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Topic: Plasmodesmata

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	Blackwell Plant Sciences - Book Spotlight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Plasmodesmata are unique to plants and form an intercellular continuum for the transport of solutes, signals and ribonucleoprotein complexes.
		It is now clear that plasmodesmata formation and regulation are central to a diverse range of plant functions that include developmental programming, host-pathogen interactions and systemic RNA signaling.
		It covers the structure and evolution of plasmodesmata, their role in plant development and solute transport, and their central function in systemic signaling via the phloem.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /plantsci/books/spotlight.asp (297 words)

	Untitled
		Plasmodesmata are lined by plasma membrane and contain a modified tube of ER that is continuous between adjacent cells.
		Plasmodesmata are formed between cells during cell division, but may also be formed later in non-dividing cells.
		Plasmodesmata are involved in the transport of small molecules between cells, although larger molecules and even virus particles can move through plasmodesmata (see Chapt 4, pp.
	www.botany.uga.edu /~darley/btny1210/Sept4Fri.htm (1342 words)

	Plasmodesmata-plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Plasmodesmata are cylinder type things that act like bridges connecting one cell wall to another.
		Plasmodesmata are responsible for the transportation of molecules from one cell wall to another cell wall, and the signaling and communication between cells.
		Plasmodesmata is important in cell communication and the transportation of molecules.
	sun.menloschool.org /~cweaver/cells/c/plasmodesmata (232 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Plasmodesmata, a vital component to cellular structure, serves as a link between adjacent cells.
		Plasmodesmata is located in the cell walls, surrounded by plasma membrane.
		The plasmodesmata forms a bridge between cytoplasm of one cell with cytoplasma of another.
	sun.menloschool.org /~tbuxton/cells/f/plants/plasmodesmata (152 words)

	Developmental Regulation of Intercellular Protein Trafficking through Plasmodesmata in Tobacco Leaf Epidermis -- Itaya ...
		Plasmodesmata are intercellular connections that allow direct cell-to-cell communication in plants.
		Total numbers of plasmodesmata examined for the different leaf regions were 315 for the base of first leaf, 474 for the tip of first leaf, 547 for the base of second leaf, 559 for the tip of second leaf, 380 for the base of third leaf, and 480 for the tip of third leaf.
		The fusion protein was not targeted to complex secondary plasmodesmata, as determined by the lack of green fluorescent dots in the cell walls.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/118/2/373 (7438 words)

	Plasmodesmata
		Plasmodesmata are narrow channels that act as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate communication and transport of materials between plant cells.
		Plasmodesmata tend to close when there is a significant pressure differential between adjacent cells, again speaking to a role of plasmodesmata in a wound response upon a loss of turgor pressure.
		Plasmodesmata serve as directors of plant growth and development and may help to determine a program of cell differentiation, such as sealing off root and stem epidermal cells from the rest of the plant.
	biology.kenyon.edu /edwards/project/greg/pd.htm (2586 words)

	Plant Cell Diagram: illustration of plasmodesmata. Picture by Russell Kightley Media
		Plant Cell Picture: Plasmodesmata; this image is 500 pixels across the original is 4,000 pixels across.
		Plasmodesmata are the connecting channels that link plant cells together.
		The cytoplasm of all cells in a plant is connected via the plasmodesmata.
	www.rkm.com.au /CELL/Plant/plasmodesmata.html (168 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: DXM 1200 Digital Eclipse Image Gallery - Plasmodesmata
		Plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma) are small tubes that connect plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells.
		Similar to the gap junction found in animal cells, the plasmodesmata penetrate both the primary and secondary cell walls, allowing certain molecules to pass directly from one cell to another.
		Its mechanism isn't entirely understood yet, but the plasmodesma is thought to regulate the passage of small molecules such as salts, sugars, and amino acids by constricting or dilating the openings at each end of the channel.
	www.microscopyu.com /galleries/dxm1200/plasmodesmatasmall.html (166 words)

	Figure 11-25 Plasmodesmata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Most plasmodesmata have a narrow cylindrical desmotubule at the center that is derived from the ER and appears to be continuous with the ER of both cells.
		Between the desmotubule and the plasma membrane that lines the plasmodesma is a narrow ring of cytoplasm called the annulus.
		(b) A diagrammatic view of a cell wall with numerous plasmodesmata, illustrating the continuity of the ER and cytoplasm between adjacent cells.
	www.mun.ca /biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/CellBiol11/CB11_25.html (138 words)

	Ding Lab Publications
		Plasmodesmata: Structure, Function, Role in Cell Communication (A. Van Bel and P. Van Kesteren, eds).
		Ding, B., Kwon, M.-O., and Warnberg, L. Evidence that actin filaments are involved in controlling the permeability of plasmodesmata in tobacco mesophyll.
		Franceschi, V.R., Ding, B., and Lucas, W.J. Mechanism of plasmodesmata formation in characean algae in relation to evolution of intercellular communication in higher plants.
	www.biosci.ohio-state.edu /~bdinglab/Dinglab/Ding_Lab_Publications.html (1009 words)

	Chapter 10
		Plasmodesmata, the connectors between plant cells described in Chapter 2, are hard to examine under an electron microscope, due to difficulties in specimen preparation (primarily because it is difficult to cleave a plasmodesmata cleanly; usually the cleavage plane goes over or under the cylindrical structure).
		Plasmodesmata, the connecting passages between cells in higher plants, were introduced in Chapter 2.
		The exact structure of plasmodesmata is not known for certain, although a number of similar models exist.
	pegacat.com /cbetts/phd/pd/pd.html (7453 words)

	Sink Plasmodesmata as Gateways for Phloem Unloading. Myosin VIII and Calreticulin as Molecular Determinants of Sink ...
		C and D, In cells of the inner cortex, accumulation of myosin VIII at plasmodesmata grouped into pit fields is much more prominent in the distal part of the transition zone (C) and in the distal part of the elongation region where the signal corresponds to plasmodesmata clustered into pit fields (D).
		Olesen P (1980) The neck constriction in plasmodesmata: evidence for a peripheral sphincter-like structure revealed by fixation with tannic acid.
		Yahalom A, Lando R, Katz A, Epel BL (1998) A calcium-dependent protein kinase is associated with maize mesocotyl plasmodesmata.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/126/1/39 (4010 words)

	Set 14 Communication Channels Between Cells and Their Origin in Higher Plants
		The magnification is too low to show plasmodesmata but we know their location in this kind of tissue: in the parts of the cell walls that remained united between contiguous cells during development of intercellular spaces.
		In the latter, the groups of plasmodesmata constitute primary pit fields.
		The profusion of plasmodesmata, as here illustrated, is typical of cells in regions of active intercellular transport of materials.
	images.botany.org /set-14 (1225 words)

	Plasmodesmata -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Plasmodesmata (Singular, plasmodesma) are small cell junctions in a (Click link for more info and facts about plant cell) plant cell which connect the (The protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus) cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, forming a circulatory and communication system connecting the cells in plant tissue.
		Cytoplasmatic fluid of cells are extended from one cell to another, allowing water and other small molecules to pass from cell to cell.
		Through the plasmodesmata, cells of a plant tissue can share water, nourishment and chemical messages.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pl/plasmodesmata.htm (121 words)

	Plasmodesmata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ormenese S, Havelange A, Deltour R, Bernier G (2000) The frequency of plasmodesmata increases early in the whole shoot apical meristem of Sinapis alba L. during floral transition.
		Ruan Y, Llewellyn D, Furbank R (2001) The control of single-celled cotton fiber elongation by developmentally reversible gating of plasmodesmata and coordinated expression of sucrose and k(+) transporters and expansin.
		Zambryski P, Crawford K (2000) Plasmodesmata: gatekeepers for cell-to-cell transport of developmental signals in plants.
	sunflower.bio.indiana.edu /~rhangart/courses/z587/plasmodesmata.html (305 words)

	Maize calreticulin localizes preferentially to plasmodesmata in root apex. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Maize calreticulin localizes preferentially to plasmodesmata in root apex.Punctate labelling at the longitudinal walls and continuous labelling at the transverse walls was characteristic.
		In order to further probe the ER-domain-specific distribution of maize calreticulin at plasmodesmata, root apices were exposed to mannitol-induced osmotic stress.
		Plasmolysis was associated with prominent accumulations of calreticulin at callose-enriched plasmodesmata and pit fields while the contracting protoplasts were depleted of calreticulin.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/8327228.html (187 words)

	Concepts, Chapter 1, Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The plasmodesmata serves as a conduit through which large molecules, which are unable to pass through the tissue can move into adjoining cells.
		In between the outer surface of the desmotubule and the plasmodesmata lies a space which is referred to as the annulus of cytosol.
		It is through this area that the smaller molecules pass from cell to cell, and the larger molecules pass through the desmotubule itself.(From this point on, we shall refer to the desmotubule as part of the plasmodesmata.) In order to pass through the plasmodesmata, the molecules must have a molecular weight of less than 800.
	www.botresearch.com /concepts/part2.html (1624 words)

	Plasmodesmata, macromolecular trafficking and the supracellular nature of plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		However, in contrast to animal gap junctions, higher plant plasmodesmata also evolved the capacity to engage in macromolecular trafficking of proteins and nucleic acids.
		From this work it is clear that, in terms of this trafficking, plasmodesmata are more analogous to the nuclear pore complex than to gap junctions.
		The further identification and characterization of cell-to-cell and long-distance signaling macromolecules should provide important insights into the manner in which plants control such important processes as resource allocation, as well as their response to environmental signals and invasion by pathogens.
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb1998/16/0906.shtml (384 words)

	Basic studies of the structure and function of plasmodesmata Plasmodesmatal transitions during the sink-source ...
		Basic studies of the structure and function of plasmodesmata Plasmodesmatal transitions during the sink-source transition.
		We have found that simple mesophyll plasmodesmata are converted to branched plasmodesmata during the sink-source transition.
		During the conversion of simple to branched plasmodesmata the size exclusion limit (SEL) drops dramatically from about 50kDa (in sink tissues) to about 1kDa (in source tissues), meaning that while large molecules are free to move between immature cells, only small molecules can move in older, mature tissues.
	www.scri.sari.ac.uk /assoc/NEWSTRUC/BioMech/CellBiol/Plasdesm/PlasTran.htm (151 words)

	Not just another hole in the wall: understanding intercellular protein trafficking -- Gallagher and Benfey 19 (2): 189 ...
		Nearly all plant cells are connected to their neighbors by plasmodesmata.
		Heinlein, M. Plasmodesmata: Dynamic regulation and role in macromolecular cell-to-cell signaling.
		Roberts, A.G. and Oparka, K.J. Plasmodesmata and the control of symplasmic transport.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/19/2/189 (4480 words)

	Frequencies of plasmodesmata in Allium cepa L. roots: implications for solute transport pathways -- Ma and Peterson 52 ...
		values: the first file is based on the assumption that all plasmodesmata between pericycle and inner living cells are functional, and the second file is based on the assumption that symplastic transport of ions is only across the pericycle–stelar parenchyma interface (see text).
		Plasmodesmata and the cell-to-cell transport of proteins and nucleoprotein complexes.
		The role of plasmodesmata in the transport of water and nutrients across roots.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/358/1051 (4947 words)

	Cell Surfaces and Junctions ( Including the Plasma Membrane, Cell Wall, Plasmodesmata, and Extra Cellular Matrix ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The plasmodesmata are channels between the cells, allowing them to easily share much needed recourses and maintain healthy cell functions.
		A cell wall is found solely on the outside of a plant cell, which is an eukaryotic cells.They are rigid and consist of polysaccharide cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins.
		With the help of the plasmodesmata and the cell junctions, nutrients and chemical messages may enter the cell.
	www.usd116.org /apalla/biology/projects/cellparts/CellJunctions.htm (536 words)

	Junctions Between Cells
		Fine strands of cytoplasm, called plasmodesmata, extend through pores in the cell wall connecting the cytoplasm of each cell with that of its neighbors.
		Plasmodesmata provide an easy route for the movement of ions, small molecules like sugars and amino acids, and even macromolecules like RNA and proteins, between cells.
		Plasmodesmata are sheathed by a plasma membrane that is simply an extension of the plasma membrane of the adjoining cells.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/J/Junctions.html (870 words)

	Function of plasmodesmata in the intercellular communication of higher plants.
		Function of plasmodesmata in the intercellular communication of higher plants.
		Distribution of plasmodesmata is related to the polarity of the cells and changes in cell-to-cell communication in development (
		Recent problems of interest are the transport of viruses through plasmodesmata which is related to the regulation of plasmodesmal transport, formation of secondary plasmodesmata, and phloem loading and unloading
	www.img.cas.cz /bl/61_1_049-058.htm (152 words)

	Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The PVX genome has a block of three overlapping open reading frames known as the “triple gene block” which encode proteins required for viral plasmodesmata transport.
		In my laboratory we are conducting experiments to determine the biochemical activities associated with these proteins, how these proteins interact with each other, and how they interact with cellular components.
		The ribonucleoprotein complex uses the ER as a track to move through the cell toward the plasmodesmata.
	www.ento.okstate.edu /labs/jmvl/Research.html (373 words)

	Plasmodesmata Diagram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pits exist for transport of water and dissolved materials between adjacent cells via plasmodesmata (channels extending between plant cells where plasma membranes are fused).
		The type of plasmodesmata shown here is a simple pit; another type is a bordered pit, often found in
		A transmission electron micrograph of plasmodesmata is shown elsewhere.
	tidepool.st.usm.edu /crswr/plasmodesmatadiag.html (128 words)

	Signaling in plants by intercellular RNA and protein movement -- Wu et al. 16 (2): 151 -- Genes and Development
		Blackman, L.M. and Overall, R.L. Immunolocalisation of the cytoskeleton to plasmodesmata in Chara corallina.
		Burnell, J.N. An enzymatic method for measuring the molecular weight exclusion limit of plasmodesmata of bundle sheath cells of C4 plants.
		Zambryski, P. and Crawford, K. Plasmodesmata: Gatekeepers for cell-to-cell transport of developmental signals in plants.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/16/2/151 (5500 words)

	Plasmodesmata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Plasmodesmata and plant morphogenesis - Ken Kobayashi, Insoon Kim, Euna Cho and Patricia Zambryski, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
		Role of plasmodesmata in solute loading and unloading -Alexander Schulz, Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark
		Plasmodesmata and the phloem - conduits for local and long-distance signaling - Robert L. Gilbertson, Maria R. Rojas, and William J. Lucas, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, USA
	store.blackwell-professional.com /1405125543.html (394 words)

	Phloem sap proteins from Cucurbita maxima and Ricinus communis have the capacity to traffic cell to cell ...
		Until quite recently, plasmodesmata were thought only to establish a symplasmic pathway for the cell-to-cell exchange (by
		the role of plasmodesmata in phloem and plant function.
		Plasmodesmata connect the functional sieve tube members to the
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/25/14150 (5614 words)

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