Plant cuticle - Factbites

Plant cuticle - Factbites
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Topic: Plant cuticle

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	Bracing Up: Hardening Off Transplants
		The cuticle, by the way, is part of the 'skin' of the plant, a layer of waxy materials deposited by the outer - epidermal - cells that cover every bit of a plant, making a barrier between the plant and its environment.
		The waxy cuticle of this plant epidermis is there to help keep the plant from drying out.
		And so, when the time for transplanting seedlings approaches, this is what you are most likely to have under the seed starting lights: healthy, lush, green little plants with wide leaves, a thin cuticle, long cells with thin walls, and chloroplasts arranged to grab as much of that gentle fluorescent light as they can.
	www.gardenguides.com /articles/hardening.htm

	Slides: Adaptation
		Though the cactus plant has stomates for gas exchange, they are buried deep in the crevices in the thick cuticle.
		The "waxy" surface of the plant protects against evaporation of internal water.
		The spines, which may be seen closer up in SLIDE 37 are the highly reduced leaves of the plant.
	www.indiana.edu /~q201bio/labs/lab13/adaptslides.html

	FruitNet Weekly Report
		The same waxy cuticle that serves to prevent water loss also prevents captan from entering and injuring living cells beneath the plant cuticle.
		Spray adjuvants that enhance the transport of captan through the plant cuticle can greatly increase the phytotoxicity of captan, especially when the plant cuticle is thin at the time spray is applied.
		The cuticle (the waxy layer on the leaf and fruit surfaces) develops in response to heat and water stress.
	www.maes.msu.edu /nwmihort/faxnet603.htm

	BBC - GCSE Bitesize - SOS Teacher Biology plants leaf cells adaptation
		The waxy cuticle is an adaptation that lets the plant keep moisture inside, and which reduces evaporation.
		Aquatic plants do not usually have a waxy cuticle layer at all.
		It is found mainly in plants that live in environments where the humidity is low, and where there is little water.
	www.bbc.co.uk /schools/gcsebitesize/sosteacher/biology/44027.shtml

	Plantae
		They developed a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss and gametangia to protect embyrophytes while the fertilized egg could grow safely.
		The needle-shaped leaves of conifers are well adapted to dry climates because they have a thick cuticle and the stoma are in pits.
		Still, the reproductive system needed water as the sperm needed to swim to the egg, but this could be accomplished with merely a film of dew over the plant.
	www.geocities.com /ymike2002/plantae.htm

	Plant Physiology Online: Plant Tissue Systems: Dermal, Ground, and Vascular
		Shoot surfaces are usually coated with a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss and are often covered with hairs, or trichomes, which are epidermal cell extensions.
		The root epidermis is adapted for absorption of water and minerals, and its outer wall surface typically does not have a waxy cuticle.
		It is generally composed of specialized, flattened polygonal cells that occur on all plant surfaces.
	www.plantphys.net /article.php?ch=1&id=19

	Untitled Document
		This plant has a special feature which is the waxy cuticle that protects it from the drying winds.
		The blades on this plant contain a waxy cuticle to help conserve water during the dry times of the year.
		The leaves are wide and have thick blades growing from where the stems join the root system at the ground level.
	curriculum.calstatela.edu /courses/builders/worlds/planets02/LETJENJE/LETBIOME.HTM

	Ch18cast.txt
		He was very excited about this discovery because it would be rather unusual for a plant to have both a cuticle and flagellated sperm.
		Plants have a waxy, waterproof cuticle, and algae do not.
		egg and sperm adult tree flower pollen grain and ovule zygote 4 18.5, 18.13 Deep in the tropical rain forest, a botanist discovered an unusual plant with vascular tissues, stomata, a cuticle, flagellated sperm, conelike reproductive structures bearing seeds, and an alternation-of-generations life cycle.
	www.msci.memphis.edu /~wiemerhp/trg/corpora/biology/Ch18cast.txt

	Great Plant Escape Plant Glossary
		A protective waxy covering on the outside of leaves, stems and fruits.
	www.urbanext.uiuc.edu /gpe/app/cuticle.html

	Cuticle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cuticle is thicker in plants living in dry climates than in those from wet climates, and tends to be thicker on the top of the leaf.
		In botany the cuticle is the waxy covering produced by the epidermal cells of leaves to protect the plant from excessive water loss.
		Cutin, as a structural component of the cuticle, is covered with cuticular and epicuticular waxes, a mixture of hydrophobic materials containing C26 to C36 aliphatic compounds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cuticle (211 words)

	Plant Anatomy- Cuticle
		The cuticle is secreted by the epidermis and covers not only the surface of the leaves, but all aerial surfaces of plants.
		In this transverse section of a Banksia spinulosa leaf the cuticle is stained orange.
		What is the main function of the cuticle?
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /2003A+Pmodules/module1/1AA1.html (44 words)

	GLOSSARYC
		cuticle A film composed of wax and cutin that occurs on the external surface of plant stems and leaves and helps to prevent water loss.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossC.html (2109 words)

	Cloning and Characterization of the WAX2 Gene of Arabidopsis Involved in Cuticle Membrane and Wax Production -- Chen et al. 15 (5): 1170 -- THE PLANT CELL
		whereas the cuticle membrane is composed primarily of insoluble
		and characterization of WAX2, a cuticle membrane gene from Arabidopsis.
		(B) The stem cuticle membrane (between arrowheads) on wax2 is thicker and does not show the typical bilayer ultrastructure, lacking the dark-staining reticulum normally associated with the cuticular layer.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/5/1170 (8176 words)

	Cuticle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In botany the cuticle is the waxy covering produced by the epidermal cells of leaves to protect the plant from excessive water loss.
		The cuticle is mostly composed of cutin and waxes.
		Cutin, as a structural component of the cuticle, is covered with cuticular and epicuticular waxes, a mixture of hydrophobic materials containing C26 to C36 aliphatic compounds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cuticle (8176 words)

	Plant Anatomy- Epidermis and Stomata
		Cuticle is often uneven and ridged as shown by the wavy lines on this epidermal peal.
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /2003A+Pmodules/module1/1AB3.html (8176 words)

	November 18, 1999, Waxy Leaf Plant Surfaces Could Control Bacterial Diseases in Plants
		Plant cuticles may affect the availability of nutrients to bacteria, the duration of leaf wetness, and the structure and function of leaf surfaces where the bacteria lives, all of which influence the relationship between the plant and bacteria.
		By improving current understanding of how the plant cuticle influences how bacteria grow on a leaf, Beattie hopes to be able to improve both the prediction of diseases, such as common rust and gray leaf spot in corn, and the effectiveness of biological control agents, such as the amount of wax on the leaf.
		Changes in the cuticle that could affect the bacterial populations result from genetic engineering of plants for drought resistance, air pollution, water stress, or pesticides.
	www.biotech.iastate.edu /publications/news_releases/nov_18_99.htm (8176 words)

	Evolution of Plants Lecture
		Some of the adaptations of plants to a terrestrial existence include a waxy cuticle, surface pores (stomata) that enable gas exchange, protected reproductive structures, and the retention of the embryonic sporophyte within the female gametophyte.
		Plants are divided into two major groups based on the presence (in vascular plants) or absence (in nonvascular plants) of an internal vascular system for transporting water and dissolved particles.
		The plant body is divided into a root system and a shoot or stem system, connected by vascular tissue that is continuous throughout the plant.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/PlantEvol.html (611 words)

	Vascular Plants
		Vascular plants have also developed a waxy outer covering called the cuticle which protects from desiccation due to water loss.
		Heterospory is unique to vascular plants; two different spores form egg-producing gametophytes and sperm-producing gametophytes.
		Vascular plants first appear in the fossil record during the mid-Silurian period, about 410 million years ago.
	www2.ncsu.edu /unity/lockers/project/dendrology/index/plantae/vascular/vascular.html (314 words)

	Pitcher in the bog -- Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine
		In the third plant zone, the waxy cuticle is absent and the unwaxed surface absorbs nutrients.
		Pitcher plants live in wet, acidic, nutrient-poor environments. They survive by luring and trapping insects that become their source for nitrogen. Nine of the ten pitcher plant species found in the United States grow in the south.
		Interestingly, two insect species, the pitcher plant midge Metriocnemus knabi and the non-biting pitcher plant mosquito, Wyeomia smithii, depend solely on pitcher plants, living in the "soup" for all of their lives except for a short-lived adult phase.
	www.wnrmag.com /stories/2002/jun02/pitcher.htm (605 words)

	esau_glossary
		A complex fatty substance considerably impervious to water; present in plants as an impregnation of epidermal walls and as a separate layer, the cuticle, on the outer surface of the epidermis.
		The part of the plant, or entire plant if no secondary growth occurs, that arises from the embryo and the apical meristems and their derivative meristematic tissues and is composed of primary tissues.
		It is the innermost layer of the cortex in roots and stems of seed plants.
	dev.gramene.org /mailarch/att-0248/esau_glossary (14997 words)

	Crop Plant Anatomy 1B
		The primary purpose of the cuticle is in moisture conservation in that it acts as a barrier against the diffusion of water through the epidermis and into the atmosphere.
		Immediately below the cuticle is the upper epidermis which, as we saw with the monocot leaf, functions primarily in protection of the enclosed leaf tissue.
		Although not shown on this particular slide, a waxy cuticle covers the entire outer surface of both the upper and lower epidermis.
	www.pssc.ttu.edu /pss1321/Web%20topics/cpaIB.htm (14997 words)

	TFPHIN article N2I2A
		The outer surface of the cuticle is relatively flat and smooth, but the underside attached to the plant has ridges which fit into the intercellular gaps to provide a tight attachment.
		The cuticle is attached to the walls of the epidermal cells by a glue layer made from a substance of the cuticle called pectin (Fig.
		The structural component of the cuticle is a biological polyester called cutin, which is made by the outermost layer of cells called the epidermal cells.
	postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu /pgDisplay.php?article=N2I2A (14997 words)

	Untitled
		Cutin covers the epidermal cells of the plant parts like leaves, which are exposed to air The cuticle often has wax as its component and can be seen as a white protective layer on many leaves and fruits.
		Cuticle does not permit gases in and stomata (tiny mouth like openings) had to be developed to let oxygen and carbon-dioxide freely.
		The cuticle is waxy and is very resistant to loss of water by desiccation.
	www.suite101.com /print_article.cfm/9661/89544 (14997 words)

	Plant Kingdom
		First, there is a waxy cuticle on the plant to prevent water loss; second, they produce gametes in gametangia.
		However, these plants require water for the sperm to swim from the antheridium to the archegonium to fertilize the egg.
		Some examples of the nonvascular plants are mosses and liverworts.
	emaleth.com /Taxonomy/Plant.htm (483 words)

	Response of In Situ Leaf Psychrometer to Cuticle Removal by Abrasion -- Campbell and McInnes 91 (5): 859 -- Agronomy Journal
		Martin J.T. Determination of the components of plant cuticles.
		the waxy cuticle from the epidermis of the leaf (Wullschleger and Oosterhuis, 1987),
		(1984) abraded the cuticle with a cotton swab,
	agron.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/91/5/859 (483 words)

	Foliar applied plant nutrients
		The effectiveness of foliar applied nutrients is determined by (1) The condition of the leaf surface, in particular the waxy cuticle.
		The cuticle is only partially permeable to water and dissolved nutrients and, as a result, it can limit nutrient uptake.
		A project conducted at Michigan State University, using radioactive tagged nutrients, proved that foliar feeding can be 8 to10 times more effective than soil feeding.
	www.ecochem.com /foliar01.html (483 words)

	Mosses and Ferns
		Plants contain a variety of cell types that are specialized to perform different functions: the aerial parts generally have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, but the roots don’t so they can absorb water.
		In the vascular plants, soil minerals and water are absorbed by the roots (which also anchor the plant and have no cuticle so water can be absorbed).
		For example, St. Johnswort blooms (at least in Europe) around 24 June, when the Catholics celebrate the festival of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist, Pewterwort is another name for Scouring Rush because of its use in cleaning pewter, and a sudsing juice can be extracted from Soapwort.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio106/mosses.htm (483 words)

	Division Bryophyta
		The bryophytes exhibit several hallmarks of plants that are key adaptations to living on land, including a waxy cuticle to protect the leaves, stomata to allow gaseous exchange, and gametangia that protect developing embryos.
		Despite these traits, bryophytes are the only non-vascular plants, meaning that they do not contain a system of vascular tissue to conduct water and other nutrients through the body of the plant; some bryophytes, however, have water-conducting tubes.
		The bryophytes are thought to have been the first true plants, evolving from charophytes almost 500 million years ago.
	www.sidwell.edu /us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Plantae/Bryophyta (483 words)

	Scale Insect
		They have a waxy cuticle so contact insecticides have little effect, the best type to use is a systemic insecticide like Provado, these are taken up by the plant so as the insects feed they consume the poison.
		The best time to attack them is at the pale brown juvenile stage when they have not yet developed their waxy coat fully.
		This will probably have to be repeated a few times, but you should win in the end if you persist.
	www.dgsgardening.btinternet.co.uk /scale.htm (483 words)

	Homemade Insect Control
		Soaps are not very effective against insects with heavy cuticles or those that are highly mobile.
		Some plants can be damaged by soap sprays because they break down the waxy protective outer layer on the plant surface.
		Soaps can also aid in the passage of insecticides through the waxy insect cuticle.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /copubs/news/hort_henderson/2005-06/6.html (483 words)

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