Plant litter - Factbites

Plant litter - Factbites
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Topic: Plant litter

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In the News (Fri 18 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Osmoregulatory Responses of Fungi Inhabiting Standing Litter of the Freshwater Emergent Macrophyte Juncus effusus -- Kuehn et al. 64 (2): 607 -- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
		Fungal biomass was determined by extracting and quantifying ergosterol from plant litter samples (20).
		Polyols and trehalose were extracted from plant litter by using methods modified from those of Karsten et al.
		The plant litter was kept saturated with water with a mist-generating
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/2/607 (4635 words)

	Fiona Hall - Leaf litter
		In earlier works through to Leaf litter, the artist has also displayed a keen interest in the classification of plants and the implications of different systems of naming — her knowledge of a wide range of plant species growing dramatically during this project.
		Leaf litter aligns the distribution of plant species with the distribution of monetary wealth.
		Although this component was to develop much further in Leaf litter, the premise was established in the way that ‘Hall’s paintings on the surfaces of the notes dramatise the actual moment of transubstantiation, where paper becomes value, and crops are converted into cash’.
	www.nga.gov.au /NewAcquisitions/2003/hall.htm (1394 words)

	Cryptogams of the Olympics (overview)
		In some systems the nutrient contribution from non-vascular plant litterfall is comparable to that from all vascular plant litter.
		Most of their nutrients come from the atmosphere and are subsequently added to the rest of the system either through leaching by rainwater or during decomposition after falling from trees as litter.
		A significant source of nitrogen in Olympic forest is litterfall of the nitrogen fixing lichen Lobaria oregana.
	ocid.nacse.org /nbii/crypto (1054 words)

	crazyaboutgardens.com [Illustration: Fig. 314. Salsify, or oyster plant.]
		Seed should be sown in a hotbed early in the spring, plants transplanted to the garden when from 2 to 3 inches high, and given good cultivation through the season, being covered with litter on the approach of winter.
		After the plants are well established they should be thinned to 10 to 12 inches apart in the rows.
		The plant being perennial, the early shoots may be bleached year after year.
	www.crazyaboutgardens.com /gadening-manual/garden-manual378.htm (1054 words)

	PaleoPublications Natural Sciences - Publications Biology Botany Ecology Paleobiology Zoology Entomology Herptology Ichthyology Ornithology Mammalogy Geology Geoscience Earth Sciences Paleontology
		Paleobiology, palaeobiology - a branch of paleontology that deals with the origin and growth and structure of fossil animals and plants as living organisms
		Basidiomycota Division - many different forms, most of which help decompose and break down wood, litter, and animal fecal matter.
		Forestry - the science of planting and caring for forests and the management of growing timber
	www.paleopubs.com /naturalSciences.htm (1054 words)

	Litter Box, hidden cat litter boxes, litter box accessories
		planter cat litter box can be conveniently placed in front of a wall or ideally in a corner with the cat's entrance facing the wall.
		The Hidden Litter Potty planter was developed with the sole intention to hide a litter box in a high traffic area.
		The plant and false top simply sets on top and over the 17.5" tall base making the inside cat litter box's base easy to enter and service.
	www.hidnlitter.com (1054 words)

	MODIS Website
		Litter is frequently present within vegetation canopies and thus contributes to the overall spectral response of a canopy.
		All spectral indices and their biophysical interpretation were significantly altered by variability in 1) green leaf, leaf litter, and bark optical properties, 2) the amount and position of standing leaf litter, 3) leaf angle distribution, and 4) soil background.
		The spectral mixture model indices, designed to be sensitive to litter were shown to be promising for the identification of litter present among different ecosystems.
	modis.gsfc.nasa.gov /sci_team/pubs/abstract.php?id=653 (331 words)

	UCONN IPM: Integrated Pest Management:Homegrounds:Insects: Lace bugs
		The life cycles and control are all similar, except that the lace bugs that feed on deciduous plants (plants that shed their leaves in the fall) overwinter as adults in the leaf litter.
		The andromeda lace bug overwinters as an egg on the undersides of the lower leaves of the plant.
		Damage is most severe on plants in full sun.
	www.hort.uconn.edu /ipm/homegrnd/htms/44lcbug.htm (331 words)

	The Botanical Review: Dynamics of leaf litter accumulation and its effects on riparian vegetation: a review.(Interpreting Botanical Progress)@ HighBeam Research
		The total production of plant litter and the proportion of leaf litter are higher in riparian corridors than in upland ecosystems throughout the world.
		Litter from the riparian corridor is usually a major constituent of the litter transported by the river.
		Dynamics of leaf litter accumulation and its effects on riparian vegetation: a review.(Interpreting Botanical Progress)
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:20355300&refid=holomed_1 (229 words)

	Abstract: The influence of humic substances on leaf litter
		High concentrations of dissolved fulvic acids may contribute to the slow decomposition of plant litter characteristic of many wetlands through their contribution to hydrogen ion activity, but we could find no evidence for other properties of fulvic acid which inhibit leaf litter decomposition.
		The influence of humic substances on the aerobic decomposition of submerged leaf litter.
		Leaf material was incubated in flasks containing streamwater in which the pH and the concentration of isolated fulvic acid were varied independently of one another.
	www.env.duke.edu /wetland/qualls_90_hydro.htm (142 words)

	GardenWeb Glossary of Botanical Terms
		Especially in the latter case, leaf litter can harbor pathogens and should be cleaned up promptly, particularly around plants such as roses.
		In a naturalized, woodland setting, leaf litter can be a normal part of the workings of the garden.
		A leaf typical of a plant that appears subsequent to the cotyledons.
	glossary.gardenweb.com /glossary/nph-ind.cgi?scrug=16677&k=leaf&b=and&r=whole&s=terms (453 words)

	Masters Student's Thesis Abstracts - Abell
		Collections of leaf-litter fall and experimental determinations of litter relocation rates of individual crabs were combined to develop an estimate of seasonal rates of litter relocation by the crab population.
		This extensive litter relocation by land crabs may partially explain the low organic carbon contents and rooting densities found in surface soils of the crab-zone relative to nearby crabless zone soils.
		Experimental crab exclosures (25 m2) were established within a repeated-measures randomized block design to test for changes in leaf litter and soil organic carbon as a function of crab removal.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~dallan/student/sherman.html (546 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		Activities of extracellular enzymes were determined in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) leaf litter colonized by the litter decomposer Lepista nuda (Bull.: Fr.) Cooke or by vegetative mycelium from the mycorrhizal fungi Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.: Fr.
		This feature reduces the capacity of the mycorrhizal fungi to exploit fresh beech leaf litter, whose endogenous nitrogen is associated with or shielded by refractory compounds.
		The activities of cellulase, beta-xylosidase, beta-glucosidase and polyphenol oxidase were investigated as indicators of the decomposition capacity of the fungi in the litter.
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/1996/96_colpa2.htm (304 words)

	Leaf Litter Answer2
		Indeed mites are found in very large numbers in leaf litter.
		Answer: Carnivores that are likely to be found in litter include: centipedes, beetles and beetle larvae, maggots and spiders.
		In addition you could find earwigs, which in common with some of the other creatures eat both dead plant and animal remains.
	www.zephyrus.co.uk /leaflitteranswer2.html (93 words)

	CLUMPING LITTER
		Sand litters can create many of the above mentioned problems as well, but plant-based litter products, such as fine (not larger types made for bedding) cedar shavings, provide not only a safe environment to potty in, but a fresh, naturally deodorized one to boot.
		Having a natural litter in your kitty's box is not only healthy, but may encourage those finicky about using a box, to try this one out.
		Always check that your litter is free of any deodorizers, colors or drying agents which could be potentially harmful.
	www.felinesandfriends.org /content/clumping.htm (93 words)

	Butterflies of North America -- Pieris virginiensis
		Chrysalids hibernate on stems or plant litter under the plant.
		Eggs are laid singly on undersides of host plant leaves.
		Adult food: Flower nectar from toothworts, spring beauty, violets, and other plants.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/distr/lepid/bflyusa/usa/779.htm (221 words)

	Bibliography text
		01935 AUTECOLOGY, ARISTIDA LONGISETA, AGROPYRON SPICATUM, GERMINATION, PHENOLOGY, MOISTURE, EVANS, G. SIZE AND AGE OF THE PLANT and PROB DUE TO LITTER.
		03310 TOXIC PLANTS, TERATOGENIC, POISONOUS, KEELER, RICHARD F. AUF
		02560 PLANT INDICATOR, SALINITY, SALT, SODIUM, WATERLOGGING, MOISTURE, HABIB, I. 1978 PLANT SPECIES and PLANT COMMUNITIES 119-126 1978 EN 60 ART WORLD Y Y
	www.dietrick.org /bibliography_text.htm (453 words)

	Tour #1: The Trash Trail
		Following the trash trail from the kitchen wastebasket to litter's final resting place can be a real trip.
		"Trash tells the truth," he said, "and you can learn a lot about people by looking at the things they throw away.
		A transfer station is a fancy name for a place that collects a community's rubbish before shipping it off to a regional solid waste facility.
	www.familyeducation.com /article/0,1120,2-5708,00.html (453 words)

	List of Abstracts
		Litter from dicotyledonous plants forms a higher quality food for grassland isopods than that from monocotyledonous plants but, in the field, it is often both limiting in the amount available and very patchily distributed.
		Listed alterations were introduced to increase the relevance of the test results, while the other 4 R requirements (reliability, reproducibility, repeatability, robustness) for a good toxicity test remain satisfactorily fulfilled.
		An essential part of the model is composed of a photoperiodic counter, which accumulated and added up the photoperiodic information during a sensitive period of the post parturial intermoult.
	asso.univ-poitiers.fr /t-isopods/abstracts.html (453 words)

	References and resources about Native Plant Ecology
		Plant Litter: Light Interception and effects on an old-field plant community.
		Plant Recognition: Chemistry-Mediating Host Identification in the Scrophulariaceae Root Parasites.
		Plant Spatial Pattern and Nutrient distribution in Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands along an elevation gradient in Northern New Mexico.
	www.laspilitas.com /referenc.htm (453 words)

	VI Plants
		This type of fire kills or consumes plant structures in litter and in the top part of the duff layer, such as stolons and shallow rhizomes, and may kill buds on portions of upright stems that are beneath the surface, and buds on the upper part of root crowns.
		Fires which occur where there are deep accumulations of litter beneath shrubs and isolated trees, or significant amounts of dead lower branches that burn off and smolder beneath a shrub crown, are more likely to lethally heat roots and reproductive structures than a fire that occurs where there is sparse litter and few dead branches.
		Whether rhizomatous grasses are stimulated or killed by fire depends on rhizome location with respect to the surface, whether rhizomes are located in mineral soil or in organic layers, the moisture content of the litter, organic, and soil layers, and the amount and duration of heat generated by the surface fire.
	fire.r9.fws.gov /ifcc/monitor/EFGuide/plants.htm (453 words)

	Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
		Plant grounds and interior areas are kept free of litter, waste, and other conditions that might attract pests.
		Plant grounds are in a condition that protects against contamination of food.
		If in-plant sampling indicates the presence of coliforms in more than 5% of plant water samples, the plant will contact the municipal water system and inspect the plumbing system to determine the source of the coliforms.
	www-seafood.ucdavis.edu /haccp/SSOP/SSOP2.HTM (453 words)

	Runners of Westwood
		The stolons grows from axillary bud at the base of the shoot, and its tip, forming a tuber, becomes buried in the leaf litter and loose soil around the plant, where the starchy tuber develops.
		A stolon is a stem with long internodes between the nodes, and the stem diameter tends to be much thinner than an otherwise "normal" stem on the plant.
		Therefore, a stolon would be defined narrowly as a photosynthetic unit with green tissues, whereas a runner would be not be able to sustain itself, being a mere connector between the mother plant and its offspring.
	www.botgard.ucla.edu /html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume5number1/Runnersofwestwood.html (453 words)

	OIKOS 000: 000-000, 2003
		Thus, to investigate whether initial nitrogen concentration does account for positive, non-additive effects of litter-mixing, we mixed grass litters that differed in initial nitrogen concentration but not species or structural plant part identity, and then followed mass loss from the litter-mixes over time.
		We used the litterbag technique and three grass species for which a gradient of four distinct initial nitrogen concentrations had been generated.
		Contrary to what would be predicted, we found that when litters of the same species but with different initial nitrogen concentrations were mixed, that negative, non-additive effects on decomposition were generally observed.
	www.oikos.ekol.lu.se /oikos.102.2.abstracts/12503smith.htm (453 words)

	Virginia Poultry Federation April 2003 report
		Crop and soils experts have long recognized poultry litter as a source of essential plant nutrients and a soil amendment that improves soil quality.
		Poultry processing companies operating in Virginia are providing financial support for these projects in an effort to help contract poultry growers obtain new markets for litter.
		The Virginia Poultry Federation (VPF) is involved in two new projects designed to market the use of poultry litter in farming regions outside of the concentrated poultry producing areas.
	www.vapoultry.com /April2003FedReport.html (642 words)

	Erika Geiger, Ph.D. Research
		Litter of species from one community type (e.g., native) will be reciprocally transplanted into another community type (e.g., non-native) to characterize the effects of plant species, community type, and diversity on microfauna diversity.
		The main objectives of this research are to enhance our understanding of the effects of invasive, non-native species on ecosystem structure and function and ascertain how the interaction of species diversity, litter properties, and fire influence semi-desert grasslands.
		In semi-grasslands of southeastern Arizona, researchers and managers have not determined if implementation of prescribed fires will increase diversity of native species because standing litter is decreased or if diversity of native species will decrease because of E. lehmanniana response to fire effects.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~elg/phd.html (642 words)

	Palaeos Paleozoic : Devonian : The Rhynie Chert
		The trigonotarbids probably preyed on other arthropods while the insects and mites ate spores, leaf-litter, and microorganisms or sucked plant sap, as the associated wounded plant stems suggest.
		The plant assemblage itself is interesting for the Early Devonian in that its members are not recognized or recorded elsewhere in Euramerica.
		Other Early Devonian assemblages contain plants with far greater amounts of thick-walled structural tissues, and are thus thought to have lived in places subjected to much drier periods.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Devonian/Rhynie_Chert.html (642 words)

	EG - Publication list
		Interactive effects of soil moisture, vegetation canopy, plant litter and seed addititon on plant diversity in a wetland communiy.
		Andersson, E. And Nilsson, C. Temporal variation in the drift of plant litter and propagules in a small boreal river.
		Effects of decreased atmospheric heavy metal deposition in South Sweden on terrestrial birds and small mammals in natural populations..
	www.emg.umu.se /publications/old/publications.htm (8165 words)

	ECOLOGY-2
		On the other hand, the phytophagous insects, mainly larvae of the monarch butterfly, cause some damage to the plant leaves and they may use the plant toxins for their own defensive mechanisms.
		The time taken by food to pass through the gut of the test isopod species decreased when they were starved prior to feeding and increased when the unfavourite Mangiferaleaf litter was replaced by the favourite Morus litter.
		Moreover, the seed predator, larvae of Calandra picea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) harvest about 47.14 % of the total seed production of the plant population, which markedly inhibits flowers reproductive success.
	www.egsz.org /BiologicalCurrentContent/Zoology/Comparative%20Physiology/ECOLOGY2.htm (6746 words)

	Trailing Arbutus
		The plant is best observed on steep south or west-facing slopes where soils are thin and leaf litter does not bury the plant.
		It was said that the plant occurred nowhere else in the state in such abundance and that the spring air was perfumed by its delicate odor.
		This small, prostrate plant rarely produces fruits, and it's seeds are dispersed by ants.
	www.indiana.edu /~preserve/arbutus.html (451 words)

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In the News (Fri 18 Dec 09)