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	Planform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In aviation, a planform is the shape and layout of an airplane 's wing.
		Of all the myriad planforms used, they can typically be grouped into those used for low-speed flight, found on general aviation aircraft, and those used for high-speed flight, found on many military aircraft and airliner s.
		Schuemann Wing Planform The article by Wil Schuemann which appeared in the February 1983 issue of Soaring, published by the Soaring Society of America.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Planform.html (542 words)

	Wing Design - Level 3 - PLANFORM DESIGN and OTHER ISSUES
		The type of operation for which an airplane is intended has a very important bearing on the selection of the shape and design of the wing for that airplane.
		Planform determines the stall characteristics of the wing.
		Planform refers to the shape of the wing as seen from directly above.
	www.allstar.fiu.edu /aerojava/Wing32.htm (657 words)

	Wind Tunnel Test Models
		In this study, the camber (c), or curvature of wing is varied; the higher the camber, the greater the curvature.
		and a rectangular planform with an AR = 6.0.
		and a rectangular planform with an AR = 4.1.
	wright.nasa.gov /airplane/models.html (1685 words)

	Minimum Induced Drag of Sail Rigs and Hydrofoils
		Planform design also determines the lift-induced drag, which is the major drag component of a well designed rig at high angles of attack.
		E is the Oswald efficiency factor, and is a function of the planform geometry and the surface effects.
		For the case of untwisted planforms, like the previous minimum drag planforms, the location of the center of effort and the aerodynamic center are the same.
	www.tspeer.com /Planforms/Planar.htm (5756 words)

	Reducing_Induced_Drag
		Planform taper is the reduction of the chord length and thickness as one proceeds from the root (near the fuselage) to the tip section (at the wing tip) so that the airfoil sections also remain geometrically similar.
		Thickness taper is the reduction of the airfoil's thickness as one proceeds from the root section (the part of the wing closest to the fuselage) to the tip section.
		They include (1) planform taper to obtain an elliptic planform, used for the Spitfire wing, which was remarkably elliptic; (2) a geometric twist and/or aerodynamic twist to obtain elliptic lift distribution; or (3) a combination of all of these methods.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Theories_of_Flight/Reducing_Induced_Drag/TH16.htm (908 words)

	Wing Planform
		Wing planform - the shape of the wing as viewed from directly above - deals with airflow in three dimensions, and is very important to understanding wing performance and airplane flight characteristics.
		The second means of changing the planform is by "tapering" (decreasing the length of chord from the root to the tip of the wing).
		The elliptical wing is the ideal subsonic planform since it provides for a minimum of induced drag for a given aspect ratio, though as we shall see, its stall characteristics in some respects are inferior to the rectangular wing.
	www.faatest.com /books/FLT/Chapter17/WingPlanform.htm (795 words)

	Packed electric lamp of triangular planform - Patent 5375713
		The planform, or footprint, of the package on the shelf, typically with the lens oriented normal to the shelf with its long side parallel thereto, is also larger than necessary.
		The lamp is arranged in the carton between the two opposing triangular sides with its broad face adjacent one of three sides defining the sleeve and with the other two of the three sides extending along the tapered body and terminating at a corner adjacent the lamp connection terminals.
		3b, the planform or area enclosed by the sides 2,3,4 is significantly less than the area enclosed by the sides 46,47,50,51 of the prior art rectangular carton.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5375713.html (3166 words)

	Planform of mantle convection beneath the Pacific Ocean
		The correlation between variations of the bathymetry and of the geoid in the Pacific Ocean suggests that both are the surface expression of mantle convection.
		The planform of the convection which is required to generate the observed anomalies does not consist of rolls but is three dimensional, with rising and sinking jets elongated in the direction of motion of the Pacific plate relative to the frame of reference defined by the hot spots.
		The spacing between the maxima and minima of the geoid is between 1,500 and 2,000 km and hence favours a model of mantle convection with multiple scales of circulation.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v288/n5790/abs/288442a0.html (237 words)

	RESEARCH Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Section airfoil shape optimization showed good improvement in the L/D. But the optimized value of L/D was still poor for the efficient cruising in the near-sonic regime, and further optimizations in a larger design space were required.
		They were used for the modification of the planform shape and the twist angle distributions.
		It was observed that 13% increase of the aspect ratio and the modification of the wing planform shape from Double-Delta to as like Delta wing.
	www.ad.mech.tohoku.ac.jp /yamazaki/RESEARCH/near_planform/index.html (256 words)

	City of Austin - Creek Erosion Mitigation Program, Technical Information, Engineering Analysis
		Channel planform is evaluated to assess the condition of stream meanders and the tendency of the channel to migrate laterally.
		Channel planform characteristics are most readily assessed using historical aerial photography and mapping.
		From historical observation and common planform relationships the Creek Erosion Mitigation staff are able to ascertain the probability of bank retreat in a particular area.
	www.ci.austin.tx.us /watershed/ersiontechnical3_04.htm (2296 words)

	Foil Design Tips
		But a conservative design of simple planform and foil section, built smooth and fair, will be fast and work well in all conditions.
		aspect ratio - the comparison of the length to the width of the planform of your rudder or centerboard.
		The simplest planform is the simple rectangle, and will give good performance while also being easy to fabricate.
	www.philsfoils.com /designTips.html (1967 words)

	Planform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Of all the myriad planforms used, they can typically be grouped into thoseused for low-speed flight, found on general aviation aircraft, andthose used for high-speed flight, found on many military aircraft and airliners.
		The primary concern in low speed flight is the aspectratio, the comparison of the length of the wing measured out from the fuselage, span, compared to the length fromfront to back, chord.
		In this casea very thin wing makes it difficult to use the internal room for storage of fuel and landing gear, as well as making the wingconsiderably less stiff torsionally as well as leading to increased induced drag when flying slower.
	www.therfcc.org /planform-111600.html (468 words)

	Computational Test Cases for Oscillating Clipped Delta Wing
		The planform of the wing was derived by simplifying the planform of a proposed design for a supersonic transport airplane.
		A strake was deleted, the resulting planform was approximated by a trapezoid with an unswept trailing edge, and the twist and camber were removed.
		To facilitate pressure instrumentation, the thickness of the wing was increased to 6 percent of chord, as compared with 2.5 to 3 percent for the supersonic transport.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Sept02/L17822.html (421 words)

	THE INFLUENCE OF PLANFORM AND AIRFOIL ON THE DESIGN OF HIGH PERFORMANCE SAILPLANE WINGS WITH VERY HIGH ASPECT RATIO ...
		The minimal losses in performance are obtained from the double tapered planform with no aerodynamic twist (right in Diagram 3), and secondly from a planform comprised of a constant chord rectangular center section with a tapered outer wing and a twist of -3 degrees along the span (left in Diagram3).
		The latter planform, however, is rarely used due to the necessary washout in the wing, and because the low thickness of the airfoil section associated with the reduced chord at the wing root produces constructional difficulties, and lower stiffness of the wing.
		In the case of the tapered outer wing planform however, we have the contrary characteristic.
	www.betsybyars.com /guy/soaring_symposia/71-wvu.html (1779 words)

	Fan blade with curved planform and high-lift airfoil having bulbous leading edge - Patent 5624234
		The planform has a first region adjacent the root of the blade with forward curvature, a second region adjacent the tip of the blade with backward curvature, and an intermediate region disposed between the first region and the second region with substantially straight curvature.
		The planform according to claim 1 wherein said second region having backward curvature extends from the tip to an end point of said intermediate region located between about sixty and seventy-percent of the span of the blade.
		The magnitude of skew or planform curvature is defined by the skew angle, T. The planform of blade 100 is a composite of three regions having different planform shapes.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5624234.html (8907 words)

	ATF (www.combatsim.com)
		The planform results in a multiple lobe design, as the boundaries of the major surfaces are not parallel with respect to each other.
		Planform return lobe structure is defined by the radiation pattern lobes resulting from surface wave reflections which occur at the leading and trailing edges of the airframe's major surfaces.
		The unusual 'diamond' planform of the YF-23 is a 2 major lobe design, as all major edges fall into groups of two parallels.
	www.combatsim.com /archive/htm/htm_arc1/atfighter-2.htm (6117 words)

	Adjustable fishing lure activator - Patent 5167088
		In a preferred embodiment the planform of the activator is circular with a hole at its center and the activator is creased radially from the hole to its perimeter so that the portions of the activator adjoining the crease are at a shallow angle to each other.
		The subject activator has a planform which is symmetrical about a hole at its center, the planform shape being circular, polygonal or elliptical, circular being the preferred shape.
		The thickness and major dimension of the planform (such as a radius) are selected to suit the size, weight and shape of any particular lure.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5167088.html (2154 words)

	Channel Planform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Channel Planforms, or patterns, are the forms that a river channel can take.
		Planforms develop fort a number of reasons, most of the planforms listed above are in continum, that is that they move between straight, meandering and braided channels.
		The planforms depend upon the width: depth ratio, bank stability, sediment transport rate and bed load transport.
	users.aber.ac.uk /njd3/channel%20planform.htm (133 words)

	Quantitative Analysis
		Figure-1 illustrates a three section planform that attempts to have the uniform lift coefficient of an elliptic planform.
		While the tapered planform is not the most optimal, it results in a more uniform lift coefficient across the entire span.
		The total drag for the tapered planform of 0.0826 lbs (1.3 oz) is only 1.2% greater than the 0.0816 lbs of drag for the non-tapered planform.
	ciurpita.tripod.com /rc/rcsd/drag/drag.html (848 words)

	MMVM - Planform - Technische updates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hier staat een korte beschrijving hoe het versienummer van MMVM Planform kan worden achterhaald.
		In het versie-overzicht is aangegeven welke aanpassingen in deze versie zijn verwerkt.
		Tijdens de eerste keer dat de nieuwe versie van MMVM Planform wordt gestart, wordt eerst een backup gemaakt van het databestand, alvorens er eventuele aanpassingen of reparaties op worden uitgevoerd en het wordt gekoppeld aan het programmabestand.
	www.mmvm.nl /pf_tupdates.htm (355 words)

	Confused by Marchaj - Boat Design Forums
		The spanwise load distribution for a tapered, unswept planform is approximately half-way between being proportional to the taper and the elliptical distribution.
		As a result, an untapered (rectangular) planform has a lift distribution that is higher at the tip than the elliptical distribution, but not as much as you'd expect from the difference in chord there.
		If the planform is more tapered, ie a taper ratio < 0.4 (0 taper ratio is a triangular planform), the lift distribution is lower than elliptical near the tip, but not by as much as the taper would suggest, and the lift coefficient is higher.
	www.forums.boatdesign.net /showthread.php?p=61829#post61829 (1477 words)

	Notre Dame Micro Aerial Vehicle Development Group
		Although this method may not yield exact solutions to be used for design, it will provide a way of comparing different planform shapes to determine which is best suited for a micro aerial vehicle that satisfies the mission of the competition.
		A short examination of these plots reveals that the inverse Zimmerman planform offers the best shape for an MAV which is restricted by maximum dimension.
		A number of design concepts were drawn in an effort to find the aspect ratio of the wing which best suited the location of the components in the aircraft and which minimized the maximum dimension.
	www.nd.edu /~mav/auvsi/torres.htm (4123 words)

	BMFA Model Aeroplane Competition Rules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Maximum planform area is limited to 5806 square centimetres (900 square inches) with all flying surfaces (e.g.
		Planform area includes planform area of fuselage, horizontal tail and all flying surfaces positioned for maximum area projected vertically downward on a flat surface.
		Planform area also includes area of the engine extension from fuselage, (excluding propeller), landing gear struts and any slot overlap.
	www.eng.man.ac.uk /Research/bmfa.htm (2778 words)

	Design of dagger rudder for trimaran - Page 2 - Boat Design Forums
		The rectangular planform may be a lot more efficient than you think, especially compared to a single-taper planform with the greatest chord at the surface.
		As a result, while the optimum planform for an inboard rudder that is up against the rigid wall of the hull might be best shaped with a straight taper, the optimum planform for a surface-piercing foil at high speed has its maximum chord farther down.
		The rectangular planform may be a lot more efficient than you think...I'd consider tapering, say, the bottom 25% of the span by sweeping the leading edge back to something like half the chord at the tip.
	www.boatdesign.net /forums/showthread.php?p=25493 (1705 words)

	Boat Design Forums - Rudder Design
		The three rudders have different planform (profile) areas, but the drag and lift results are plotted against something called "drag area" and "lift area" rather than against drag and lift coefficients.
		The drag and lift areas do not seem to have the planform area differences between the rudders removed, so it isn't clear that the deep rudder, for example, "really" gives lower drag at higher rudder sweep (angle of attack).
		It seems to, but its planform area is around 1.2 m^2, while the shallow rudder has 1.6 m^2.
	www.boatdesign.net /forums/printthread.php?t=3289 (1257 words)

	AERADE subject listing for STABILITY OF AIRCRAFT - Longitudinal stability - derivatives due to rate of pitch. ...
		The body interference on the wing is accounted for by the use of the gross planform and a shift in aerodynamic centre position for the body carry-over lift.
		It was found that characterising the planform by the parameter A tan alpha, where A is aspect ratio and alpha is quarter-chord sweep, was adequate to define the type of pitch-break.
		The values of the geometric parameters defining the range of planform shapes for which data were available are tabulated and show that the method applies to a wide range of wing planforms, including swept-forward geometries.
	aerade.cranfield.ac.uk /subject-listing/esdu/ES72.html (1044 words)

	Post Message : The world's best place to discuss gliding : Design and Technical
		My guess is that the Germans have a history of working with the swept planform and know its deficiencies so they have discarded the whole idea of flying wings without investigating the Marske planform. I am quite certain that a 15 meter racer based on the Marske planform could be built that would be very successful.
		My guess is that the Germans have a history of working with the swept planform and know its deficiencies so they have discarded the whole idea of flying wings without investigating the Marske planform.
		I am quite certain that a 15 meter racer based on the Marske planform could be built that would be very successful.
	www.gliderforum.com /thread-post.asp?Action=Reply&forumid=138&threadid=641&ReplyTo=2834&DisplayType=flat"e=yes (384 words)

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