particles with momentum have a wavelength, called the de Broglie wavelength.
		For a relativistic particle, this wavelength is given by
		is the particle's rest mass, and v is the particle's velocity.
	www.eurofreehost.com /de/De_Broglie_wavelength_2.html (149 words)

	Fokker-Planck equation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The first use of the Fokker-Planck equation was the statistical description of Brownian motion of a particle in a fluid.
		Brownian motion follows the Langevin equation, which can be solved for many differrent stochastic forcings with results being averaged (the Monte Carlo Method).
		However, instead of this computationally intensive approach, one can use the Fokker-Planck equation and consider $\mathbf{W}(\mathbf{v}, t)$ , that is, the probability density function of the particle having a velocity in the interval $(\mathbf{v}, \mathbf{v} + \mathbf{dv})$ , when it starts its motion with $\mathbf{v_0}$ at time $t_0$ .
	www.eurofreehost.com /fo/Fokker-Planck_equation.html (238 words)

	nanoparticles.org - The Information Resource for the Particle Industry
		This site brings you particle, powder, nanoparticle, nanopowder, nanosphere, microsphere, micropowder, microbead, liposome, and bead information and resources in one convenient location.
		Kodak, once the preeminent producer of nanoparticle and particle based imaging materials (film and paper) has been steadily decreasing its employee base over the past 15 years while it attempts to refocus on digital imaging.
		Antonietti is Director at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids in Golm and Professor at the University of Potsdam in Germany.
	www.nanoparticles.org (1528 words)

	Time [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Ascending another level up the hierarchy of multiverses, if there are different possible values for the physical constants and for the kinds of elementary particles in our universe, then there must be parallel universes far from us which have all those possible values.
		Feynman diagrams in particle physics were described by Feynman himself as illustrating how a particle's moving forward in time is actually its antiparticle moving backward in time.
		As a leading particle theorist, Chris Quigg of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, explained, "It's not that antiparticles in my laboratory are actually moving backward in time.
	www.iep.utm.edu /t/time.htm (14983 words)

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