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Topic: Planck pressure

	Max Planck Summary
		Planck's tenure at Münich was interrupted by illness in 1875.
		Planck's suggestion was that the heat energy radiated by a fl body be thought of as a stream of "energy bundles," the magnitude of which is a function of the wavelength of the radiation.
		In 1938, Planck celebrated his eightieth birthday; the DPG held an official celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie - one year before the outbreak of a new war between France and Germany.
	www.bookrags.com /Max_Planck (10135 words)

	Planck's particles: the central role during the birth and evolution of the Universe
		The pressure of radiation was increasing as cloud was condensing and in the end it began to surpass the gravitational forces.
		Thus the second stage of separation Planck`s particles by vacuum is initiated by mass of substance that was formed at the first stage.
		The Planck`s particles pretend to the role of invisible substance in the Universe.
	www.vertushkov.dp.ua /5.html (1455 words)

	Planck unit of energy - The Hyperspace Forums
		Planck energy is roughly 2 billion joules, which is about what you take on in chemical energy when you tank up the car.
		Planck force c4/G is obvious everywhere in the universe since it connects the curvature of a region to the concentation of mass-energy there.
		Indeed Planck force is the central constant in one of the principal equations of GenRel.
	www.mkaku.org /forums/showthread.php?p=1143 (2259 words)

	The Infidels - Max Planck
		Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was one of the most important German physicists of the late 19th and early 20th century; he is considered to be the inventor of quantum theory.
		Planck was very gifted when it came to music: he took singing lessons in addition to playing the piano, organ and cello, and composing songs and operas.
		When the Nazis seized power in 1933, Planck had already reached the age of seventy-four; he had to witness how many Jewish friends and colleagues were expelled from their positions and humiliated, and how hundreds of scientists emigrated from Germany.
	www.theinfidels.org /zunb-maxplanck.htm (2715 words)

	Practical Planck units
		The Planck units are a natural system of units implicit in light and gravity, indeed in all of nature.
		Specifying these values for the fundamental physical constants essentially determines the sizes of the practical Planck units: the unit of length must be roughly a fingerwidth is size, that of force must be some 0.121 metric newtons, that of mass must be about 22 grams, and the charge unit one sixththousandth of a metric coulomb.
		Technically, the construction of practical Planck units imitates the 1990 metric electrical standards established by the CIPM (International Committee on Weights and Measures.) It proceeds by adopting exact values for the speed of light, the Josephson and von Klitzing constants, and the Boltzmann temperature coefficient.
	www.planck.com /practicalplanck/practindex.htm (2157 words)

	Magnetic Stars
		The heat and gaseous expulsions pressurizes the immediate area surrounding the mass once heat is absorbed pressures fall in the spaces between clusters of masses.
		This creates a temporary low pressure zone near the surface of the mass, resulting in the capture of more minor globules of matter being sucked in to fill the void with gravity assisting capture at extreme close proximity of the dominant mass or temporary gravitational center.
		Quoting from Max Planck from under their diagram they have run numerous simulations to explain a tennis ball seam to describe a magnetic field of a white dwarf all but ignoring basic theories in particle movement.
	www.grantchronicles.com /astro132.htm (6345 words)

	FUNDAMENTAL PLANCK UNITS
		In [Planck 1899] fundamental units of mass, length and time, and therefore all mechanical quantities, are expressed in terms of the physical constants
		This essential Planck level quantization is a fundamental idea in Loop Quantum Gravity as pursued by Lee Smolin, which owes its genesis to a formulation of QCD due to Kenneth Wilson, in terms of loops.
		The Schwarzschild diameter for the Planck mass is the Planck length.
	graham.main.nc.us /~bhammel/PHYS/planckunits.html (2415 words)

	The Theory of Reality: Book 2 Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Pressure is any affirmative tension such as you feel from a squeeze on the wrist.
		In present Physics, pressure is thought to be the resultant of the bombardment of myriad individual kinetic atomic or molecular particles against an object so bombarded.
		This added pressure is different from the expansive pressure, sorce, exerted everywhere by the expansive property of matter itself.
	home.comcast.net /~anpheon/html/Books/TOR2/TOR_Ch1.htm (3674 words)

	Planck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This was fortunate for Planck, because he was professor of theoretical physics in the University of Berlin, where he could interact closely with the PTR experimentalists.
		Planck admired the presence of the Boltzmann-like exponential term in this empirical equation, and the integral exponents.
		In 1930 Planck became President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Promotion of Science, but he suffered greatly during the Nazi years, when he remained in Germany because of his sense of duty but was openly opposed to the govenment's policies, particularly those regarding the Jews.
	ursula.chem.yale.edu /~chem125/125/history99/7BondTheory/planck.htm (3277 words)

	Computational Physics Unravels The Mysteries Of Ice
		By applying pressure one can continually vary the water-water distance and bring the water molecules so close together that the proton can be shared between two molecules, leading to the so-called symmetric hydrogen bond.
		Experimentally it is very difficult at high pressure to determine the proton position directly, since protons are invisible to X-ray and neutron scattering requires much larger samples than those that can be brought at high pressure.
		At even higher pressures the proton sits on average at the middle of the bond (symmetric hydrogen bond), leading to the so-called ice X phase.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-03/M-CPUT-300398.php (384 words)

	Concepts - Force, Pressure and Energy
		Force, pressure and Energy are some of Physics basic tenants.
		Whenever a body exerts a force from another body, that body exerts a force equal in magnitude and in the opposite direction of the initial mass.
		Pressure is very similar to Force, but applies force over a particular area.
	astronomyonline.org /Science/ForcePressureEnergy.asp (285 words)

	Radiation Pressure
		The fact that electromagnetic radiation exerts a pressure upon any surface exposed to it was deduced theoretically by the father of electromagnetic theory James Clerk Maxwell in 1871, and later on, proven experimentally by Lebedev in 1900 and by Nichols and Hull in 1901.
		Electromagnetic radiation pressure is proportional to the energy intensity of the EM field, and inversely proportional to the speed of light.
		So, in order for radiation pressure to equate to the effects of gravity, we should find a condition for radiation pressure coefficient to be the same for all matter, so that the net force will depend on mass, that is the number of elementary targets within a particle or material body.
	www.blazelabs.com /f-g-rpress.asp (3257 words)

	DSRI Planck WWW page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Planck is the third Medium - Sized (M3) mission in the ESA Horizon 2000 Scientific Programme.
		With this wide frequency coverage PLANCK will be able to remove the signal from disturbing foreground sources, like the Milky Way and faint radio and infrared sources, and determine the cosmological signal originating from the period of recombination just after the Big Bang.
		With the strong budgetary pressure on the ESA Scientific Programme, it is at present investigated, if it is possible to implement the PLANCK mission on a common platform with the ESA submillimeter Corner Stone mission FIRST.
	www.dsri.dk /planck (321 words)

	The laws list: P
		The derived SI unit of pressure defined as 1 N acting over an area of 1 m
		Pressure applied to an enclosed imcompressible static fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid.
		The reason is that a photon has energy in proportion to its wavelength, and the constant of proportionality is the Planck constant.
	www.alcyone.com /max/physics/laws/p.html (580 words)

	Sınırları Aşmak
		By expressing natural constants in terms of Planck units, we found that Universal Gravitation Constant is the inverse of vacuum density matter-equivalent and the square of Planck time, being the former equal to Planck mass divided by Planck volume.
		Planck charge can be understood as 6 strings existing in a Planck volume, equivalent to the 6 dimensions supposed to exist at string level.
		This produces a higher ZPR pressure in the opposite direction of movement, so that an effective “vacuum reaction” takes place, with the consequence that the initial acceleration is reduced.
	www.zamandayolculuk.com /cetinbal/StargateLap.htm (3862 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Planck Telescope Qualification Model Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The structure of the Planck telescope has to remain dimensionally stable, maintaining the mirror positions with an accuracy better than 30 µm, over a wide temperature range.
		The frame of the Planck telescope qualification model, which is being constructed by Contraves Space AG of Zurich, was transported to the Cannes facility of Alcatel Space in order for videogrammetric measurements to be performed in vacuum and as close to operational temperatures as possible.
		The interface between the test fixture and the intermediate structure was maintained at 300 K while the telescope temperature was reduced to less than 90 K using cryogenic shrouds cooled with liquid nitrogen.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=34875 (368 words)

	Blackbody Sound Radiation
		Pressure is a rather abstract concept within a gas, and becomes manifest only by exerting force on a surface.
		The first thing we note is that the spatial average of pressure over the piston face is zero for all modes where m and q are not zero.
		It seems odd that the flbody spectrum of pressure within the gas is completely different than the spectrum of the force exerted by the pressure, but that's the result.
	www.silcom.com /~aludwig/Physics/Noise_floor/Blackbody.htm (1687 words)

	THE NEW SINGLE-BONDED NITROGEN PHASE COULD SERVE AS A HIGH-ENERGY STORAGE MATERIAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Now, researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry have synthesised a polymeric cubic form of nitrogen where all atoms are connected with single covalent bonds, similar to carbon atoms in diamond.
		It was predicted that at high pressure, solid molecular nitrogen would transform to an atomic solid with a single-bonded cubic gauche structure.
		The research institutes of the Max Planck Society perform basic research in the interest of the general public in the natural sciences, life sciences, social sciences, and the humanities.
	www.newmaterials.com /news/8950.asp (574 words)

	Planck units
		Since these are specialized units that are only intended to be used under extremely narrow situations (this is clear when you look at the definition of the candela), we can make the sweeping generalization that all applications using these units can in fact use the derived units for energy and power (combined with other units).
		For instance, the Planck equivalent of the candela would just be the power unit; the lumen equivalent would be the power unit times the steradian, and the lux equivalent would be the power unit times the steradian divided by the square of the Planck length.
		Note that the Planck units are traditionally expressed in terms of hbar, where hbar == h/(2 pi).
	www.alcyone.com /max/writing/essays/planck-units.html (686 words)

	Thermalphysics.org - The Liquid Photosphere - Essay
		Planck quantized physics in 1900 [3, 4, 5] and Bohr presented his quantized theory of the atom in 1911 [6].
		It was already known that light pressure (or radiation pressure) could be measured on earth.
		It was this "external light pressure" that Eddington would invoke to keep the gaseous sun from collapsing on itself [8, 9].
	www.thermalphysics.org /photo/photoessay.html (3243 words)

	Theories and Laws of physics
		The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its components; that is, the sum of the pressures that each component would exert if it were present alone and occuped the same volume as the mixture.
		The principle that if one knows the state to an infinite accuracy of a system at one point in time, one would be able to predict the state of that system with infinite accuracy at any other time, past or future.
		A hypothetical drive exploiting the peculiarities of quantum mechanics by restricting allowed wavelengths of virtual photons on one side of the drive (the bow of the ship); the pressure generated from the unrestricted virtual photons toward the aft generates a net force and propels the drive.
	library.thinkquest.org /26635/theories2.html (2540 words)

	Translate:MPG:Coal from Biomass - PESWiki
		The pressure vessel is filled with any choice of vegetable matter, for instance leaves, straw, grass, wood chips or pine cones.
		After only a few minutes one finds a preliminary stage of oil in the pressure vessel; and during a later phase we find pure humus (fertile earth).
		This catalyst, which is added to contents of the pressure cooker in small amounts, is the actual secret of the "miracle coal" made in Potsdam.
	peswiki.com /index.php/Translate:MPG:Coal_from_Biomass (858 words)

	Amazon.com: The Theory of Heat Radiation: Books: Max Planck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Planck's contemporaries had difficulty understanding his earliest papers on the quantum concept.
		I found the lengthy introduction by Allan Needell to be very helpful in placing Planck's work in the proper historical context and in identifying points at which Planck made key changes in his personal views.
		Planck discussed the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation and the Wien displacement law in detail as well as spectral distribution of energy radiation.
	www.amazon.com /Theory-Heat-Radiation-Max-Planck/dp/0486668118 (1237 words)

	[ The Planck Satellite website ]
		are the density, the density perturbation, the pressure perturbation, the velocity and the gravitational potential, respectively.
		At fixed density, what determines the Jeans lenght is the soud speed, and hence the pressure of the fluid.
		The higher the pressure, the larger the Jeans length.
	www.planck.fr /article252.html (916 words)

	George P. Shpenkov
		On the other hand, one of the dynamic parameters of human being is the threshold of audibility equal to the sound pressure
		It is very interesting also to note that on the level of the threshold of audibility, the minimal threshold amplitude of acoustic oscillations
		In the language of modern physics, it is the "coupling constant" or measure of the strength of the electromagnetic force that governs how electrically charged elementary particles (e.g., electron, muon) and light (photons) interact.
	shpenkov.janmax.com /planck.asp (675 words)

	Particle distribution functions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Before taking up radiation pressure, it is helpful to revisit particle pressure at a microscopic level.
		The distribution of particles in momentum (analogous to the distribution of photons over frequency) is key to defining pressure.
		Here, alpha is a constant related to the number density of particles, and E is the kinetic energy of the momentum state.
	www.aoc.nrao.edu /~jweather/physics425/node4.html (156 words)

	Print the story
		It was predicted that at high pressure, solid molecular nitrogen would transform to an atomic solid with a single-bonded cubic gauche (cg-N) structure.
		The sample in the centre is contained by a metallic gasket and an inert gas pressure medium.
		The sample is heated with high power IR laser (yellow) and the pressure is measured using the shift of the ruby fluorescence line which is excited with a blue argon-ion laser.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=693 (479 words)

	Unified Theory: Freespace constants derived
		Planck's work was not about electromagnetic waves travelling in free space, in which euclidean geometry is a good approximation, but on the interaction of such waves with matter.
		Matter plays an important role in all Planck's work, and thus, a non-Euclidian space has to be preferred for all Planck units, and so, a circumference value must be used in favour of a radius value as the shortest length, whether or not normalised to unity.
		For this reason, in all my work, I've chosen to use the original Planck units which are expressed in terms of h, Planck constant.
	www.blazelabs.com /f-u-const.asp (3922 words)

	Welcome to egullet.org
		Soy oil is produced with immense heat and pressure in a process called extraction.
		Put this oil-and-metal mix in a reactor under high heat and pressure and blast it with hydrogen to make it solid.
		Nina Planck is the founder of Local Foods, a non-profit organization based in Washington, DC.
	www.egullet.org /tdg.cgi?pg=ARTICLE-plancksoy (2901 words)

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