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Topic: Plant hormone theory I

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	Hormones
		Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol (a fatty substance produced by the body) and modified by a series of chemical reactions to form a hormone ready for immediate action.
		For example, hormones from the hypothalamus, a portion of the brain that controls the endocrine system, are delivered directly to the adjacent pituitary gland, where their concentrations are several hundred times higher than in the circulatory system.
		Hormones are also used in animal husbandry to increase the success rates of artificial insemination and speed maturation of eggs.
	www.thehormoneshop.com /hormones.htm (2377 words)

	Plant Hormones III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This theory is designed to explain, in a simple way, the conditions under which hormones are made, how they are vital to nutrient transportation, how they induce apical dominance and senescence, the Auxin-Ethylene effect, and the hereto lack of totipotency found in many cultured calluses of plant species.
		My guess is that positive hormones increase average cell size in the plant overall, but tend to increase growth in the peripheral parts (leaves and outlying roots) faster than core parts of the plant (the stem and root core).
		Although the biggest difference between the levels of positive and negative hormones should occur at the peak of the night and of the day, there should be a rise and fall of all hormones periodically during the whole night and day.
	www.pruittfamily.com /paul/plantsviii1.htm (4911 words)

	Asexual Plant Propagation: Increasing Your Odds of Success \| Montana NRCS
		Optimal stock plant environment varies by species but includes proper timing of cutting removal, photoperiods that avoid flowering and dormancy, an appropriate level of cutting irradiance based on stock plant intensities, moderate levels of nutrition, threshold levels of carbohydrates, and a satisfactory water balance.
		Stock plant manipulation via light exclusion and the arresting or reversing of ontogenetic aging are reliable techniques for improving the rooting of numerous difficult-to-root species.
		The significance of proper stock plant management has long been recognized by horticulturists, and cultivation is a standard practice for ornamental selections in which asexual propagation is the preferred method of reproduction.
	www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov /technical/ecs/plants/pmpubs/asexual.html (2802 words)

	Plant Glossary - EnchantedLearning.com
		In plant cells, ATP is produced in the cristae of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
		This theory is that a large asteroid, meteor, or comet hit the Earth 65 million years ago, causing huge atmospheric and geologic disruptions, leading to a mass extinction which killed the dinosaurs and many other plant and animal species.
		The axil of a plant is the angle between the upper side of the stem and a leaf, branch, or petiole.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/plants/glossary (1417 words)

	Plant Hormone K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Measuring the ripening of unripe fruit induced by the plant hormone ethylene, by monitoring starch levels
		Plant hormones (or plant growth regulators, or PGRs) are internally-secreted chemicals in plants that are used for regulating the plants' growth.
		According to a standard definition, plant hormones are signal molecules produced at specific locations, occur in low concentrations, and cause altered processes in target cells at other locations.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/botany/planthormone.html (265 words)

	Concepts of Biology
		The growth patterns of plants, especially lianas and plants with stolons (runners), are similar to the foraging tactics of animals.
		Etiolated plants are typically yellow, with an apical hook (dicots) or unopened coleoptile, have elongated internodes (stems) with unfolded leaves and the stems are thinner.
		Plants don’t need a nervous system since they are constrained to respond to the environment by growth and developmental changes; hence they never had a pressure to evolve a nervous system.
	employees.csbsju.edu /SSAUPE/biol116/Botany/plant_way.htm (3837 words)

	Dumbcane - Plant of the Week
		If the plant is ingested or sap on the fingers is rubbed near soft tissue around the eyes or nose, you immediately know you have a problem.
		Dieffenbachia is on every poisonous plant list ever published, yet I have been unable to locate any cases of death associated with the plant.
		Plants are able to flourish with light levels of 25 ft-c, close to what might be considered mood lighting.
	www.arhomeandgarden.org /plantoftheweek/articles/dumbcane.htm (601 words)

	Pharyngula: Evolution of Hormone Signaling
		In the case of hormone evolution, it means that many species have a module of homologous proteins that manage signalling for a particular hormone, but how that module is plugged into the rest of the cellular circuitry varies—in some species it may activate another function, and in others it may repress it.
		Their general point is that hormones are key regulators of life history transitions across the animal and plant kingdoms, that we need to survey an array of lineages rather than single model systems to get an appropriate perspective, and that when we do, we see examples of cooption all over the place.
		One might argue that maybe the hormone function evolved once, that the ur-metazoan had a life history transition regulated by, for instance, thyroid hormone, and that therefore all metazoan metamorphoses are actually homologous.
	scienceblogs.com /pharyngula/2006/07/evolution_of_hormone_signaling.php (2454 words)

	Tomato, Part II
		Plants are all mulched heavily with shredded oak leaves.
		A: Tomato plants planted close together or in high density produce more fruit per area but the fruit is smaller.
		Diseased plant material should be removed and destroyed but wire cages have not been known to be a source of contamination.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /plantanswers/vegetables/tomat2.html (2731 words)

	ASAP Dictionary of Anxiety and Panic Disorders
		An example of homeostatic balance is the regulation of blood glucose at a precise concentration by the hormones insulin and glucagon which, respectively, decrease and increase blood glucose.
		Hormone - a chemical messenger released from an endocrine gland into the blood that produces some biological action on target tissues elsewhere in the body.
		Generally, hormones regulate the body's internal environment (allostatic or homeostatic control), regulate reproductive processes, and affect mood and behavior.
	anxiety-panic.com /dictionary/en-dicth.htm (1211 words)

	Biology 104 Spring 2003 - Plant Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Plant galls are abnormal structures formed by plant tissues in response to stimuli from bacteria, fungi, nematodes and some insects, esp. wasps.
		Please notice that these are mostly rather different from animal hormones, because their concentrations are often kept very different from one part of the plant body to another.
		Plants have an analogue to programmed cell death in the formation of abscission layers at the bases of leaves, fruits and flowers.
	www.bio.unc.edu /courses/2003spring/biol104/plants2003.htm (3012 words)

	Menopause
		If hormones are not quite as hard to deal with as they were in the teens, it is because by her forties, a woman has learned to live with them.
		In theory, women using these should not bleed at all but in actuality, spotting and breakthrough are common, particularly in women who are recently menopausal.
		Those who are hormonally vulnerable or who have been estrogen deficient for more than a year often need to start at a tiny dose and increase it gradually so their body can get used to estrogen again.
	www.hormonehelpny.com /column/menopause.htm (4795 words)

	ScienceDaily: Biologists Solve Plant Growth Hormone Enigma
		In Arabidopsis—a small plant favored by biologists because it is easy to manipulate genetically—Zhao’s team inactivated combinations of the YUCCA genes and studied the effects of the inactivations on plant growth and development.
		Transgenic plants -- Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics.They are identified as a class...
		Heirloom plant -- An heirloom plant is an open-pollinated cultivar that was commonly grown during earlier periods in human history, but which is not used in modern large-scale agriculture.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/07/060703091604.htm (2001 words)

	Dionaea muscipula - Venus Flytrap, Carnivorous Plants Online - Botanical Society of America
		Experiments on the Venus flytrap by Roberts and Oosting (1958) suggest that perhaps it is the organic form of nitrogen and phosphorus that is important to the insectivorous plants.
		Plant it root side down so that the top of the bulb is even with the soil.
		Another way is to plant it in a pot and place the pot in a larger container such as a bucket.
	www.botany.org /Carnivorous_Plants/venus_flytrap.php (1822 words)

	Holology.com \| Sex Hormone Pollution
		These hormones are released directly into the bloodstream and act as signals to activate and regulate metabolism, reproductive system and other critical functions.
		Hormone disrupters threatening the survival of animal populations are also jeopardizing the human future.
		This tally of hormone disrupters includes large chemical families such as the 209 compounds classified as PCBs, the 75 dioxins, and the 135 furans.
	www.holology.com /hormone.html (3805 words)

	OSU PCMB - Dr. Michael Evans' Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Evans studies the hormonal regulation of growth, and the mechanisms of plant responses to gravity.
		Rapid stimulation of plant cell elongation by hormonal and non-hormonal factors.
		Non-hormonal induction of hydrogen ion efflux from plant tissues and its correlation with growth.
	www.biosci.ohio-state.edu /~plantbio/osu_pcmb/people/evans.htm (1740 words)

	The Roots of Consciousness: Theory, The Biological Perspective
		The hormones produced in the thymus gland regulate the process by which the body learns to differentiate its own proteins from foreign substances which may be harmful to it.
		The hormones they produce are responsible for the marked physical changes that take place during puberty -- the beginning of menstruation, growth of the breasts, voice changes and beard and body hair growth.
		It is important to recognize that the complex activity of manufacturing the hormones and enzymes, which regulate both neural transmission and the endocrine system, is guided by the subtle programming coded into the genetic structure of each cell in the body.
	www.williamjames.com /Theory/BIOLOGY.htm (7939 words)

	I Protein
		Although plants can manufacture all their amino acids from nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals through photosynthesis, most other organisms can manufacture only some of them.
		All of these are available in proteins produced in the seeds of plants, but because plant sources are often weak in lysine and tryptophan, nutrition experts advise supplementing the diet with animal protein from meat, eggs, and milk, which contain all the essential acids.
		The albumins and globulins are classes of soluble proteins abundant in animal cells, blood serum, milk, and eggs.
	www.thehormoneshop.com /protein.htm (1308 words)

	Early Plant Senescence Theory by Paul Pruitt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		For annual plants, yearly senescence can be explained as a way of increasing the number of progeny surviving to reproductive age and/or a way of increasing the amount of turnover and thus the rate of evolution.
		The question of how annual plants kill themselves (i.e., what goes on physiologically during senescence) can also be split into two parts; the mechanisms of senescence on the whole plant level and the mechanisms of senescence at the cell level.
		This may be one of the methods plants use to keep their cells from using the plant as a giant agar plate to proliferate on.
	www.socrtwo.info /senescence.htm (8879 words)

	BOT6566 - Lecture 3
		This has lead to the charge-separation theory whereby a negative charge on the carboxyl group is separated from a positive charge on the ring, a distance of some 5.5 angstrom Thus a good idea of the requirements of chemical structure for biological activity is available for auxin.
		The non-volatile hormones have all been reported as moving in both xylem and phloem as free hormone.
		These proteins display a high affinity for their hormone, their binding is reversible and specific, and this binding is linked to a transduction pathway.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/tmullins/bot6566/lecture3.html (680 words)

	MEPS - Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences - APPLY
		Inorganic nutrition of plants; solute absorption, accumulation and translocation, growth in artificial media, physiological roles of various elements, and biophysical/molecular aspects of solute transport; genetic regulation of mineral nutrition and transport.
		Focus on techniques in plant cell culture which can be applied to all crop plants, including agronomic crops, horticulture, and forestry crops for germplasm improvement.
		Theory of plant physiology related to purposeful practices for improving plant adaptation, productivity, and quality and for protecting and remediating environments in agriculture.
	meps.tamu.edu /courses.htm (635 words)

	Maverick Ranch lean beef
		An evolving theory is that if we keep youthful levels of natural hormones longer, we age much slower.
		The practice in Europe is to use bull beef rather than steer beef and the natural hormone levels of European beef is actually much higher than in the U.S. One TV program reported that the beef that had received growth promotants caused early maturity in children in South America.
		Whether it is an animal, a plant, a fish or a bird, each has its place in the ecosystem, and a time on this earth.
	www.maverickranch.com /mavpro/plant-hormones-mdirf5.htm (6762 words)

	A Start at a General Plant Hormone Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		I believe ABA is the plants rapid response to stress, and Salicylic acid is the hormone that is released when stress subsides and the plant wishes to return to normal functioning.
		I find it interesting that SA opens plant stomata and that it is found in high concentration in the Weeping Willow the Latin name from which the hormone name is derived.
		I hypothesize that Stress Hormones, in contrast, are made in cells that are faced with a scarcity of nutrients and again are an indication of such a condition.
	www.planthormones.info (1085 words)

	Questions on Plants \| Bio 1B Sections 119/120, Spring 2005
		Not only that, but plant hormones are often synthesized only where they are needed, and may not be transported out of that part of the plant at all.
		Because the plant was a short day plant, the lower leaves exposed to short day conditions produced the florigen that moved to the apical meristem and the apical meristem changed to a flower producing meristem rather than a leaf or vegetative meristem.
		By measuring day/night length plants have evolved to be adapted to their own region of climate and flower at the appropriate time for pollination and subsequent fruit and seed development, etc. Climate patterns are a strong selective force that fine tunes all organisms to their surrounding habitats.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~b0708/bio1b/questions-plants.html (11726 words)

	[No title]
		Utilize Plant & Soil Science principles as a relevant vehicle to teach biological principles and improve the science principles and scientific literacy of students.
		Be familiar with cell theory and its application to the organization of all plant organisms.
		To recognize plant physiology, growth requirements, and nutrients needed for optimum plant growth.
	www.ucop.edu /a-gGuide/docs/CDEAgEd_Plant_SoilScience.doc (660 words)

	Simulating plant growth
		The study of plant morphology and plant growth has interested researchers for millennia -- not only for survival reasons, but also because of the desire to understand nature and to appreciate the beauty we perceive in natural forms.
		In his approach, probabilities for certain plant events (bud ramification, mortality, growth direction, etc.) are assigned to groups of branches.
		In general, the ease of design found in procedural plant generation is achieved at the cost of having full control over the model, since the only attributes that can be simulated are those provided by the simulation framework.
	www.acm.org /crossroads/xrds8-2/plantsim.html (4080 words)

	Aging is a Specific Biological Function Rather than the Result of a Disorder in Complex Living Systems:
		Apoptosis causes the rejection of the tadpole's tail and shedding of plant leaves (whence the name of the process is derived).
		Having assumed that aging is a particular case of phenoptosis, an important biological function, we should never be surprised by the ambiguity of responses to the question of what exactly is the causative factor of this process.
		Although strong evidence supports the hypothesis of a relationship between the length of telomeres and aging at the cellular level, proponents of the telomeric theory of aging surrender in disputes about aging of the whole organism.
	www.thehormoneshop.net /telomeraserussian.htm (3537 words)

	Sexual Desire and Sexual Response - Hormone Jungle
		In surgical menopause there seem to be two sources of difficulty: lack of hormones, especially testosterone, and problems with the blood supply and nerves in the pelvis.
		It releases growth hormone (good for muscle mass, weight loss, and memory).(19) It helps with wound healing, secretion of hormones in general, interstitial cystitis, and hot flashes.(19, 26, 41) It may also lower blood pressure.(41) Nitric oxide is also needed to make dopamine, so arginine would help sexual libido too (as well as depression [34]).
		One researcher determined that it works, not through plant hormones or phytoestrogens, but through alkaloids, which act on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
	www.hormonejungle.com /libido.php (3499 words)

	Genetic control of plant hormone levels and plant growth - US Patent 6489541 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Plant growth and plant growth habit can be controlled without the application of exogenous plant hormones or hormone mimetics using the nucleic acid sequences and methods provided.
		Nucleic acid constructs directing the expression of IAGlu Transferase and the expression of antisense RNA specific therefor allows the control of growth habit and plant size in transgenic plants containing such nucleic acid constructs.
		Rayle and Cleland (1992) "The Acid Growth Theory of Auxin-Induced Cell Elongation is Alive and Well", Plant.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6489541.html (437 words)

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