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Topic: Plantocracy

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Baptist War

Maroon (slavery)

Free people of color

Population history of American indigenous peoples

History of Jamaica

Samuel Sharpe

Mulatto

Dutch colonization of the Americas

British colonization of the Americas

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Alexander Bustamante

	Baptist War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The missionary-educated rebellion leaders were attuned to the abolitionist movement in London, and their intention (which failed) was for the uprising to take the form of a peaceful general strike.
		The rebellion was suppressed with relative ease by forces belonging to the Jamaican plantocracy.
		The brutality of the plantocracy during the revolt is thought to have accelerated the process of emancipation, with initial measures beginning in 1833, followed by partial emancipation (outright for children six or under, six years apprenticeship for the rest) in 1834, and then unconditional emancipation of chattel slavery in 1838.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baptist_War (294 words)

	Plantocracy - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A plantocracy is a ruling class, political order or government comprised of (or dominated by) plantation owners.
		A number of early European colonies in the New World were largely plantocracies, usually consisting of a small European settler population relying on a large non-European chattel slave population (as well as indentured slaves, both European and non-European), and later, sharecroppers for labour.
		These plantocracies proved to be a decisive force in the antiabolitionist movement.
	www.iridis.com /Plantocracy (194 words)

	Barbados -- Africana
		Since most of them were sugar and tobacco planters, they became known as the white plantocracy - a planter elite that controlled the economic, legislative, and political affairs of the island.
		During the eighteenth century the Barbadian plantocracy solidified its power, and in the process perpetuated the racial and class-based distinctions in Barbados.
		Members of the plantocracy firmly controlled the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council.
	www.africanaencyclopedia.com /barbados/barbados3.html (1883 words)

	The Culture of Resistance in the Post Emancipation Period in British Guiana
		After the abolition of slavery, and with the ex-slaves continuing their resistance struggles to acquire complete freedom, the plantocracy was forced to reconsider a number of other forms of labour extraction, such as wage labour and the indenture system.
		The African plantation workers in Demerara and on the Essequibo coast successfully resisted attempts in the early months of 1842 by the plantocracy to impose a number of harsh, arbitrarily derived "Rules and Regulation" which included a reduction of their wages.
		The plantocracy determined that it was in dire need of an alternative labour force to force the costs of production down through the payment of reduced wages.
	www.landofsixpeoples.com /news402/ns1081637.htm (1313 words)

	Children of Guinea: Voodoo, The 1793 Haitian Revolution and After
		Haiti’s plantocracy were amongst the wealthiest people on the planet at that time—equivalent to today’s oil tycoons—and one of the most saught-after appointments at the French court was governor of San Domingue, much as viceroy of India was later amongst the British.
		The plantocracy, which had previously executed mulattos petitioning for an end to discimination against them, then adopted them as fellow estate-holders and their natural allies in order to drive the Patriots into the sea.
		The old plantocracy began returning under the slogan “no slavery, no colony”; and if that did not convince the people their liberty was threatened, escapees fleeing the Cockarde slave ship in Le Cap harbour come July 1802 certainly did.
	www.greenanarchist.org /books/guinea.html (15989 words)

	Background to 1891 constitutional reforms in Colonial British Guiana
		The Governor, on the other hand, was adamant that the plantocracy should assume the responsibility of road maintenance in estate areas.
		On this matter he complained "...it is not surprising that this proposed appropriation...should be opposed by a Legislative body mainly composed of Sugar Planters" and he warned of the changing circumstances of the colony with a growing public opinion which could not be ignored by a Conservative Court.
		On the other hand the officials were presumptuous to demand a withdrawal mainly because the negligence and inefficiency of the plantocracy were uncovered.
	www.landofsixpeoples.com /news022/ns212057.htm (1719 words)

	OAS Children's Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was a social reformer bent on achieving human rights for Barbadians, despite resistance by the exploitative plantocracy and merchant ruling classes.
		As his vehicle for persuading the elitist power structure to accept the poor as humans, Adams, a highly respected lawyer, used his election to the House of Assembly as Member for St. Joseph in 1934 at the age of 36.
		Adams, who dethroned the plantocracy in Barbados, consistently took the case of the masses against the ruling class.
	www.oas.org /children/heroes/Barba.Heroes/adams.htm (1301 words)

	Travel in Georgetown - Guyana - Culture - WorldTravelGate.net®-
		This was one of many pivotal events which led to a relationship that eventually forced the Europeans to free the slaves in 1834.
		The plantocracy who had control of the irrigation and drainage systems, flooded the lands of the ex-slaves, destroying their farms and livestock.
		The plantocracy responded by importing labourers from Maderia, China and India.
	www.americatravelling.net /guyana/georgetown/georgetown_culture.htm (1088 words)

	Jamaica and Religion (Jamaica)
		By the 1820's white Baptist missionaries, troublesome dissenters in the eyes of the plantocracy had begun to arrive.
		Never before had the enslaved people held a book in their hands and certainly not the Bible, for it was not regarded with favour on the Jamaican sugar-and-slave plantations.
		Church doors were closed to them, for in the eyes of the plantocracy, God was white and there was a colour line.
	www.jamaicans.com /culture/intro/religion.shtml (1555 words)

	The History of Jamaica
		Even though several revolts against the plantocracy did occur, due to the mess of different cultures, none were organized enough to completely overthrow the elites.
		The plantocracy fiercely resisted the abolishment of slavery.
		In fact, the governor of Jamaica at the time in trying to remain in line with the British Parliament dissolved the local parliament which was pro-slavery.
	www.rastapasta.net /jamhistory.html (866 words)

	Nicole Phillip: Producers, Reproducers, and Rebels: Grenadian Slave Women 1783-1833
		Putting tradesmen and drivers out of the question and speaking only of able healthy young field slaves, the average value of a creole man of that description may be stated at present in Grenada at sixty pounds sterling and that of a creole woman at fifty pounds sterling.
		In spite of the measures taken by the plantocracy in Grenada, as in most of the colonies there was a natural decrease rather than increase.
		The guardian themselves were members of the plantocracy and the upper class and thus not objective.
	www.uwichill.edu.bb /bnccde/grenada/conference/papers/phillip.html (8456 words)

	The Nation \| Book Review \| Ira Berlin
		During the past three decades historians have unraveled much of the history of what Eugene Genovese once called "the world the slaveholders made." Of late, historians have focused on the subalterns of the plantation world: slaves, free people of color, white nonslaveholders and even plantation mistresses.
		Perhaps spurred by the era of Republican dominance and a reassertive ruling class, historians have given new attention to the plantocracy.
		One famously wrote that "all men are created equal." Rejecting the idea that slavery was the great leveler, others have seen planters as hidebound aristocrats, and their commitment to chattel bondage as a prop for traditional hierarchies.
	www.thenation.com /doc.mhtml?i=20041129&s=berlin (890 words)

	Work Ethic In St. Lucia and The Plantocracy Legacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lucians, the owners run a plantation as well - after all, they are not exempt of the effects of slavery - they may think that it is the only way to run a business.
		The Plantocracy legacy as I like to call it, is highly pervasive.
		Such as I see it, is an issue of national importance in the context of national survival.
	mingus.smu.ca /academic/take5_column/wrkethic1.htm (1229 words)

	Guyana the Shortage of Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Political, economic, and social life in the 1800s was dominated by a European planter class.
		Although the smallest group in terms of numbers, members of the plantocracy had links to British commercial interests in London and often enjoyed close ties to the governor, who was appointed by the monarch.
		The plantocracy also controlled exports and the working conditions of the majority of the population.
	www.country-studies.com /guyana/the-shortage-of-labor.html (480 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -CHESAPEAKE COLONIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In both Virginia and Maryland, leadership in the eighteenth century came from the planters and their associates—merchants and lawyers—though the roles often overlapped.
		The plantocracy dominated both houses of the legislatures, the local governments, the colonial militias, and the church vestries.
		The power of the plantocracy took on new meaning in the 1760s and 1770s when the struggle with the mother country highlighted a remarkable cadre of articulate and energetic leaders whose national prominence lasted far beyond the revolutionary era.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_015900_chesapeakeco.htm (1131 words)

	Cricket
		The African population prior to slavery not only performed the role of wealth-makers for the white, land-owning plantocracy, but also provided a metaphorical flness onto which the plantocracy could project their whiteness.
		The resulting juxtaposition went a long way in alleviating the anxiety of the white land-owners who were constantly reminded of their location at the farthest reaches of the English empire, of civilization.
		Despite the actions of the plantocracy, by the end of the nineteenth-century, a mercantile class had begun to dominate West Indian economic and cultural institutions.
	www.english.emory.edu /Bahri/Cricket.html (2249 words)

	28. RELIGION OF THE SLAVES
		The general view held by the Dutch planters, and the English planters after them, was that the African slaves did not hold to a system of beliefs that could be described as a religion.
		At best - so the members of the plantocracy and the church that served them felt - their beliefs amounted to nothing more than heathenish superstition.
		The policy of the plantocracy of separating African tribesmen from one another (as far as this was practicable) also affected the development of African religion in Guyana, since that religion traditionally had a strong link with the tribe.
	www.guyana.org /features/guyanastory/chapter28.html (704 words)

	Uhhp.com :: Haitian History: Notes on Jean Kina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jean Kina's troops "...conspicuously taking the greatest risks." He had long been a vital part of the southern plantocracy.
		Oddly and ironically, Colonel Jean Kina led a revolt against the plantocracy in Dec. 1800 in Korngold : p.
		Kina was to meet Toussaint's sons at Dover in an abduction plot.
	haiti.uhhp.com /history/revolution/jean_kina.html (123 words)

	Colin Moore: Emancipation
		During slavery this struggle took the form of sabotage, sporadic acts of violence, industrial strikes and slave revolts against the plantocracy.
		Indeed, the modern political history of Guyana can be described as a bitter territorial battle between the unions for representation of the sugar workers, one Union representing the interest of the plantocracy, and the other the interest of the sugar proletariat.
		The struggle between Labor and Capital has been a long, bitter and protracted struggle, but it was a struggle that reflects the contradiction between Labor and Capital, that is inherent in the plantation economy.
	www.guyanajournal.com /Eman_CM.html (2442 words)

	Guyana - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The twentieth century saw a shift in political power from the old plantocracy to a new nonwhite middle class, a rising self- consciousness among the various ethnic groups, and a slow evolution toward independence.
		Formal ties to Britain eventually were broken, but, like their anglophone Caribbean neighbors, Guyana and Belize today still strongly bear the mark of their colonial heritage.
		The twentieth century saw a rising consciousness among the country's ethnic groups and a struggle for political power between the new, disenfranchised, nonwhite middle class and the old plantocracy.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-5359.html (4074 words)

	trinicenter.com - Afrikan apprenticeship & East-Indian indenture
		For the truth was that the plantocracy, after almost two centuries of brutal domination based on free slave labour, was not equipped in a commercial sense, to manage the sugar industry or any business service for that matter, in a free society."
		With the legal abolishment of slavery in 1838, labourers brought into the British Caribbean were given the status of indentured immigrants to labour under contract for a fixed period of time.
		The plantocracy hoped that at the end of the indentured period, the immigrants would settle in their respective colonies to which they were indentured.
	www.trinicenter.com /kwame/2001/oct (2744 words)

	Comments on: The Industrial Revolution, a failure in planning? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Your comparisons with the USA are misleading: much of the economic growth of the USA in the 19th century was financed by the British, with their technology.
		The plantocracy of the 13 colonies was no less aristocratic than the farming barons of the UK.
		It can also be argued that, like all wars, the Napoleonic Wars had a highly stimulatory effect on the British economy.
	badanalysis.com /catallaxy/wp-commentsrss2.php?p=532 (892 words)

	110thPagehtml
		His direct involvement gave him the experience which came in handy in the UWPRU and his Federated Industrial and Agricultural Workers Union (FAWU).
		His union activities were concentrated mainly on winning benefits from the plantocracy and in particular, from the so-called sugar barons at Mt. Bentick.
		There is no doubt that Ebenezer Theodore Joshua was a fighter, a fighter against colonialism, against the anti-working class practices of the plantocracy; fighter for the rights of workers and for the working improvements in the working and living conditions of people of the poor and down trodden.
	tonyoldies.homestead.com /110thPagehtml.html (1079 words)

	Lennox Honychurch - Chatoyer's Artist: Agostino Brunias and the depiction of St Vincent
		His art was escapist as it was romantic, it distorted the harsh realities of slavery in St Vincent and the Lesser Antilles so as to satisfy his absentee planter clientele and yet in its detail it reveals aspects of Caribbean heritage that are impossible to glean from the texts of documentary archives.
		The relationship changed as they saw the plantocracy's greed for more land transgress any earlier assurances they may have been given as to the security of their own farming and hunting territory.
		It is a subject well covered in the literature of the period elsewhere and it needs to be taken into account as a background to this section of this paper.
	www.uwichill.edu.bb /bnccde/svg/conference/papers/honychurch.html (7173 words)

	Convicts in the Indian Ocean : Transportation from South Asia to Mauritius, 1815-53 - Clare Anderson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This book explores the context in which Indian convicts were transported to the island and put to work building the infrastructure necessary to fuel the expansion of the sugar industry.
		When the British took control of the island of Mauritius after the abolition of the slave trade, they were faced with a labor-hungry and potentially hostile Franco-Mauritian plantocracy.
		Anderson (economic and social history, University of Leicester) explores the context in which Indian convicts were transported to the island and put to work on sugar plantations.
	www.bookfinder.us /review1/0312227892.html (479 words)

	Describe and assess the main steps taken to counter the harm
		New technology was lacking in these colonies before 1846 but the Sugar Act made it even more crucial to the British plantocracy to improve their methods.
		Another reason for the decline in thaw was the emancipation of slaves in 1838.
		Another challenge that the plantocracy in declining British colonies faced was the development of beet sugar in the 1870’s.
	www.essaysword.com /viewpaper/20384.html (294 words)

	H-Net Review: Kirwin Shaffer on The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica and Barbados, 1823-1843
		Rather, in contrast to the earlier hysterical appeals of the planters and the Interest that abolition would destroy the colonies, abolition continued to attract metropolitan capital investment, thanks largely to the compensation awards paying off some debt and generating a currency flow in the islands.
		Plantation attorneys took advantage of their knowledge of properties and the socioeconomic conditions to enter the plantocracy, accounting for 28 per cent of sugar estate sales (pp.
		In Barbados this resulted in new sectors of the white population entering the plantocracy.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=27448850090064 (1741 words)

	JWSR v6n1-St-Hilaire-Global Incorporation and Cultural Survival
		By the 1720s, the Maroons’ numbers and organizational capacity had grown to such strength that the Jamaican plantocracy and colonial authorities lived in a state of continual anxiety and fear (Sherlock and Bennett 1998).
		Unable to conquer the Maroons and under increased threat of Maroon attack, colonial authorities were forced to sign peace treaties; first with Cudjoe, leader of the Cockpit Country Maroons, in 1739, and then with Quao, chief of the Blue Mountain Maroons, in 1740.
		In contrast with the rise of an influential industrial capitalist class in the Netherlands, Suriname’s plantocracy of the seventeenth and eighteenth century remained a powerful influence in local society until around 1910.
	jwsr.ucr.edu /archive/vol6/number1/sthilaire/index.shtml (10685 words)

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