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Topic: Plant sexuality

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Plant sexuality
		Later on Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) studied plant sexuality and called it the "revealed secret of nature" and for the first time it was understood that the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions (Charles Darwin's theories of natural selection utilized this work to promote his idea of evolution).
		Plants that are not flowering plants (mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns and green alga) also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction.
		Most often plants show uniform stratigees across the species or in populations in their sexual expression and specific terms are used to describe the sexual expression of the species or population.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Plant_sexuality (2151 words)

	botany - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Not all plants are beneficial to humans, weeds are a considerable problem in agriculture and botany provides some of the basic science in order to understand how to minimise their impact.
		Plants are convenient organisms in which fundamental life processes (like cell division and protein synthesis for example) can be studied, without the ethical dilemmas of studying animals or humans.
		Plants also provide us with many natural materials: cotton, wood, paper, linen, vegetable oils, some types of rope and rubber are just a few examples that we often take for granted.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/botany (1201 words)

	Sexuality : by Ray Sahelian, M.D., supplements herbs plants for sexuality
		The causes of psychological sexual dysfunction and poor sexuality are numerous, and it is difficult to list them all, but most often low libido is related to depression, performance anxiety, marital stress or relationship problems, life crisis, financial difficulties, religious repression, or some type of mental illness.
		Sexual dysfunction is common in men undergoing surgical treatment for prostate enlargement or cancer.
		Sexuality was particularly high for men and women in their 40s, but tapered down with increasing age.
	www.raysahelian.com /sexuality.html (2188 words)

	Psychology of... Plant sexuality
		Often plant species have a few large, very showy flower while others produce many small flower, often flowers are collected together into large inflorescences to maximize their visual effect, becoming more noticeable to passing by pollinators.
		Flowers are attraction strategies and sexual expressions are functional strategies used to produce the next generation of plants, with pollinators and plants having co-evolved, often to some extraordinary degrees, very often mutually benefiting both.
		Most often plants show uniform strategies across the species or in populations in their sexual expression and specific terms are used to describe the sexual expression of the species or population.
	www.psychologyof.com /psypsych/wiki/Plant_sexuality (1823 words)

	Natural Remedies: the power of medicinal herbs to allay the small daily pains
		It is the main plant to detoxicate liver and pancreas.
		Considering that it regulates throbbing, normalizes blood flush, fights hypertension, and calms the nervous and simpatico systems, this plant is a must to choose for treating insomnia tied to a cardio-vascular deregulation (palpitations, chest pain, unwell, etc.).
		Enclosed in this plant of the barbaric name, also known as "hell's claw" due to its small claws covering their fruits, it is hidden an anti-rheumatic medicament which has always been loved by Africans healers.
	www.virilplant.com /medicinal-plants.htm (1057 words)

	Lecture 29
		Grew, co-founder of plant anatomy with Malpighi was born in Coventry, England.
		His work on plant anatomy began in 1664 with the object of comparing plant and animal tissues and his essay read before the Royal Society of London in 1670 was published one year later.
		His "sexual system" of classification used the number of stamens and carpels (styles) as a method of grouping plants (an artificial system that is no longer used).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/history/lecture29/lec29.html (2012 words)

	Objectivist Sexuality
		"Sexuality" will refer to these three in combination, and the precise definition of sexuality will be: how a person relates to another of romantic or sexual interest.
		Women, especially young women, trying to behave like "men," trying to deny the metaphysical fact that they are women, are finding themselves emotionally incomplete, sexually unsatisfied, and unable to enter a matured relationship with a man. Feminists, toying with their gender-bending ideological schemes, have waged a slow war on all of society.
		Objectivist epistemology, ethics, politics, and aesthetics rest entirely upon the premise that "man is man"; Objectivist sexuality rests on the statement that “man is man and woman is woman”.
	www.amberpawlik.com /Sexuality.html (2983 words)

	Flower Essences and Sexuality: Putting Life Back in the Bedroom
		However, for many people, sexuality is also one of the most "wounded" areas of the psyche, turning this profound joy into one of the most tortured areas of life.
		The Pitcher Plant helps these people feel more at ease with their own drives, realizing they are a source of strength and vitality.
		Flower essences may not be the total answer for removing your sexual hang-ups or bringing a truce to the war between the sexes, but they are a wonderful aid for making the "sweet mystery of life" just a bit sweeter.
	www.essences.com /vibration/feb02/sexuality.html (1295 words)

	Re: sexing young plantlets
		Paul, My understanding about sexuality in plants is that it is NOT usually driven by the presence or absence of a particular chromosome as it is in mammals...
		Thus a "male" plant can be forced to be "female" and vice versa through some simple manipulations (maybe a spray, etc.) Of course many, many plants are hermaphroditic (bisexual) and posess functional male and female gametes.
		In Cannabis, for example, (a plant with a full range of possible sex expressions from male to bisexual to female) a flower bud with a hook-like bract for the first bud scale is likely showing male expression.
	plant-tc.coafes.umn.edu /listserv/1995/log9508/msg00100.html (467 words)

	Bryophyte Summary
		Bryophytes are small, herbaceous plants that grow closely packed together in mats or cushions on rocks or soil or as epiphytes on the trunks and leaves of forest trees.
		First, in all bryophytes the ecologically persistent, photosynthetic phase of the life cycle is the haploid, gametophyte generation rather than the diploid sporophyte; bryophyte sporophytes are very short-lived, are attached to and nutritionally dependent on their gametophytes, and consist of only an unbranched stalk, or seta, and a single, terminal sporangium.
		These plants are generally gametophyte-oriented; that is, the normal plant is the haploid gametophyte, with the only diploid structure being the sporangium in season.
	www.bookrags.com /Bryophyte (2121 words)

	Article Directory
		For example, the two subclasses of flowering plants may be distinguished by the number of floral organs in each whorl: dicotyledons typically having 4 or 5 organs (or a multiple of 4 or 5) in each whorl and monocotyledons having three or some multiple of three.
		Unisexual male and female flowers on the same plant may not appear at the same time, or pollen from the same plant may be incapable of fertilizing its ovules.
		For the higher plants, seeds are the next generation, and serve as the primary means by which individuals of a species are dispersed across the landscape.
	www.kokkada.com /ezineready.php?id=5784 (1242 words)

	Carl Linnaeus
		However, Linnaeus's plant taxonomy was based solely on the number and arrangement of the reproductive organs; a plant's class was determined by its stamens (male organs), and its order by its pistils (female organs).
		"Plants" without obvious sex organs were classified in the Class Cryptogamia, or "plants with a hidden marriage," which lumped together the algae, lichens, fungi, mosses and other bryophytes, and ferns.
		The sexual basis of Linnaeus's plant classification was controversial in its day; although easy to learn and use, it clearly did not give good results in many cases.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/linnaeus.html (2236 words)

	Plant sexuality - Definition, explanation
		That plants employ many different strategies to engage in sexual reproduction was used, from just a structural perspective, by Carolus Linnaeus (1735) to propose a system of classification of flowering plants, and later this subject received attention from Charles Darwin (1877).
		But sexuality and the significance of sexual reproductive strategies is no less important in all of the other plant groups.
		The complexity of the systems and devices used by plants to achieve sexual reproduction has resulted in botanists and evolutionary biologists proposing numerous terms to describe structures and strategies.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pl/plant_sexuality.php (873 words)

	PhotoWallpapers.org
		These modifications have significance in the evolution of flowering plants and are used extensively by botanists to establish relationships among plant species.
		However, in some species of plants the flowers are imperfect or unisexual: having only either male (stamens) or female (pistil) parts.
		The latter flower types, which have chemical barriers to their own pollen, are referred to as self-sterile or self-incompatible (see also: Plant sexuality).
	www.photowallpapers.org /view/63/Flower (607 words)

	Flowering plant information - Search.com
		In the other major group of seed plants, called gymnosperms, the ovule is not enclosed at pollination and the seeds are not in a true fruit, although woody or fleshy cones often enclose and cover the seeds during maturation.
		By the late Cretaceous, angiosperms appear to have become the predominant group of land plants, and many fossil plants recognizable as belonging to modern families (including beech, oak, maple, and magnolia) appeared.
		The reproducitve cells produced by flowers are of two kinds, microspores or pollen grains, are the "male" cells and are borne in the stamens (or microsporophylls), and the "female" cells called megaspores, in which the egg-cell is developed, contained in the ovule and enclosed in the carpel (or megasporophyll).
	www.search.com /reference/Flowering_plant (2271 words)

	Wildflower Names - Wild flower name origins at Wildflower Information.org
		Plant taxonomy today is the result of various advances made in plant classifications that began in ancient times.
		Of the three, his greatest interest was in botany where he concentrated on not only identifying various plant species but also on their natural history and distribution.
		Ray and Tournefort had basically divided plants into trees and herbs along the lines of Theophrastus and then sub-divided them into groups that bore petals and those that did not and further sub-divided them yet according to the shape of the corolla.
	www.wildflowerinformation.org /WildflowerNames.asp (1082 words)

	Bushmans Friend: New Zealand Native Plants & Nature Walks - Naming Native Plants - ...
		Pukatea is a buttressed tree in Rarotonga, Kiekie is a climbing plant, Ngaio and rata are trees, Ponga and wheki are tree ferns.
		Linnaeus recognised that it was their sexual parts that held the most merit in placing plants into similar groups or families.
		Linnaeus's plant taxonomy was based on the number and arrangement of the reproductive organs; a plant's class was determined by its stamens (male organs), and its order by its pistils (female organs).
	www.bushmansfriend.co.nz /naming-native-plants-xidc19910.html (1261 words)

	The Geography of Desire Pornotopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The late seventeenth century move away from the one-sex model, where female sexual parts were merely diminished male ones, to the ontological categories of ‘male’ and ‘female’ as opposite and incommensurable biological sexes emphasized genitalia as synecdochical signifiers.
		Concomitantly, new metaphors in the discovery of plant sexuality facilitated the new view of women’s reproductive system as opposite to men’s and further anchored women to reproductive nature.
		By naturalizing and partitioning the female sexual body to the extreme, Stretzer moves beyond a pastoral, free-and-natural sexuality to a more encompassing wish-fulfillment of an idealized dis-member-ing of sexual parts at a time when the conception of female sexuality and consequently the role of women as members of society was undergoing revision.
	www.specmind.com /vixen/geography_of_desire.htm (3028 words)

	ScienceDaily: Male Plant Species Eradicates Hermaphrodite Relatives
		During the last ice age, males and females of the plant were restricted to the eastern Mediterranean Basin, while the hermaphrodites' ancestors occurred in southern Spain and present-day Morocco.
		This is because the two types of plant have a different number of chromosomes: the males and females have 16, while the hermaphrodites have 48 chromosomes.
		The paper "Rapid displacement of a monoecious plant due to pollen swamping by a dioecious relative" by Richard J. Buggs and John R. Pannell will be published in Current Biology on 23 May 2006.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/05/060531082654.htm (923 words)

	It's time for you to grow marijuana
		When the plant was legal (it was legal until 1937), it was grown as a field crop and a feral crop.
		Plants need five hours a day minimum of strong, direct natural or artificial light out of a total of 18 hours light a day during the plant's initial growth phase.
		Trim your plant's top stems before plants are one month old; this increases diameter and yield per plant.
	www.cannabisculture.com /articles/4330.html (1737 words)

	Wildflower Names - Wild flower name origins at Wildflower Information.org
		Plant taxonomy today is the result of various advances made in plant classifications that began in ancient times.
		During medieval times, very little was added to the science of plant taxonomy since the ancients were largely considered to have possessed all such knowledge.
		Ray and Tournefort had basically divided plants into trees and herbs along the lines of Theophrastus and then sub-divided them into groups that bore petals and those that did not and further sub-divided them yet according to the shape of the corolla.
	wildflowerinformation.org /WildflowerNames.asp (1074 words)

	Flower at AllExperts
		For example, the two subclasses of flowering plants may be distinguished by the number of floral organs in each whorl: dicotyledons typically having 4 or 5 organs (or a multiple of 4 or 5) in each whorl and monocotyledons having three or some multiple of three.
		This symbiotic relationship, with a hypothetical wasp bearing pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could have eventually resulted in both the plant(s) and their partners developing a high degree of specialization.
		The flowers would have tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part).
	en.allexperts.com /e/f/fl/flower.htm (2475 words)

	Russell Laboratory Research Page
		We are interested in the control of sexual reproduction in angiosperms and, in particular, preferential fertilization and the control of sperm cell dimorphism.
		That so too few plants have been sampled for this tissue to be meaningfully compared for the diversity of genes that may be involved in angiosperm gamete biology and double fertilization.
		Lord E, Russell SD The mechanisms of pollination and fertilization in plants.
	www.plantgametes.org (1807 words)

	Metroactive Features \| Pollen and Allergies
		landscapers' love affair with planting male plants and trees, and he is quickly seething with resentment at the unfair and dangerous mistreatment doled out to females of the plant kingdom.
		Ogren says that when he realized the students' worst reactions came from the males of separate-sexed, or dioecious, plants and trees, he began to suspect that plant sexuality played a large, yet completely unexplored, role in allergies.
		Beaudoin admits that the city discourages the planting of fruit trees on the streets because people tend to slip and fall on their droppings.
	www.metroactive.com /papers/metro/10.05.00/pollen-0040.html (1839 words)

	May 2005 Newsletter-Georgia Botanical Society
		Plants don't know their own names and it's a good thing they don't care as most of them have had their names changed.
		Plant classification, for me, was based on economics and appearance and the plant's medicinal uses.
		The seminar on plant families that was recently sponsored by BotSoc and the Georgia Native Plant Society was helpful in understanding the directions plant classification is taking.
	www.gabotsoc.org /newsletter.htm (1058 words)

	Nichols, "The Loves of Plants and Animals: Romantic Science and the Pleasures of Nature", Romanticism and ...
		Darwin was roundly criticized, as had been Linnaeus before him, for this tendency to sexualize the life of plants.
		Yet Shelley goes beyond the mere ascription of sensation to the plant, suggesting a direct connection between this plant and certain sorts of human emotion (of course, his real subject in the poem is clearly a "sensitive" poet like himself).
		The affinity of plants for other plants, and the image of plants as analogous to forms of attraction throughout the material universe, reaches an apotheosis in lines from Shelley's botanical poem.
	www.rc.umd.edu /praxis/ecology/nichols/nichols.html (5196 words)

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