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Topic: Planck temperature

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Planck mass

Planck length

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	Planck units - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, Planck units are physical units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of the five fundamental physical constants shown in the table below in such a manner that all of these fundamental constants take on the numerical value of 1 when expressed in terms of these units.
		Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems, but might be considered unique in that these units are not based on properties of any prototype, object, or particle but are based only on properties of free space.
		With the exception of the Planck momentum and Planck impedance and the possible exception of the Planck mass, base and derived Planck units are impractical for empirical science, engineering, and everyday use, unless rescaled by many orders of magnitude.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_units (2030 words)

	Planck temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Planck temperature, named after German physicist Max Planck, is the natural unit of temperature, denoted by T
		The Planck units, in general, represent limits of quantum mechanics.
		Talking about anything being "hotter" than the Planck temperature does not currently work with modern science; it is the temperature at which fl holes are theorized to evaporate and the temperature at which the Universe was at the instance of the big bang and cooled down from there, according to current cosmology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Planck_temperature (145 words)

	Temperature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Temperature is the physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of "hot" and "cold"; something that is hotter has the greater temperature.
		Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales.
		The temperature of an object is proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules in it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temperature (3033 words)

	Pyrometer - fundamentals of infrared thermometer temperature measurement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, even for a narrow range (1-10 microns) Planck’s law is complicated and when we introduce the notion of emissivity, which may vary with wavelength, only the simple relationships can be integrated to obtain the radiation emitted by a surface at a given temperature.
		Planck’s Law as written above is for a fl body; one which radiates at 100% efficiency at a given wavelength.
		Examples may be steel in an annealing furnace in a steel plant, a tube carrying the fluids in a hydrogen furnace in a petrochemical plant, a tungsten wire being drawn for a light bulb or a turbine blade being coated in a vacuum chamber.
	www.pyrometer.com /Tech/IRfindamentals.html (1631 words)

	palosverdesblog: God's Constants
		Planck’s contributions centered around his discovery of the discreteness of energy, its so-called quantum nature, that he used to explain the thermal spectrum of radiating bodies.
		If we look at the universe when it contained the Planck mass (M), we find that the quantum wavelength of the universe then equals the Planck length (L), the age of the universe is the Planck time (t) and the temperature equals the Planck temperature (T).
		Planck’s fundamental constants have a profound meaning, defining the universe when quantum effects and gravity were both so important that a unified theory is required to understand what was happening.
	palosverdesblog.blogspot.com /2006/03/gods-constants.html (865 words)

	What is the Highest Possible Temperature? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Temperature is a function of the motion of particles.
		That is why the Planck temperature is often referred to as the maximum possible temperature.
		The second set of conditions capable of producing the Planck temperature are those occurring at the final moments of a fl hole's life.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-the-highest-possible-temperature.htm (644 words)

	Planck units: experiential approach
		The Planck temperature, the temperature of the universe at the beginning, I call "Primal" temperature, and the tiny Planck length, which is nature's length unit, I call a "stitch" because I think of it as a tiny stitch in the fabric of space-time.
		Planck unit energy was a typical energy for an archaic photon with core frequency in the original flash.
		To continue with the earlier example, in the energy-producing midst of the sun, where the temperature is a ten-to-twentyfifth part of Primal, a typical photon of light has a ten-to-twentyfifth of core as its frequency and therefore the energy it carries is a ten-to-twentyfifth of Planck.
	www.planck.com /experiential.htm (2688 words)

	Planck units - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		At the "Planck scales" in length, time, density, or temperature, one must consider both the effects of quantum mechanics and general relativity.
		It is a definition of unit charge that is a natural extension of how the other Planck units were defined and is referred to by physicists in some publications.
		The Planck impedance comes out to be the Characteristic impedance of free space $Z_0 \$ scaled down by $4 \pi \$ meaning that, in terms of Planck units, $Z_0 = 4 \pi Z_P \$ .
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Planck_units (2306 words)

	Radiation Laws
		The primary law governing flbody radiation is the Planck Radiation Law, which governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface area into a fixed direction (solid angle) from the flbody as a function of wavelength for a fixed temperature.
		The Planck Law gives a distribution that peaks at a certain wavelength, the peak shifts to shorter wavelengths for higher temperatures, and the area under the curve grows rapidly with increasing temperature.
		By the Planck Law, all heated objects emit a characteristic spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, and this spectrum is concentrated in higher wavelengths for cooler bodies.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/light/radiation.html (530 words)

	The Planck Era
		Therefore, as we extrapolate back in time to the beginning of the Universe, eventually one would reach a state of sufficient temperature and density that a fully quantum mechanical theory of gravitation would be required.
		The corresponding lengths, energies, temperatures, and times are displayed in the adjacent table (the unit GeV stands for 1 billion electron volts of energy).
		However, the Planck scale is so incredibly small that this presumably only had meaning in the initial instants of the creation of the Universe.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/planck.html (313 words)

	About Temperature
		One of the first attempts to make a standard temperature scale occurred about AD 170, when Galen, in his medical writings, proposed a standard "neutral" temperature made up of equal quantities of boiling water and ice; on either side of this temperature were four degrees of heat and four degrees of cold, respectively.
		Temperature is a measure of the energy of thermal motion and, at a temperature of zero, the energy reaches a minimum (quantum mechanically, the zero-point motion remains at 0 K).
		Temperature becomes a quantity definable either in terms of macroscopic thermodynamic quantities such as heat and work, or, with equal validity and identical results, in terms of a quantity which characterized the energy distribution among the particles in a system.
	eo.ucar.edu /skymath/tmp2.html (4839 words)

	Thermalphysics.org - Max Planck
		Max Planck was the father of Quantum Mechanics.
		Planck's miraculous equation lies at the heart of Thermal Physics.
		Planck was an outstanding individual who led a tragic life.
	www.thermalphysics.org /planck/planck.html (128 words)

	Human-scale Planck Units
		The Planck quantities are normally defined in terms of c, h-bar, and G—the speed of light in empty space, Planck's constant, and the gravitation constant.
		From the extremely low temperature of the microwave background in space to the surface-temperatures of stars, in a host of cases in between, temperatures are measured (in effect) by assuming a value for k/h-bar and analyzing frequency.
		Frequency and temperature are related in our scale model of the Planck units in a way that is similar to, and parallels, the way they are related in the natural units.
	www.planck.com /humanscale.htm (4849 words)

	The Planck Black Body Spectrum
		For any fl body the temperature T (in degrees Kelvin) is calculated by Planck's radiation law that uses the emittance at a given wavelength (meters).
		From the range of intensities I calculated the approximate temperatures using Planck's fl body radiation equation with respect to the range of wavelengths obtained from the spectrometer.
		Through studying Planck's Black Body radiation equation, and applying it to a light bulb, I discovered that I could estimate the approximate range of temperatures found in the bulb by plugging the known wavelength values into Planck's equation.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~johnsonk (1397 words)

	Planck temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Planck energy was typical of the light filling the universe at its beginning and Planck temperature is commonly given as the Big Bang temperature.
		Every temperature T has associated with it a characteristic amount of energy kT which is present in surroundings with that temperature at the quantum and molecular levels.
		Planck temperature is related to the Planck mass and energy.
	www.planck.com /plancktemperature.htm (220 words)

	Planck Functions Code Introduction Page
		The sensor Planck routines call the monochromatic routines after appropriate corrections are made to take account of the polychromaticity of broadband sensor channels.
		The Planck temperature is calculated using the input polychromatic radiance assuming monochromaticity.
		The Planck dT/dB derivative is calculated using the input polychromatic radiance assuming monochromaticity.
	www.ssec.wisc.edu /~paulv/Fortran90/Radiance/Planck_Functions/Introduction.html (141 words)

	The Cosmological Quantum Units and the Planck Units
		The socalled Planck units are not based on a physical theory, and neither are they themselves base for a physical theory.
		The intention of Max Planck was – in 1899 – to find a unit of length, a unit of time and a unit of temperature, independent of specific local systems and the existence of man.
		As I assume that the mass of the Universe – during its whole existence – is constant, this means that the mass of a uniton decreases gradually as the Universe expands.
	www.rostra.dk /louis/quant_12.html (1045 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Key for Quiz #1 1) Calculate the Planck Temperature: We have 26 27 L = 5 X 3.9 X 10 Watts = 1.95 X 10 Watts 8 8 11 R = 3 X 1.49 X 10 km = 4.47 X 10 km = 4.47 X 10 meters Plug into the equation for Ts.
		Thus the surface temperature must rise to increase the amount of re-radiated IR radiation to bring the equation: Incoming shortwave radiation = outgoing re-radiated IR radiation back into balance.
		The basic difference between these two is that a moist greenhouse possesses feedback mechanisms which limit the temperature rise, and a runaway greenhouse does not, so the temperature rises to extreme levels.
	www.acs.appstate.edu /dept/physics/epquiz1key.txt (478 words)

	Thermalphysics.org - NY Times
		Without regard for the phases of matter, he reported a temperature of ~6,000 K. As a result, even though the Laws of Thermal Emission were developed in solids, the value of ~6,000 K remains the accepted temperature of the photosphere to this day.
		It is advanced that the temperature reported by a Planckian emission profile depends only on the amount of energy contained in the vibrational degrees of freedom of the lattice.
		Thus, a liquid photosphere with a temperature of ~7,000,000 K could be generating photons not at X-ray frequencies as expected, but rather, in the visible range.
	www.thermalphysics.org /nytimes_ad1.html (3714 words)

	CHINESE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS [V40-No.1] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the context of string theory, it is supposed that at high temperature (Planck temperature) this system is subject to a 4D
		Planck, the time-like direction should be viewed as complex, the two real poles being
		This means that, within the limits of the KMS strip, the spacetime metric should be considered as subject to quantum fluctuations between the Lorentzian (physical) state and the Euclidean (topological) state.
	psroc.phys.ntu.edu.tw /cjp/v40/149/149.htm (138 words)

	Thermalphysics.org - World's First UHF MRI - Signal to Noise Lecture
		Slide 23 and Slide 24: In these two slides the normal spectral emissivity is ploted for various forms of graphite under varying conditions both as a function of temperature at one frequency (on the left) and as a function of wavelength (on the right).
		Since that time, the temperature of the photosphere has been held at ~6,000 K. Now, physicists recognize that the interior of the sun is at temperatures in excess of 10,000,000K.
		The signal to noise on the data mapping the so-called temperature of the universe was so high that the error bars are lost in the linewidth of the theoretical curve.
	www.thermalphysics.org /first_mri/berkeley1.html (2279 words)

	Absolute zero (-273 degrees Celsius) is the low... - Answerbag
		The highest possible temperature, called the Planck temperature, is equal to 1.4 x 10^32 degrees Kelvin.
		The maximum temperature theorized to have ever existed would be called the Planck temperature, which is 1.4 X 10 to the 32nd power in degrees Kelvin is about 252 with 30 zeros behind it in Farenheit scale.
		Scientists believe this to be the temperature of the universe at the first few pico seconds of the Big Bang.
	www.answerbag.com /q_view.php/13111 (411 words)

	Planck units
		For thermodynamic temperature, we need to relate a fundamental constant concerning temperature to the rest of the units.
		Since these are specialized units that are only intended to be used under extremely narrow situations (this is clear when you look at the definition of the candela), we can make the sweeping generalization that all applications using these units can in fact use the derived units for energy and power (combined with other units).
		For instance, the Planck equivalent of the candela would just be the power unit; the lumen equivalent would be the power unit times the steradian, and the lux equivalent would be the power unit times the steradian divided by the square of the Planck length.
	www.alcyone.com /max/writing/essays/planck-units.html (686 words)

	Radiation Laws
		As long as the temperature of an object is larger than ABSOLUTE ZERO (on the Kelvin scale) the atoms have thermal energy and can radiate.
		The primary law governing flbody radiation is the Planck Radiation Law, which governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface area into a fixed direction from the flbody as a function of wavelength for a fixed temperature.
		The Planck law is represented by the shape of curves in the figure to the right.
	www.pas.rochester.edu /~blackman/ast104/radiation.html (816 words)

	The Straight Dope: What is the opposite of absolute zero?
		The highest possible temperature, called the Planck temperature, is equal to 10^32 degrees Kelvin.
		In short, the Planck temperature is very toasty indeed.
		At 10^32 K such staggering densities obtain that greater temperature would cause each particle of matter to become its own fl hole, and the usual understanding of space and time would collapse.
	www.straightdope.com /classics/a3_347.html (461 words)

	The first second
		In fact, during the Planck's era, pairs of Planck's particles and antiparticles, with a mass of 20 microgrammes, i.e.
		K (so called Planck's temperature), constantly appear and disappear, bending the space-time fabric.
		Let us draw the parallel - very simplifying however - with the water : when it is liquid, water is perfectly symmetric : whatever the direction in which we look at it, it has the same aspect.
	nrumiano.free.fr /Ecosmo/cg_energy.html (579 words)

	Unified Theory: Freespace constants derived (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Planck's work was not about electromagnetic waves travelling in free space, in which euclidean geometry is a good approximation, but on the interaction of such waves with matter.
		Matter plays an important role in all Planck's work, and thus, a non-Euclidian space has to be preferred for all Planck units, and so, a circumference value must be used in favour of a radius value as the shortest length, whether or not normalised to unity.
		For this reason, in all my work, I've chosen to use the original Planck units which are expressed in terms of h, Planck constant.
	www.blazelabs.com /f-u-const.asp (3922 words)

	Temperature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The ideal gas law indicates that the product of the pressure and volume (P · V) of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature: :
		(1) where T is temperature, n is the number of moles of gas and R is the gas constant.
		(8) The reciprocal of the temperature is the rate of increase of entropy with energy.
	temperature.ask.dyndns.dk (3251 words)

	Hawking Radiation... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Note that the Kerr Temperature is responsible for the Kerr Particle Energy Spectrum and represents the genesis of Thermodynamic Quantum Gravitation.
		Not if the fl hole can absorb as much energy from the vacuum as it radiates and there is theoretically 10^120 Joules per cubic metre in the vacuum.
		To my understanding, a 'perfect radiation absorber' is not possible, but then again it was once thought that fl holes were a 'zero radiation emitter'.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=11750 (1009 words)

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