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Topic: Plantar flexion

	Foot Efx - Plantar Fasciitis
		Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of pain on the bottom of the heel.
		It is common in runners performing repetitive plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the toes.
		The plantar fascia is stretched and the arch flattens slightly to absorb the impact each time the heel impacts the ground.
	www.footefx.com /plantar.html (484 words)

	Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) -- The TPE Ankle-Foot Orthosis and The TPE Biomechanical-Foot Orthosis - Journal of ...
		The plantar flexion resistant straps hold the foot in a rigid neutral position during swing phase.
		Plantar flexion of the foot at heel-strike is present due to the elongation of the plastic around the ankle malleoli and proximally along the medial and lateral trimlines.
		When the semi-rigid polypropylene AFO is used, the degree of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot is moderated by the placement of the plastic trimlines about the apices of the malleoli.
	www.oandp.org /jpo/library/1990_02_164.asp (2585 words)

	Plantar Flexor Muscles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		They attach the femur (upper leg bone), tibia, and fibula (lower leg bones) and to various bones in the foot and are responsible for a variety of movements - moving the foot upward (dorsiflexion) or downward (plantar flexion), and turning the sole of the foot inward (inversion) or outward (eversion).
		It acts with the gastrocnemius to cause plantar flexion of the foot.
		It assists in plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the four small toes, and inversion of the foot.
	www.innerbody.com /text/musc59.html (277 words)

	U of MI/Muscles in Action
		The actions of the ankle are plantar flexion and dorsiflexion; those of the foot are version and inversion.
		The analogous action to wrist flexion is one that would tip the sole of the foot downward, increasing the angle between foot and leg.
		Since the term, plantar flexion, has been used for the opposite action, this is now referred to as dorsiflexion.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/Hypermuscle/Hyper.html (1130 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Plantar Fasciitis
		Plantar fasciitis is seen primarily in athletes and military personnel as a complication of overuse, though it has been reported in sedentary patients as well.
		The plantar fascia is a dense, fibrous membrane that spans the entire length of the foot, originating at the tubercle of the calcaneus and attaching at the proximal phalanges.
		Plantar fasciitis is associated with several arthritides, diabetes, and Paget's disease, but in 85% of cases the cause is unknown.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2004/1104/glazer.htm (2923 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Plantar Fasciitis
		Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common overuse injuries, affecting approximately 10% of runners, as well as numerous athletes in basketball, tennis, soccer, gymnastics, and other sports.
		Plantar fasciae are fibrous aponeuroses that provide important support for the longitudinal arches of the feet (figure 1).
		Athletes with plantar fasciitis experience severe foot pain that is aggravated by weight bearing with the first steps of the morning, then gradually subsides with activity.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2002/07_02/fields.htm (2704 words)

	Plantar Fascitis: Pearls for Treating the Athlete
		It is well-recognized that subcalcaneal pain syndrome, commonly attributed to plantar fascitis, is a disease entity that is increasing in its incidence, owing partly to the fact that it has a predilection for people between the age of 40 and 60, the largest age segment in our population.
		The central band of the plantar fascia is primarily affected where a hypercellular, inflammatory response occurs within the fibers of the fascia, leading to degenerative changes.
		The use of plantar fascia night splints has been well proven to be a treatment adjunct for plantar fascitis by placing the heel cord and the plantar fascia on a sustained static stretch during sleeping hours while preventing the normal contractures that occur in the relaxed foot position during sleep.
	www.richiebrace.com /articles/article3.htm (1351 words)

	Dissector Answers - Leg & Foot
		The elasticity of the latter and its support of the head of the talus have led to it being called the "spring ligament." The plantar aponeurosis may be likened to a "tie rod" for the longitudinal arch, firmly connecting its ends and preventing their spread.
		The lateral plantar artery, off of the posterior tibial artery, crosses the sole of the foot diagonally from the medial to the lateral side.
		It perforates the plantar interosseous fascia and passes medially across the proximal ends of the second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones and the corresponding interosseous muscles.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy/html/musculoskeletal_system/leg_ans.html (3195 words)

	HEALWELLinfo.COM - HEALWELL® CUB™ PLANTAR FASCIITIS NIGHT SPLINT
		Plantar Fasciitis is caused by repetitive strain and is the most common cause of localized heel pain.
		It is an inflammation of the plantar fascia and is a clinical diagnosis based on a history and examination completed by a physician.
		The HealWell® Cub Plantar Fasciitis Resting Comfort Slipper is designed to comfortably position the foot in a controlled amount of dorsiflexion to provide a gentle stretch to the plantar fascia and Achilles Tendon while relaxed, at rest or during sleep.
	www.healwellinfo.com /cubnightsplint.asp (458 words)

	Plantar Fasciitis
		While patience, rest and tolerance of pain are virtues recommended to the patient presenting with plantar fascitis, different treatment strategies must be employed when dealing with the athlete.This article will focus on the differences in treating plantar fascitis in athletes vs. the general, sedentary population.
		Other authors have attributed "painful heel syndrome" to an entrapment of either the medial calcaneal nerve or the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve.However, the mechanism of entrapment proposed by these authors is still related to overload of the soft tissue and fascial structures on the plantar and medial aspect of the calcaneus.
		The cornerstone of plantar fascitis treatment for the athlete is biomechanical.Podiatric practitioners possess the greatest skill set and knowledge available in medicine today to adequately address the pathomechanics of plantar fascia overload.The use of properly casted and designed custom foot orthoses should be the cornerstone of non-surgical treatment of subcalcaneal pain in the athlete.
	www.aapsm.org /plantar_fasciitis.html (783 words)

	Recherche d'articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The early clinical indication to look for is pain during forced passive plantar flexion, coupled with calcaneal valgus and varus movements, thus indicating pincers’ syndrome.
		- Fracture of the talar postero-external tuberculum (TPET) or fracture of the os trigonum resulting from a forced plantar flexion movement when jumping, or during dorsiflexion with the foot in slight eversion and external rotation during a jump landing, or during a fall on to the heel with the foot in slight plantar flexion.
		Plantar flexion is once again at fault, but this time, in association with twisting foot movements as for "pirouettes".
	www.nureyev-medical.org /danse_recherche2.php?selection=83 (1265 words)

	Conditioning: Ways to improve the dorsiflexion and plantar flexion action of the foot. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is a well known fact that the dorsiflexion and plantar flexion action of the foot, is a characteristic of sprinters.
		To improve on the working capacity of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, soleus and gastrocnemius that does most of this work they have to be strengthened and have a greater capacity to apply force faster.
		The plantar flexion action is not just a downward movement of the foot; it has to be done in such a manner that it applies maximum force against the ground in the shortest possible time.
	www.brianmac.demon.co.uk /articles/scni32a5.htm (546 words)

	Effects of Three Types of Ankle-Foot Orthoses on the Gait and Bicycling of a Patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease - ...
		During the midstance phase of gait, the plantar flexors normally provide resistance to forward progression of the tibia, whereas the foot remains planted on the ground, and during the propulsion phase the plantar flexors normally act to bring about heelrise and plantar flexion.
		Knee flexion ranges of motion were similar for all AFO conditions, with the solid ankle AFO and prefabricated AFO conditions resulting in slightly less knee motion (Table 2).
		Because of the weakness of the plantar flexors, the patient walked with excessive dorsiflexion and knee flexion during stance phase compared with normal gait, and this was not affected substantially by use of any of the AFOs.
	www.oandp.org /jpo/library/2004_01_025.asp (3594 words)

	Plantar flexion injuries of the ankle. An experimental study. ³ - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		(306):97-102, 1994 Sep. A biomechanical study was designed to test the hypothesis that isolated plantar flexion of the ankle can produce avulsion fractures of the medial and lateral malleoli without fracture of the posterior articular surface of the tibia.
		Cadaver specimens were subjected to a standard plantar flexion force in the Burstein torsion testing machine.
		This pattern, previously identified with supination-external rotation injuries, was also produced by isolated plantar flexion, which may be attributed to the anatomical attachments of the deltoid ligament on the medial malleolus, as well as the position of the foot and direction of the injuring force.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/plantar_flexion_injuries_of_the_ankle_an_experimental_study_ (185 words)

	Metatarsophalangeal & Interphalangeal Goniometry
		Stabilize metatarsal to prevent plantar flexion of ankle and inversion or eversion of foot.
		Stabilize metatarsal and proximal phalanx to prevent dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of ankle and inversion or eversion of foot.
		Stabilize metatarsal, proximal, and middle phalanx to prevent dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of ankle and inversion or eversion of foot.
	at.uwa.edu /gon/mtpip.htm (234 words)

	Tibialis Posterior Tendon Dysfunction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The disabling condition is a direct result of and the final stage of a loss of function of the posterior tibial tendon.
		The condition leads to increased calcaneal valgus, talar plantar flexion and talonavicular subluxation.
		The foot is placed in a plantar flexed and inverted position to prevent stress and traction of the tendon.
	www.podiatry.curtin.edu.au /encyclopedia/pt (3277 words)

	Architectural and functional features of human triceps surae muscles during contraction -- Kawakami et al. 85 (2): 398 ...
		whereas the soleus is a single-joint plantar flexor.
		The plantar flexion torque decreased almost linearly as the ankle was plantar flexed (Fig.
		As the ankle was plantar flexed, changes in fascicle lengths became smaller in MG and LG both in passive and active conditions.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/85/2/398 (4378 words)

	Effects of AFO on ankle and knee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The plantar flexors must be active during midstance and terminal stance to counter the dorsiflexor moment that is produced by the ground reaction force.
		Therefore, this plantar flexed alignment increases the time during which the ground reaction force lies anterior to the knee joint axis, and produces knee extension.
		The diagram illustrates an AFO that is aligned in five degrees of plantar flexion.
	moon.ouhsc.edu /dthompso/namics/leorthot.htm (465 words)

	Plantar Fasciitis - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		The relationship of pes planus and calcaneal spur to plantar heel pain.
		Effective treatment of chronic plantar fascitis with dorsiflexion night splints: a crossover prospective randomized outcome study.
		The effects of duration and frequency of Achilles tendon stretching on dorsiflexion and outcome in painful heel syndrome: a randomized, blinded, control study.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/plantar_fasciitis (1286 words)

	PLANTAR FASCIITIS - Training With Dr. Romanov - Weekly Advice
		The plantar surface of the foot sole is very vulnerable for different kinds of impacts during support time in running.
		In some cases, it is resisting to the body weight going downward to the ground during support, when plantar muscles and tendons perform as a part of the chain of resistance.
		The body weight goes to the most tense muscles and not to the moving part of the body, which is the ankle and its muscles and tendons.
	www.posetech.com /training/archives/000127.html (721 words)

	BILATERAL AND UNILATERAL STRENGTH OF LOWER EXTREMITY MUSCLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The knee extensors were hypothesized to be the strongest muscle group followed by the knee flexors, plantar flexors, and dorsiflexors, respectively.
		The ankle was positioned at 0° plantar flexion (i.e., the foot was perpendicular to the shank) for the plantar flexion test and at 20° plantar flexion for the dorsiflexion test.
		The large amount of variability associated with the knee extensor, knee flexor, and plantar flexor measurements may be indicative of some subjects becoming fatigued during the testing session.
	asb-biomech.org /onlineabs/NACOB98/89/index.html (799 words)

	Balance suffers for high-heeled fashion
		One of the first noticeable differences in gait kinematics is the excessive plantar flexion of the ankle associated with wearing high-heeled shoes.
		This plantar flexion varies according to the height of the heel relative to the forefoot, which is essentially flat on the ground.
		Increased plantar flexion of the ankle results in increased activation of the gastrocnemius.
	www.biomech.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=47902586 (2018 words)

	HEALWELLinfo.COM - HEALWELL® AFO NIGHT WRAP
		A rigid stay on the plantar surface functions as a lever to maintain foot position.
		During sleep there is a normal tendency to plantar flex, causing the plantar fascia and Achilles tendon to contract from their normal active length.
		This simple device is designed to control nighttime contracture to treat and relieve discomfort in mild or new cases of these conditions at their onset to help prevent further injury.
	www.healwellinfo.com /afonightwrap.asp (359 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Ankle Sprains
		Because the bifurcate ligament is taut with plantar flexion and inversion, injury to it usually occurs with violent dorsiflexion, forceful plantar flexion, or direct trauma.
		Palpation of the lateral talus with the foot in plantar flexion and inversion elicits pain.
		Violent plantar flexion and inversion of foot produce medial dislocation; dorsiflexion and eversion lead to lateral dislocation; foot is deformed in both types
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/1998/10Oct/mckeag.htm (3224 words)

	Ankle Controls - PHTH 760
		If the two springs are used, the rate, velocity, and force of dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of the ankle joints can be varied by the tension in the two springs which are controlled by the depth of insertion or the two set screws into the two channels.
		A limit on plantar flexion which is called a plantar flexion stop is a common ankle modification.
		It is a substitute for weak plantar flexors.
	classes.kumc.edu /sah/phth760/ankle_control.htm (354 words)

	Changes in Reciprocal Inhibition Across the Ankle Joint With Changes in External Load and Pedaling Rate During ...
		To illustrate the inhibition, the abscissa of the plot is limited to the part where the inhibition is observed, from 35 to 65 ms after PN stimulation.
		plantar flexion and compared with the inhibition during bicycling.
		plantar flexion with the ankle plantar-flexed to approximately
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/5/3168 (6604 words)

	BPHC - Foot Deformities - PT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Hyperextension of the MTP joint and flexion of the proximal and distal IP joints.
		Potential Problems: Ulceration at the metatarsal heads and medial hallux, plantar fascitis, Hallux abductovalgus, medial knee pain secondary to excessive pronation and increased tibial rotation, piriformus tendonitis secondary to increased hip rotation and calcaneal spurring secondary to traction force of the plantar fascia.
		Treatment: Stretching of the gastroc-soleus complex; semi-soft accommodative insert with a slight medial wedge under the forefoot to decrease the plantar flexion that occurs at the mid-tarsal joint.
	bphc.hrsa.gov /nhdp/Foot_Deformities_PT.htm (1408 words)

	Lower Leg Notes
		Therefore, attempting to work this muscle through plantar flexion, while seated would be rather futile.
		The soleus "is best worked when your knees are bent, or there is flexion at the knee joint." "Electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging show little or no involvement in the gastrocs while seated, and conversely so heavy involvement in the soleus."...
		Plantar flexion of the last four toes (curling towards heel)
	www.geocities.com /rcfriend/LowerLeg.htm (1430 words)

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